{"title":"Islamic Nubian Kingdoms","authors":"J. Spaulding","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190496272.013.42","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190496272.013.42","url":null,"abstract":"The 15th century in Nubia witnessed the passage between medieval Christian culture and the Islamic kingdoms of the early modern era. While the transitional age itself generated few historical sources, the course of events may be inferred through examination of the 16th-century consequences. An Islamic political and cultural movement grounded in the Nubian tradition and centered in Kordofan swept eastward to the Red Sea and westward into central Chad. It ended a period of alien intrusions from Egypt and the Red Sea and gave rise to two new political traditions—the Funj kingdom of Sinnar in the Nile valley and the realm of the Tunjur centered in the western highlands. Both kingdoms practiced a distinctly Nubian idiom of Islamic culture that left them vulnerable to critique from more conventional interpretations. The Funj kingdom prospered for most of three centuries, while the realm of the Tunjur gave way to the non-Nubian successor states of Darfur and Wadai in the mid-17th century.","PeriodicalId":344932,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Nubia","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130469263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The X-Group Period in Lower Nubia","authors":"R. J. Dann","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190496272.013.33","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190496272.013.33","url":null,"abstract":"The X-Group (or Post-Meroitic) Period in Lower Nubia is a period of cultural continuity from the previous Meroitic Period, while also being a period of significant change and innovation. X-Group culture is characterized in the elite sphere by forms of material culture that frequently combine motifs with Egyptian, Classical, and Kushitic antecedents in inventive ways, long-distance trade relationships and monumental building projects in the mortuary domain. In both elite and non-elite circles a distinctive pottery tradition endures, and ritual practices focused at sites with long genealogies continued. The introduction of the waterwheel in Lower Nubia enabled an expansion of agricultural cropping regimes and supported settlement in the region, which was frequently based at sites that had seen Meroitic Period activity, although there is frequently a gap in the chronology rather than direct temporal continuity.","PeriodicalId":344932,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Nubia","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125842220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}