{"title":"A relay-chain-powered Ciphertext-Policy Attribute-Based Encryption in Intelligent Transportation Systems","authors":"Aparna Singh , Geetanjali Rathee , Chaker Abdelaziz Kerrache , Mohamed Chahine Ghanem","doi":"10.1016/j.treng.2026.100424","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.treng.2026.100424","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rapid growth of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) requires secure, efficient, and context-aware data sharing across heterogeneous and geographically distributed participants. We propose a relay-chain-driven architecture that couples a context-aware smart contract with a modified Ciphertext-Policy Attribute-Based Encryption (CP-ABE) scheme to support dynamic access control under low-latency constraints. The relay-chain contract evaluates event metadata (type, time, region) and selects an appropriate policy strictness, On-Board Units (OBUs) then encrypt and store ciphertext on regional blockchains, while the relay chain maintains global attribute definitions, revocation state, and cross-region discovery. The model proposes a context-aware smart contract on a worldwide relay chain that checks data properties, including event type, time, and geographical region, to determine the appropriate encryption policy. From such relay-directed judgement, On-Board Units (OBUs) encrypt data using CP-ABE and store ciphertext on localised regional blockchains, thereby avoiding reliance on symmetric encryption or off-chain storage. Robust, multi-attribute access rules protect high-sensitivity events, whereas common updates use lighter policies to reduce processing burdens. The crypto system also adds traceability and low-latency revocation, with global enforcement managed through the relay chain. This distributed, scalable model strikes a proper balance between real-time responsiveness and security, making it highly suitable for next-generation vehicular networks that operate across multi-jurisdictional domains.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34480,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Engineering","volume":"23 ","pages":"Article 100424"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146173539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ernest Mbubia Tchoua , Jérôme Tissier , Antoine Martin , Yannick Fargier , Amine Ihamouten
{"title":"The use of Ground Penetrating Radar and artificial intelligence for automated railway trackbed stratigraphy and Ballast Fouling assessment","authors":"Ernest Mbubia Tchoua , Jérôme Tissier , Antoine Martin , Yannick Fargier , Amine Ihamouten","doi":"10.1016/j.treng.2025.100415","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.treng.2025.100415","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Intrusive trenching and coring remain the reference for railway trackbed diagnosis but lack coverage and repeatability. This paper proposes a hybrid GPR–AI framework that automates the detection of dielectric interfaces and the estimation of ballast permittivity and thickness. Synthetic FDTD simulations are used to evaluate Mask Region-based Convolutional Neural Network (Mask R-CNN) for interface segmentation and XGBoost (gradient-boosted trees)/Support Vector Regression(SVR) for layer-wise regression. Results on controlled data confirm high interface detection accuracy (IoU <span><math><mo>≈</mo></math></span> 0.81) and robust estimation of shallow dielectric parameters (<span><math><mrow><msup><mrow><mi>R</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><mo>></mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>9</mn></mrow></math></span>), while sequential conditioning markedly improves deeper-layer predictions. Validation on field measurements acquired with a broadband (40–3000 MHz) GPR antenna array demonstrates good transferability of the methodology, with reliable stratigraphy reconstruction and dielectric-based material attribution along an operational track section. The framework unifies stratigraphy and fouling assessment in a single automated workflow, offering a scalable and interpretable alternative to invasive methods and paving the way for predictive maintenance at the network scale.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34480,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Engineering","volume":"23 ","pages":"Article 100415"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145711873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tero Kaarlela , Sergei Alekseev , Petteri Maljamäki , Eero Ikäheimo , Emil Kurvinen
{"title":"Digital twin framework for electric truck route and infrastructure planning in the Nordic region","authors":"Tero Kaarlela , Sergei Alekseev , Petteri Maljamäki , Eero Ikäheimo , Emil Kurvinen","doi":"10.1016/j.treng.2026.100426","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.treng.2026.100426","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The electrification of road transportation poses multi-faceted challenges in the Nordic region, where cold ambient temperatures, long distances, and limited charging infrastructure affect operational efficiency and feasibility. This study presents a novel integrated framework that combines artificial intelligence, digital twins, and co-simulation to support energy-efficient routing and infrastructure planning for heavy-duty electric vehicles in the Nordic region. A Gradient Boosting model was trained on over 180 real-world intercity trips of data collected from an electric truck to estimate battery depth of discharge based on key operational factors. Motor load, torque, and total weight emerged as dominant predictors, while ambient temperature had a moderate effect. A digital twin environment was developed to assess the impact of various charging infrastructure scenarios, and a real-time co-simulation model was used to evaluate energy flow and support cost analysis. Results confirm the framework’s capability to support infrastructure planning and fleet operation optimization during winter. The approach provides actionable insights for logistics operators and policymakers who are advancing the electrification of heavy-duty vehicles in the Nordic region.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34480,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Engineering","volume":"23 ","pages":"Article 100426"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146173527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shadi Hanandeh , Zaid Alajlan , Frank I. Aneke , Murad Abu-Farsakh , Ruba A. Alkharabsheh
{"title":"The investigation of the impact of geosynthetics reinforced unpaved roads using plate load tests and finite element method","authors":"Shadi Hanandeh , Zaid Alajlan , Frank I. Aneke , Murad Abu-Farsakh , Ruba A. Alkharabsheh","doi":"10.1016/j.treng.2026.100428","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.treng.2026.100428","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates experimental and finite element (FE) analysis to examine the effect of geogrid reinforcement for unpaved sections with weak subgrade. The experimental results of 47 static plate load tests performed at the Louisiana Research Transportation Center indicated a permanent deformation reduction, from 8% to 50%, by inserting geogrid as a reinforcement layer. The finite element simulations confirmed these results by demonstrating improved stress distribution and reduction in vertical permanent deformation. Geogrid installed at the upper one-third of the base layer performed better than other configurations and provided maximum settlement reduction and better load-bearing capacity. The results indicated that optimal reinforcement arrangements could reduce settlement by as much as 50% and elevate the bearing capacity ratio (BCR) to a maximum of 2.2. The results illustrate the importance of reinforcing modulus, placement depth, and base course thickness in enhancing the performance of unpaved road systems. A parametric study for unpaved finite elements was performed, including geosynthetic tensile modulus, placement depth, subgrade strength, number of layers, and base course thickness. The highest performance was RS580i (2000 kN/m), which reduced settling by 50% and had a BCR in the range of 1.5–2.0. Geosynthetic in the base course's upper third maximizes single-layer reinforcement and reduces settlements by 50% and BCR to 1.4–1.8.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34480,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Engineering","volume":"23 ","pages":"Article 100428"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147385207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Influence of cement addition on wetting-drying cycles, compressive strength and tensile strength of high plastic alluvial soil","authors":"Bikash Kumar Sah , Shiv Shankar Kumar","doi":"10.1016/j.treng.2026.100427","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.treng.2026.100427","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High plastic alluvial soils severely affect the performance and stability of civil engineering structures, such as road subgrade, foundations, dam, and embankment, during seasonal variations. This paper presents a comprehensive study on pH, Atterberg’s limit, compaction behavior [Maximum dry density (MDD) and Optimum Moisture Content (OMC)], strength characteristics [California Bearing Ratio (CBR), Unconfined Compression Strength (UCS) and Indirect Tensile Strength (ITS)], durability (wetting-drying cycles), elastic modulus (E<sub>s</sub>), and volumetric shrinkage characteristics along with microstructural analysis of cement blended High Plastic Alluvial (HPA) soil, at different percentage of cement content (1%, 3%, 5%, 7%) and curing conditions (i.e., moist and submerged). Experimental investigation confirms that CBR increased from 1.7% to 57.8% (on 4 days of soaking) and to 68.6% (on 10 days of soaking); whereas, E<sub>s</sub> was found to be 147.81 MPa and 155.52 MPa with 3% cement, respectively, which are in the range of effective subgrade’s E<sub>s</sub> = 133–167 MPa as per IRC: SP-37[<span><span>1</span></span>]. UCS and ITS also found to be significantly affected by the addition of cement at different curing period (1, 7, 14, and 28 days). After exposure of 6th wetting-drying cycles, the treated soil with 7% cement, exhibits a UCS loss of 17.5% and 13.89% corresponding to 7 days and 28 days curing conditions. A considerable reduction in volumetric shrinkage was noticed at 5% cement content. Moreover, to make an economical subgrade with minimal use of cement (i.e., 5%), other additives such as industrial wastes and fibers can be implemented to fulfill the criterion of 12th or higher wetting-drying cycles.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34480,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Engineering","volume":"23 ","pages":"Article 100427"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147385315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Energy consequences of separating velocity planning and torque distribution in overactuated electric vehicles","authors":"Juliette Torinsson , Mats Jonasson , Derong Yang , Bengt Jacobson , Toheed Ghandriz","doi":"10.1016/j.treng.2025.100419","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.treng.2025.100419","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper investigates the energy consequences of determining the energy-optimal velocity profile and torque distribution sequentially versus jointly in a battery electric vehicle (BEV) with two electric motors, one per axle. Three optimization architectures are evaluated: a centralized architecture (CA), a de-centralized architecture (DCA) and a refined de-centralized architecture (r-DCA). CA jointly optimizes the velocity trajectory and torque distribution for minimal energy consumption in a predictive framework, while DCA solves these subproblems hierarchically: velocity trajectory optimization is performed predictively, and torque distribution is computed instantaneously. The joint optimization in CA leads to a reduction in energy consumption of 3.3% at low velocities and 2.2% in an urban city cycle compared to DCA. To mitigate the energy consequences, the objective function in the predictive layer of DCA is augmented with an aggregated power loss map of the powertrain in r-DCA, which achieves energy savings close to CA.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34480,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Engineering","volume":"23 ","pages":"Article 100419"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145926710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Enhancing railway infrastructure monitoring with AI: A machine learning approach for event detection","authors":"Mohammad Adoul Amin , Taoufik Najeh , Naveen Venkatesh Sridharan , Abdelhamid Ghoul , Ramin Karim","doi":"10.1016/j.treng.2025.100414","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.treng.2025.100414","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a machine learning-based framework for detecting critical events in railway infrastructure by analyzing vibration signals from trackside accelerometers. Traditional maintenance is often reactive and labor-intensive, but this approach uses continuous sensing and data analytics to enable proactive, real-time monitoring. The research leverages a comprehensive pipeline that includes data preprocessing, segmentation of time-series data into one-second intervals labeled as \"event\" or \"no-event\", and the extraction of statistical, temporal, and spectral features like crest factor and kurtosis. Key contribution of this work is the systematic evaluation of 72 algorithm-feature selection configurations. Twelve diverse classification algorithms were compared, including tree-based, linear, and neural network models. Extensive hyperparameter optimization was performed to benchmark performance using metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score. The Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLPClassifier) achieved a peak cross-validation accuracy of 98.89% with the full feature set. The study also found that comparable accuracy (98.67%) could be achieved with a 47% dimensionality reduction using Recursive Feature Elimination (RFE) with only eight features, demonstrating a balance between efficiency and performance. The findings provide actionable insights for developing scalable, high-performance event detection systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34480,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Engineering","volume":"23 ","pages":"Article 100414"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145739052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Queen Madonna Chenge , Sakdirat Kaewunruen , Alex M Remennikov
{"title":"Machine learning powered design of eco-friendly prestressed concrete sleepers","authors":"Queen Madonna Chenge , Sakdirat Kaewunruen , Alex M Remennikov","doi":"10.1016/j.treng.2026.100431","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.treng.2026.100431","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Prestressed concrete sleepers are integral to structural safety of railway infrastructures. Industry challenges have been encountered in urgently reducing the carbon footprint of this vital railway component. This research is therefore the first to establish machine learning (ML) techniques to design and optimise embodied carbon (EC) of railway prestressed concrete sleepers. To achieve this, over 3000 datasets from industrial design sources have been collected, through a combination of experimental predictions with EN 13,230 compliance, and design data. Advanced ML models (Bayesian ridge, Random Forest and Deep learning) have been established to predict and optimize both capacity and embodied carbon impact of eco-friendly prestressed concrete sleepers. The designed machine learning models exhibit excellent outcome for both capacity prediction and carbon prediction. Our results reveal that Bayesian Ridge (R<sup>2</sup> = 1.0000) displays the optimal performance for carbon prediction. Bayesian ridge and random forest models appear better for sleepers’ capacity and carbon predictions. Our new insights enable new reliable tools for the capacity design of railway sleepers while reducing environmental impact, practically driving decarbonization in the railway industry and simultaneously leading to significant time and cost savings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34480,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Engineering","volume":"23 ","pages":"Article 100431"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147385210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Khalid A. Ghuzlan , Bara’ W. Al-Mistarehi , Saleh O. Lafi
{"title":"Investigating the dynamic creep and the indirect tensile performance of sasobit-modified warm asphalt mixtures","authors":"Khalid A. Ghuzlan , Bara’ W. Al-Mistarehi , Saleh O. Lafi","doi":"10.1016/j.treng.2025.100390","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.treng.2025.100390","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aims to investigate the dynamic creep, indirect tensile, and moisture damage performance of Sasobit-modified asphalt mixtures. The asphalt mixture specimens were prepared using the optimum asphalt content determined by the Superpave mixture design method. The performance in rutting and fatigue for asphalt mixtures has been estimated through dynamic creep and indirect tensile resilient modulus tests using the Universal Testing Machine (UTM). The dynamic creep test was conducted at two temperatures (25 °C and 40 °C) using a single loading frequency of 8 Hz. The indirect tensile test was performed at two temperatures (25 °C and 40 °C) with a frequency of 1 Hz. Based on the dynamic creep test results, the Sasobit modified asphalt mixtures have lower accumulated strains and higher creep stiffness than the control mixture at both 25 °C and 40 °C temperatures. Based on the indirect tensile test, the resilient modulus of the Sasobit-modified mixtures was greater than the control mixture. The moisture effect test results indicated that all modified mixtures pass the minimum required tensile strength ratio (TSR). Generally, the modified mixtures have shown enhanced behavior in terms of rutting, fatigue, and moisture damage resistance. Asphalt mixtures modified with 2 % Sasobit showed the best performance at 40 °C since it had the lowest accumulated strain, and the highest creep stiffness and resilient modulus.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34480,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Engineering","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article 100390"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145096884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Impact of viscoelastic continuum damage parameters on bitumen fatigue life using the linear amplitude sweep test","authors":"Mohammed Nouali, Anne Dony, Stéphanie Vignaud","doi":"10.1016/j.treng.2025.100389","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.treng.2025.100389","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The viscoelastic continuum damage (VECD) theory becomes largely used to predict the fatigue life of asphalt binders. In VECD modeling, the damage evolution rate parameter “α” and the fatigue parameter “A” are critical for constructing damage characteristic curves (DCC) and predicting fatigue life. The literature identifies four different definitions for the α parameter and two distinct formulas for the A parameter, based on the pseudo strain energy (PSE) approach. This study investigates the impact of these α and A parameters on the fatigue life of binders using the Linear Amplitude Sweep (LAS). Based on the PSE approach, DCC and fatigue life were determined with the different definitions of α and A. Results indicate that the α parameter significantly affects the damage at failure (D<sub>f</sub>) values without impacting material integrity at failure (C<sub>f</sub>), thereby influencing the DCC. Both A and α parameters impact the predicted fatigue life (N<sub>f</sub>). The recommended α and A parameters for the PSE approach yielded fatigue life results comparable to those obtained using the dissipated strain energy (DSE) approach when the peak shear stress was used as the failure criterion. This study provides a framework for assessing the fatigue behavior of asphalt binders using the LAS test.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34480,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Engineering","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article 100389"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145106265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}