PSN: Free Trade Agreements (Topic)最新文献

{"title":"The African Continental Free Trade Area and its Employment-Generation Potentials in Nigeria’s Industrial Sector","authors":"O. Aigheyisi","doi":"10.47063/ebd.00004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47063/ebd.00004","url":null,"abstract":"The study empirically examines the employment generation potentials of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) in Nigeria’s industrial sector. The ARDL approach to cointegration and error correction modeling is employed for analysis of annual time series data covering the period 19912020. The study finds inter alia that the short run effect of expansion of intra-African trade (expected to result from the AfCFTA) on industrial sector employment is positive and statistically significant. The long run effect is also positive, but not statistically significant. It also finds that trade openness integration of the economy with the global market – significantly enhances employment generation in the nation’s industrial sector in the long run; though the short run effect is negative and significant. These suggest that the country’s membership of the AfCFTA and implementation of policies aimed at (cautiously) deepening the integration of the economy with the global market should be considered as supplementary avenues to achieving (sustainable) employment generation in the nation’s industrial sector in the short-and long-run. Other evidence-based policy recommendations are discussed.","PeriodicalId":347754,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Free Trade Agreements (Topic)","volume":"128 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126288173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Impact of Trade Liberalization on Firm Profitability in Ghana: Panel Evidence from Private Firms in the Manufacturing Sector","authors":"M. Hoedoafia","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3871840","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3871840","url":null,"abstract":"Since 1983, Ghana has witnessed trade liberalization policies that were introduced as part of structural adjustment and economic recovery programmes and meant to open up the once closed economy. As part of such reforms, tariffs were reduced, and non-tariff trade barriers lessened. The adjustment programme also sought to make the once neglected private sector a key player in Ghana’s economic development since the sector is recognized as an engine of growth, hence, needed to accelerate the rapid industrialization of the country. In view of this, a key question begging for answers has been: how has the reductions in import restrictions in Ghana impacted on the performance of firms in terms of profitability in the private sector? This paper attempts to answer this question by investigating the effects of tariffs on the profitability of private firms in the manufacturing sector using firm-level data. Profitability is measured as the net profit margin of a firm. For our regression analysis, we employ robust pooled OLS and the fixed effects estimators. The findings reveal that tariff reductions are associated with increased profitability in such firms. Also, firm productivity and profitability were found to be positively related.","PeriodicalId":347754,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Free Trade Agreements (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130245908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Realizing the Full Potential of Pakistan - Sri Lanka Free Trade Agreement A Critical Analysis Based on the Trade Complementarity Index","authors":"A. Mufti, Imran Ali","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3659140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3659140","url":null,"abstract":"The Pakistan - Sri Lanka Free Trade Agreement (PSFTA) was signed in August 2002 between the two governments and it came into effect in July 2005. Sri Lanka was given immediate duty-free market access to 206 products whereas Pakistan received duty-free access to 102 products. The terms of the PSFTA granted 100 percent immediate concession to Pakistan and Sri Lanka on major exports items. Pakistan’s exports to Sri Lanka grew from US$ 97 million in 2004 to US$ 355 million in 2018, almost 3.6 times higher over the period of 14 years ostensibly due to the positive impact of PSFTA on trade. Similarly, Sri Lanka’s exports to Pakistan grew from USD 47 million in 2004 to US$ 105 million in 2018, almost double over the same period.<br><br>The study, examining the trade between Pakistan and Sri Lanka under their free trade agreement (FTA), finds that the PSFTA has provided significant market share to both Sri Lanka and Pakistan. The Study reveals that emerging Pakistan - Sri Lanka trade relations possess numerous opportunities and potential to increase the current bilateral trade to over US$ 2.7 billion. Currently, the trade volumes stand at just US$ 460 Million.<br><br>The second part of the study covers the terms of Pakistan - Sri Lanka Free Trade Agreement structure and briefly discusses the mutual prospects and benefits under the PSFTA. The third part of the study covers a detailed comparative analysis of the benefits of PSFTA and compares it with the trade under bilateral agreements. The study uses the trade complementarity index tool in order to see whether Sri Lankan exports meet the import demand of Pakistan and establish an extent to sectoral match or mismatch between Sri Lanka and Pakistan. <br><br>Furthermore, the study examines that a trade expansion has occurred significantly for both countries, but Sri Lanka trade deficits remained high with Pakistan. Under the PSFTA, tariff restrictions and non-tariff barriers have overshadowed the impacts of tariff rationalization and thereby this situation has been the major impediment to export performance for both countries. <br><br>The study highlights the potential goods that can meet their market demand. Due to the lack of awareness, exporters of both countries do not make full use of the market potential and benefits under the free trade agreement. The study also draws attention of entrepreneurs and exporters of the two countries to explore new markets and avenues in their economies. <br><br>In order to increase the current bilateral trade, the study suggests that both countries need to diversify their products through research, innovation, and value addition adjusting according to the demands of each other’s market. Since the opportunities have been documented, a channel for the exchange of ideas and proposals must be developed to translate the available opportunities into a real trade volume. Therefore, the study recommends that trade bodies in both countries should facilitate trade delegations, unr","PeriodicalId":347754,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Free Trade Agreements (Topic)","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123187285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Peace and Prosperity: Israel’s Qualifying Industrial Zone Agreements with Jordan and Egypt","authors":"D. Rosenblatt","doi":"10.54648/gtcj2020019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2020019","url":null,"abstract":"After Israel and the US entered their free trade agreement in 1985, the parties realized that this FTA could be leveraged to support regional peace by fostering economic cooperation between Israel and its neighbours. The idea was to allow goods produced in certain industrial zones, which resulted in substantial economic cooperation between Israel and the other parties, as qualifying for preferential treatment under the Israel-US FTA. Ultimately, two Qualifying Industrial Zone (QIZ) agreements were signed: one between Israel, the US, and Jordan, and the second between Israel, the US, and Egypt. This article outlines the background and rules of these QIZ agreements within the larger framework of the Israel-US FTA.\u0000Israel-US FTA, ‘Qualifying Industrial Zone’ agreements, QIZ, preferential treatment, joint supply chains, substantially transformed, direct processing costs, rules of origin of textiles and apparel, domestic content standards.","PeriodicalId":347754,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Free Trade Agreements (Topic)","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122135787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ASEAN at the Crossroads: Trap and Track Between CPTPP and RCEP","authors":"Chien-Huei Wu","doi":"10.1093/jiel/jgz032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jiel/jgz032","url":null,"abstract":"In the wake of the mega-free trade agreements, all of the 10 member countries of the Association of South East Asian Nations are determined to participate in the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership and to maintain the centrality of the Association of South East Asian Nations whereas Brunei, Malaysia, Singapore, and Vietnam have also opted for the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership. In view of divergent positions of member countries of the Association of South East Asian Nations, this paper asks two questions: empirically, what drives individual member countries of the Association of South East Asian Nations toward the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership or Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership; normatively, do the different positions embraced by member countries of the Association of South East Asian Nations weaken the coherence of external relations of the Association of South East Asian Nations and undermine its centrality in Asian regionalism. I argued that Singapore’s participation in the Trans-Pacific Partnership is mainly motivated by its wish to set the rules of free trade agreements in the Asian Pacific. Brunel aims to diversify its domestic economy and to undergo economic reform through international commitments. Vietnam and Malaysia joined the Trans-Pacific Partnership with a view to accessing American market, but Vietnam’s Trans-Pacific Partnership participation should also be understood in the context of its aggressive free trade agreements strategy. This paper argues that solidarity within member countries of the Association of South East Asian Nations does not prevent economically advanced member countries from participating in the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership for market access; nonetheless, the need of Cambodia, Laos, and Myanmar should be taken into account through special and differential treatment in Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership negotiations.","PeriodicalId":347754,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Free Trade Agreements (Topic)","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133346334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structural Transformation Through Free Trade Zones: The Case of Shanghai","authors":"Guangwen Meng, D. Zeng","doi":"10.18356/70a11ff7-en","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18356/70a11ff7-en","url":null,"abstract":"Launched in 2013, the Shanghai Pilot Free Trade Zone (FTZ) was intended to serve as a platform for testing China’s new policy to facilitate more open trade and further open up its services sectors, such as finance, through easing restrictions on foreign and domestic companies. By 2018, it had attracted over 50,000 member companies. This paper provides an overview of global free economic zones (FEZs), or special economic zones (SEZs), and a detailed study of the Shanghai Pilot FTZ and its success factors and challenges. It draws out lessons that may be applicable to other developing countries.","PeriodicalId":347754,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Free Trade Agreements (Topic)","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121781447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trade for You Too: Why Is Trade More Important Than You Think?","authors":"Lucian Cernat","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3777678","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3777678","url":null,"abstract":"This paper highlights the importance of international trade to economic prosperity based on recent economic evidence. It shows how EU trade policy supports the three key principles of the European Commission’s ‘Trade for All’ strategy. Communicating these results in a more meaningful way can ensure a wider audience, and help dispel some of the myths around globalisation and trade liberalisation. Building a successful communication strategy needs to be based on macro and micro level evidence, presenting results through data visualisation and infographics.","PeriodicalId":347754,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Free Trade Agreements (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123087152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trade in Intermediate Inputs, Customs Unions, and Global Free Trade","authors":"D. Tsirekidze","doi":"10.1111/roie.12392","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/roie.12392","url":null,"abstract":"In a three‐country customs union (CU) formation game, I introduce international trade in intermediate inputs and rules of origin (RoO) restrictions. In the case of symmetric countries, I show that as countries become more involved in global supply chains, global free trade is less likely to be a stable equilibrium outcome. RoO can help solve this problem. In the case of asymmetry, depending on the degree of the globalization, free riding (for high degree) or exclusion motive (for low degree) prevents global free trade. Correspondingly, I show that RoO can have helpful or detrimental effects on attaining global free trade.","PeriodicalId":347754,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Free Trade Agreements (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130649039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How U.S. Trade Policy Has Changed Under President Donald Trump – Perceptions From Canada","authors":"Dan Ciuriak","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3362910","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3362910","url":null,"abstract":"The new “U.S.-Mexico-Canada Agreement” (USMCA) signed on 1 October 2018 sets out important markers concerning the future direction of Trump Administration trade policy. As consideration turns to the path to success in implementing this agreement, I will focus in my remarks today on what “success” might look like. In particular, I will discuss (1) the extent to which the USMCA can be seen as a model for a future trade regime; (2) the interaction between the USMCA model and the US Section 232 national security policy; and (3) the implications of the USMCA model for its allies in terms of the impact on the relationship going forward between the North American economies, the European Union and the global economy more generally.","PeriodicalId":347754,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Free Trade Agreements (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130218397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Direct Effect in Ukraine of IPR Provisions from the EU/Ukraine Free Trade Agreement: A Principled Approach to the Zentiva Case","authors":"A. Kyrylenko","doi":"10.1093/JIPLP/JPZ079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/JIPLP/JPZ079","url":null,"abstract":"In 2018, the Supreme Court of Ukraine rendered its first ruling concerning the direct effect of the EU/Ukraine Association Agreement: it confirmed the primacy of Art. 198 of the Agreement, referred to cancellation of trademarks for non-use, over similar provisions of Ukrainian legislation. This article approaches the reasoning of the Supreme Court in light of the Ukrainian legal order and previously rendered case law. Considering the absence, in the SCU ruling, of clear-cut criteria to discern directly effective norms, a comparative stance is taken to the available case law from the Court of Justice of the European Union and that of national courts of Central and Eastern European countries before their accession to the Union. It is observed that other factors, beyond the domestic legal order and the content of the agreement at scrutiny, influence a pro-monist interpretation by the judiciary, namely a voluntary approximation of non-EU judiciaries to the acquis. It is argued that, in order to preserve legal certainty and in light of Ukraine’s pro-European aspirations, a more teleological interpretation of the Association Agreement should be adopted by the judiciary. In the case of intellectual property provisions, this would help avoiding word-for-word transplantations of foreign norms and preserving ‘FTA-flexibilities’, contained in the Association Agreement.","PeriodicalId":347754,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Free Trade Agreements (Topic)","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133160942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}