Military Cyber Affairs最新文献

{"title":"Trouble on the High “C’s” – China, Cyber, and the Trading System","authors":"R. Fisher","doi":"10.5038/2378-0789.3.2.1059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5038/2378-0789.3.2.1059","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":345606,"journal":{"name":"Military Cyber Affairs","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130179551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Countering \"Made in China 2025\": Strategy for Western Powers in a Cybered World","authors":"David Mussington","doi":"10.5038/2378-0789.3.2.1055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5038/2378-0789.3.2.1055","url":null,"abstract":": Cyber capabilities have diffused disruptive potential to new actors and locations around the world. The engine for diffusion, however, is the economy, not politics. Interactions in trade, global product development systems and digital services spreads patterns of mutual dependence – and vulnerability – worldwide. Access to this global economy equates to participation in wealth creation and technological progress. Denial of access creates disadvantages and imposes costs. For nation-states, this environment is full of both risk and opportunity. Confronting a Chinese government strategy that targets Western economic advantages, the democracies face a series of questions: what is the best strategy for successful protection of assets and infrastructures of value? What should be done about authoritarian states that both participate in the cybered world, yet oppose the open, transparent and democratic norms of cyberspace’s originators?","PeriodicalId":345606,"journal":{"name":"Military Cyber Affairs","volume":"76 3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129065460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regaining the Technological Edge: Authoritarians, Democracies, IT Innovation’s Future","authors":"A. Limbago, Virtru","doi":"10.5038/2378-0789.3.2.1057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5038/2378-0789.3.2.1057","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":345606,"journal":{"name":"Military Cyber Affairs","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124292416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Introduction to MCA Issue, “Systemic Cyber Defense\"","authors":"C. Demchak","doi":"10.5038/2378-0789.3.2.1053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5038/2378-0789.3.2.1053","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":345606,"journal":{"name":"Military Cyber Affairs","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128825684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Financial Sector’s Vulnerabilities, Villains, and Options for Defense","authors":"J. Harvey","doi":"10.5038/2378-0789.3.2.1062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5038/2378-0789.3.2.1062","url":null,"abstract":"The consequences of cyber attacks on the financial sector go well beyond those suffered by the individuals and firms directly involved and may even lead to the destabilization of the system itself. The concern is all the greater given that banks and similar institutions play a much more critical role than most people realize and the nature of their operation already invites risk taking at the best of times. Bad actors hoping to sow chaos surely understand the trouble they could cause by targeting the financial underpinning of our economy. This paper will argue that while the cyber defense of the financial sector should be assigned a high priority, a wide net need not be cast since the greatest threat comes not from national actors but terrorist groups and the like. This suggests a very different strategy than one might adopt in defense of military assets or technology, an indirect approach that aims at disrupting bad actors’ ability to accumulate resources, design offensive tools, and reconnoiter for possible weaknesses. Their greatest challenge is in creating sufficient time and space to plan operations with any more significance than random vandalism and DDOS attacks. Our goal should be to deny them this. 1 Harvey, John T., “The Financial Sector’s Vulnerabilities, Villains, and Options for Defense,” in Demchak, Chris C. and Benjamin Schechter, eds. Military Cyber Affairs: Systemic Cyber Defense 3, no. 2 (2018). 2 Professor of Economics, Texas Christian University 1 Harvey: The Financial Sector’s Vulnerabilities, Villains, and Options Published by Scholar Commons, 2018 2 A great deal has been written about cyber security issues in the financial sector. Not only is this industry heavily dependent on the internet, but the potential rewards are very high. It is therefore not surprising to find that the bulk of cyber crime involves finance in one manner or another. Indeed, confirmed data losses in the financial industry outnumber those in the next closest competitor by more than three to one (Kopp, Kaffenberger, and Jenkinson 2017: 3). Annual costs are estimated to rise from $400 billion in 2014 to $6 trillion by 2021 (Boer and Vazquez 2017: 1). The consequences go well beyond those suffered by the individuals and firms directly involved and may even lead to the destabilization of the financial system itself. The concern is all the greater given that banks and similar institutions play a much more critical role than most people realize. Worse yet, the nature of their operation invites risk taking at the best of times. Bad actors hoping to sow chaos surely understand the trouble they could cause by targeting the financial underpinning of our economy. That said, the potential for retaliation and collateral damage is such that it rapidly limits the type of attackers we could reasonably expect. In general, globalization and interdependence mean that national powers would gain little by interrupting the flow of funding and commerce on which they rely as ","PeriodicalId":345606,"journal":{"name":"Military Cyber Affairs","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123879688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Systemic Cyber Risks and Defense: Valuation, Innovation and Strategic Implications","authors":"P. Petratos","doi":"10.5038/2378-0789.3.2.1060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5038/2378-0789.3.2.1060","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":345606,"journal":{"name":"Military Cyber Affairs","volume":"24 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134288893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dry Rivers, Scary Strangers: Are Financial And Cyber Crises Alike?","authors":"Claudia Biancotti, P. Ciocca, Consob","doi":"10.5038/2378-0789.3.2.1061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5038/2378-0789.3.2.1061","url":null,"abstract":"The internet and the financial system show crucial affinities: both are tightly interconnected global networks whose orderly functioning is a prerequisite for economic prosperity. In financial and cyber crises alike, vulnerabilities are a consequence of distorted economic incentives, contagion is fast, and the most serious risk is loss of trust. Lessons learned from financial meltdowns translate to the cybersecurity world: stability cannot be achieved until policies are in place to address all of these issues. Steps have been taken to rectify incentives, as exemplified by recent European Union legislation. Data that helps identify weak nodes are still scarce, notwithstanding recent efforts. The preservation of trust is the hardest challenge: in the financial system, a global governance framework was put in place to help maintain and rebuild confidence at critical junctions, but conflicting national interests make it difficult to establish a cyber equivalent. 1 Please cite as: Biancotti, Claudia and Paolo Ciocca, “Dry Rivers, Scary Strangers: Are Financial and Cyber Crises Alike?,” in Demchak, Chris C. and Benjamin Schechter, eds. Military Cyber Affairs: Systemic Cyber Defense 3, no. 2 (2018). 2 Senior Economist at the Bank of Italy, the Italian central bank. The views here expressed are those of the authors and should not be attributed to the Bank of Italy. 3 Commissioner at Consob, the Italian Securities and Exchange Commission. The views here expressed are those of the authors and should not be attributed to Consob. 1 Biancotti and Ciocca: Are Financial And Cyber Crises Alike? Published by Scholar Commons, 2018 2 Advanced economies are immersed in cyberspace. In 2016, 95 percent of businesses in OECD countries had a broadband internet connection; 77 percent had a web presence. More than half of the adult population had purchased a product or service online, compared to 36 per cent in 2010. As digitalization progresses, a growing share of production and consumption activities depend on connectivity. From an economist’s point of view, there are evident analogies between the internet and the global financial system: both are tightly interconnected networks that provide lifeblood to the real economy, via transfers of information and funding, respectively. Indeed, a financial crisis and a cyber crisis look alike in three key dimensions: (i) vulnerabilities accumulate because of excessive risk-taking on the part of some agents, which eventually translates to systemic risk on account of interdependencies; (ii) disruption can start at a single weak point and spread to the whole system in a matter of days or even hours; (iii) the ultimate casualty is trust: once it is lost, transactions – and the whole economy – can grind to a halt as counterparties disconnect from each other. Policy responses can be deployed to address these problems so that crises can be prevented or at least managed effectively. In the financial system, safeguards have been establish","PeriodicalId":345606,"journal":{"name":"Military Cyber Affairs","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121553026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sticking to their Guns: The Missing RMA for Cybersecurity","authors":"Lior Tabansky","doi":"10.5038/2378-0789.3.1.1039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5038/2378-0789.3.1.1039","url":null,"abstract":": Why has cybered conflict disrupted the security of the most developed nations? A foreign adversary contemplating an attack on a developed nation's heartland certainly faces multiple state-run military-grade lines of defense on land, sea and air. A foreign adversary launching a direct cyber-attack on a non-military homeland target will meet none. Armed forces do not shield a society from cyber-attacks originated by foreign adversaries, no longer provide a buffer between the enemy and homeland, nor can they identify the attacker after an attack occurred. Adversaries succeed in waging cybered conflict against the U.S. and its allies. Having repeatedly inflicted economic and social harm while evading retaliation, adversaries become brazen. To prevail in cybered conflict, we need to return to the very foundations of our defense. However, profound defense adaptation is especially problematic for dominant militaries. To develop my argument, I turn to analyze a Stuxnet-like scenario using the Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA) concept of Security Studies and the paradigm shift concept of philosophy of science. Security Studies theory, philosophy of science and empirical evidence all suggest that profound defense adaptation demands pressure from outside the expert organization. I argue that Security Studies theory and empirical evidence, including Israel’s defense adaptation following short-range rocket threat, suggest that civilian outsiders coalescing with military partners can successfully drive defense adaptation. To secure the Western world order, the U.S. and its allies need to rearrange their security forces, leveraging the experience accumulated through centuries.","PeriodicalId":345606,"journal":{"name":"Military Cyber Affairs","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127403086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"China’s Maxim – Leave No Access Point Unexploited: The Hidden Story of China Telecom’s BGP Hijacking","authors":"C. Demchak, Y. Shavitt","doi":"10.5038/2378-0789.3.1.1050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5038/2378-0789.3.1.1050","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":345606,"journal":{"name":"Military Cyber Affairs","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124327081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Three Futures for a Post-Western Cybered World","authors":"C. Demchak","doi":"10.5038/2378-0789.3.1.1044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5038/2378-0789.3.1.1044","url":null,"abstract":": West faces a different security dilemma due to the shoddy cyberspace substrate it built and spread globally. Cyberspace created a new form of ‘cybered conflict’ with five advantages for offense previously – scale of organization, proximity, precision, deception and tools, and opaqueness in origins. It also accelerated massive wealth transfers to rising near peer and now peer adversaries, who were expected to simply fold into the western-built international system. In the process, the basic well-being of the economies of the consolidated civil society democracies have become non-kinetic fields of conflict among state and nonstate actors. The past twenty-five years of evolution of cyberspace have changes the currently likely futures of the democratic state and a rising post-western, authoritarian world. Today in the emerging cybered conflict world, there are three plausible and distinctive futures for the international system, as well as for the relative influence and well-being of the minority of states that today are civil society democracies. Two of the three offer relatively grim prospects over time, leading to a creeping enfeeblement as individually weak cyber powers in a state of modern digital subordination to a much larger, globally omnipresent, authoritarian cyber and economic hegemon. There is a possible third option: an operationalized structure for sharing cyber security and defense. This third future needs to be actively built as was the shoddy internet that has made it necessary. And it needs to be built now before the full consolidated development of the global Cyber Westphalian system.","PeriodicalId":345606,"journal":{"name":"Military Cyber Affairs","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125101804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}