Bulletin of the New Zealand National Society for Earthquake Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Performance of road bridges during the 14 November 2016 Kaikōura Earthquake","authors":"A. Palermo, Royce Liu, A. Rais, B. McHaffie, K. Andisheh, S. Pampanin, R. Gentile, I. Nuzzo, Mario Granerio, G. Loporcaro, C. McGann, L. Wotherspoon","doi":"10.5459/BNZSEE.50.2.253-270","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5459/BNZSEE.50.2.253-270","url":null,"abstract":"The transport infrastructure was majorly affected by the 14th November 2016 Kaikōura Earthquake. Severe vertical and horizontal peak ground accelerations generated high inertial forces, land-slides, and liquefaction. Most of the bridges in the Hurunui, Malborough and Kaikōura districts were critical nodes to the railway and road networks. In total, 904 road bridges across those districts were affected. Two reached the life safety limit state, suffering severe damage, however, most of the affected bridges experienced only minor to moderate damage. This paper describes the structural performance of the most severely damaged bridges based on observations made from site inspections. In addition to this, several performance issues have arisen from this event and are posed in this paper, hopefully to be addressed in the near future.","PeriodicalId":343472,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the New Zealand National Society for Earthquake Engineering","volume":"128 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132807130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geotechnical aspects of the 2016 Kaikōura earthquake on the South Island of New Zealand","authors":"M. Stringer, S. Bastin, C. McGann, Claudio Cappellaro, Maya El Kortbawi, R. McMahon, L. Wotherspoon, R. Green, J. Aricheta, R. Davis, Leigh McGlynn, Sally Hargraves, S. V. Ballegooy, M. Cubrinovski, B. Bradley, X. Bellagamba, K. Foster, C. Lai, D. Ashfield, A. Baki, A. Zekkos, Robin L. Lee, N. Ntritsos","doi":"10.5459/BNZSEE.50.2.117-141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5459/BNZSEE.50.2.117-141","url":null,"abstract":"The magnitude Mw7.8 ‘Kaikōura’ earthquake occurred shortly after midnight on 14 November 2016. This paper presents an overview of the geotechnical impacts on the South Island of New Zealand recorded during the post-event reconnaissance. \u0000Despite the large moment magnitude of this earthquake, relatively little liquefaction was observed across the South Island, with the only severe manifestation occurring in the young, loose alluvial deposits in the floodplains of the Wairau and Opaoa Rivers near Blenheim. The spatial extent and volume of liquefaction ejecta across South Island is significantly less than that observed in Christchurch during the 2010-2011 Canterbury Earthquake Sequence, and the impact of its occurrence to the built environment was largely negligible on account of the severe manifestations occurring away from the areas of major development. \u0000Large localised lateral displacements occurred in Kaikōura around Lyell Creek. The soft fine-grained material in the upper portions of the soil profile and the free face at the creek channel were responsible for the accumulation of displacement during the ground shaking. These movements had severely impacted the houses which were built close (within the zone of large displacement) to Lyell Creek. The wastewater treatment facility located just north of Kaikōura also suffered tears in the liners of the oxidation ponds and distortions in the aeration system due to ground movements. \u0000Ground failures on the Amuri and Emu Plains (within the Waiau Valley) were small considering the large peak accelerations (in excess of 1g) experienced in the area. Minor to moderate lateral spreading and ejecta was observed at some bridge crossings in the area. However, most of the structural damage sustained by the bridges was a result of the inertial loading, and the damage resulting from geotechnical issues were secondary.","PeriodicalId":343472,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the New Zealand National Society for Earthquake Engineering","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115733270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PERFORMANCE OF EARLY MASONRY, COB AND CONCRETE BUILDINGS IN THE 14 NOVEMBER 2016 KAIKOURA EARTHQUAKE","authors":"D. Dizhur, M. Giaretton, J. Ingham","doi":"10.5459/BNZSEE.50.2.194-205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5459/BNZSEE.50.2.194-205","url":null,"abstract":"The performance of historic buildings during the 14 November 2016 Mw7.8 Kaikoura, New Zealand earthquake is reported, focusing on early stone and clay brick masonry buildings, vintage concrete structures, cob cottages, and the non-structural masonry chimneys and veneers of buildings located in the upper part of the South Island (Marlborough and North Canterbury regions). To better document structural response, the intensity of horizontal and vertical ground motion from the nearest recording station is graphically placed alongside the assessed level of damage. In response to numerous strong earthquakes that have previously occurred in the area a large number of highly vulnerable buildings or non-structural building components were previously either seismically retrofitted or demolished, thereby reducing the level of damage and loss of life during the 2016 Kaikoura earthquake. Seismically retrofitted stone and clay brick masonry buildings and cob cottages exhibited good performance, while some vintage concrete structures and partially strengthened cob cottages suffered moderate to extensive levels of damage. A large stock of URM chimneys in Picton, Seddon and Rotherham were previously removed while in other locations chimneys presented a variety of responses. Rural masonry veneer dwellings located in Seddon and Waiau experienced high damage levels, typically resulting in out-of-plane collapse of the masonry veneer.","PeriodicalId":343472,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the New Zealand National Society for Earthquake Engineering","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115294354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Mw7.8 2016 Kaikōura earthquake","authors":"M. Stirling, N. Litchfield, P. Villamor, R. Dissen, A. Nicol, J. Pettinga, P. Barnes, R. Langridge, T. Little, D. Barrell, J. Mountjoy, W. Ries, J. Rowland, C. Fenton, I. Hamling, C. Asher, A. Barrier, A. Benson, Alan Bischoff, Josh Borella, R. Carne, U. Cochran, M. Cockcroft, S. Cox, G. Duke, F. Fenton, Caleb Gasston, C. Grimshaw, D. Hale, Brendan Hall, K. X. Hao, A. Hatem, M. Hemphill-Haley, D. Heron, J. Howarth, Z. Juniper, Tim Kane, J. Kearse, N. Khajavi, G. Lamarche, S. Lawson, B. Lukovic, C. Madugo, I. Manousakis, S. McColl, D. Noble, K. Pedley, K. Sauer, T. Stahl, D. Strong, D. Townsend, V. Toy, M. Villeneuve, A. Wandres, J. Williams, S. Woelz, R. Zinke","doi":"10.5459/BNZSEE.50.2.73-84","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5459/BNZSEE.50.2.73-84","url":null,"abstract":"We provide a summary of the surface fault ruptures produced by the Mw7.8 14 November 2016 Kaikōura earthquake, including examples of damage to engineered structures, transportation networks and farming infrastructure produced by direct fault surface rupture displacement. We also provide an overview of the earthquake in the context of the earthquake source model and estimated ground motions from the current (2010) version of the National Seismic Hazard Model (NSHM) for New Zealand. A total of 21 faults ruptured along a c.180 km long zone during the earthquake, including some that were unknown prior to the event. The 2010 version of the NSHM had considered multi-fault ruptures in the Kaikōura area, but not to the degree observed in the earthquake. The number of faults involved a combination of known and unknown faults, a mix of complete and partial ruptures of the known faults, and the non-involvement of a major fault within the rupture zone (i.e. the Hope Fault) makes this rupture an unusually complex event by world standards. However, the strong ground motions of the earthquake are consistent with the high hazard of the Kaikōura area shown in maps produced from the NSHM.","PeriodicalId":343472,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the New Zealand National Society for Earthquake Engineering","volume":"118 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131623782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ground motion and site effect observations in the wellington region from the 2016 Mw7.8 Kaikōura, New Zealand earthquake","authors":"B. Bradley, L. Wotherspoon, A. Kaiser","doi":"10.5459/BNZSEE.50.2.94-105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5459/BNZSEE.50.2.94-105","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents ground motion and site effect observations in the greater Wellington region from the 14 November 2016 Mw7.8 Kaikōura earthquake. The region was the principal urban area to be affected by the earthquake-induced ground motions from this event. Despite being approximately 60km from the northern extent of the causative earthquake rupture, the ground motions in Wellington exhibited long period (specifically T = 1 - 3s) ground motion amplitudes that were similar to, and in some locations exceeded, the current 500 year return period design ground motion levels. Several ground motion observations on rock provide significant constraint to understand the role of surficial site effects in the recorded ground motions. The largest long period ground motions were observed in the Thorndon and Te Aro basins in Wellington City, inferred as a result of 1D impedance contrasts and also basin-edge-generated waves. Observed site amplifications, based on response spectral ratios with reference rock sites, are seen to significantly exceed the site class factors in NZS1170.5:2004 for site class C, D, and E sites at approximately T=0.3-3.0s. The 5-95% Significant Duration, Ds595, of ground motions was on the order of 30 seconds, consistent with empirical models for this earthquake magnitude and source-to-site distance. Such durations are slightly longer than the corresponding Ds595 = 10s and 25s in central Christchurch during the 22 February 2011 Mw6.2 and 4 September 2010 Mw7.1 earthquakes, but significantly shorter than what might be expected for large subduction zone earthquakes that pose a hazard to the region. In summary, the observations highlight the need to better understand and quantify basin and near-surface site response effects through more comprehensive models, and better account for such effects through site amplification factors in design standards.","PeriodicalId":343472,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the New Zealand National Society for Earthquake Engineering","volume":"25 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130699351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The 2016 Mw7.8 Kaikōura earthquake","authors":"L. Wotherspoon, A. Palermo, C. Holden","doi":"10.5459/BNZSEE.50.2.I-IV","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5459/BNZSEE.50.2.I-IV","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":343472,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the New Zealand National Society for Earthquake Engineering","volume":"5 3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123664480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Landslides caused by the Mw7.8 Kaikōura earthquake and the immediate response","authors":"S. Dellow, C. Massey, S. Cox, G. Archibald, J. Begg, Zane Bruce, J. Carey, Jonathan Davidson, F. D. Pasqua, P. Glassey, M. Hill, K. E. Jones, B. Lyndsell, B. Lukovic, S. McColl, M. Rattenbury, S. Read, B. Rosser, C. Singeisen, D. Townsend, P. Villamor, M. Villeneuve, J. Godt, R. Jibson, K. Allstadt, F. Rengers, J. Wartman, E. Rathje, N. Sitar, A. Adda, John Manousakis, Michael V Little","doi":"10.5459/BNZSEE.50.2.106-116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5459/BNZSEE.50.2.106-116","url":null,"abstract":"Author(s): Dellow, S; Massey, C; Cox, S; Archibald, G; Begg, J; Bruce, Z; Carey, J; Davidson, J; Della Pasqua, F; Glassey, P; Hill, M; Jones, K; Lyndsell, B; Lukovic, B; McColl, S; Rattenbury, M; Read, S; Rosser, B; Singeisen, C; Townsend, D; Villamor, P; Villeneuve, M; Godt, J; Jibson, R; Allstadt, K; Rengers, F; Wartman, J; Rathje, E; Sitar, N; Adda, AZ; Manousakis, J; Little, M | Abstract: Tens of thousands of landslides were generated over 10, 000 km2 of North Canterbury and Marlborough as a consequence of the 14 November 2016, MW7.8 Kaikōura Earthquake. The most intense landslide damage was concentrated in 3500 km2 around the areas of fault rupture. Given the sparsely populated area affected by landslides, only a few homes were impacted and there were no recorded deaths due to landslides. Landslides caused major disruption with all road and rail links with Kaikōura being severed. The landslides affecting State Highway 1 (the main road link in the South Island of New Zealand) and the South Island main trunk railway extended from Ward in Marlborough all the way to the south of Oaro in North Canterbury. The majority of landslides occurred in two geological and geotechnically distinct materials reflective of the dominant rock types in the affected area. In the Neogene sedimentary rocks (sandstones, limestones and siltstones) of the Hurunui District, North Canterbury and around Cape Campbell in Marlborough, first-time and reactivated rock-slides and rock-block slides were the dominant landslide type. These rocks also tend to have rock material strength values in the range of 5-20 MPa. In the Torlesse 'basement' rocks (greywacke sandstones and argillite) of the Kaikōura Ranges, first-time rock and debris avalanches were the dominant landslide type. These rocks tend to have material strength values in the range of 20-50 MPa. A feature of this earthquake is the large number (more than 200) of valley blocking landslides it generated. This was partly due to the steep and confined slopes in the area and the widely distributed strong ground shaking. The largest landslide dam has an approximate volume of 12(±2) M m3 and the debris from this travelled about 2.7 km2 downslope where it formed a dam blocking the Hapuku River. The long-term stability of cracked slopes and landslide dams from future strong earthquakes and large rainstorms are an ongoing concern to central and local government agencies responsible for rebuilding homes and infrastructure. A particular concern is the potential for debris floods to affect downstream assets and infrastructure should some of the landslide dams breach catastrophically. At least twenty-one faults ruptured to the ground surface or sea floor, with these surface ruptures extending from the Emu Plain in North Canterbury to offshore of Cape Campbell in Marlborough. The mapped landslide distribution reflects the complexity of the earthquake rupture. Landslides are distributed across a broad area of intense ground shaking re","PeriodicalId":343472,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the New Zealand National Society for Earthquake Engineering","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130198178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"STRATEGIES FOR THE SEISMIC UPGRADING OF PAIRS OF BUILDINGS IN A HISTORIC PRECINCT","authors":"A. Charleson, M. Southcombe","doi":"10.5459/bnzsee.50.1.50-58","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.50.1.50-58","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reports on a theoretical student design project to seismically upgrade buildings in a historic precinct of Wellington. The unique feature of the structural upgrading, heritage retention and adaptation, and new building interventions in the precinct was that all retrofitting designs were applied to pairs or clusters of buildings in order to develop new strategies for their seismic retrofit. The tying of buildings together as part of retrofitting is rarely encountered in earthquake engineering practice but this can be an important retrofitting approach as shown by the following design outcomes and case-study example. The main finding from the architectural design and seismic retrofit of 70 clusters of two to three buildings was the diversity of the retrofitting strategies that were applied. Two primary categories of retrofitting were identified; tying existing buildings together, and tying existing buildings to new buildings, with each category incorporating several variants. This paper highlights the advantages of retrofitting clusters of buildings to prevent seismic pounding, and for other economic and architectural reasons.","PeriodicalId":343472,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the New Zealand National Society for Earthquake Engineering","volume":"63 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122663594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Site characterisation of GeoNet stations for the New Zealand Strong Motion Database","authors":"A. Kaiser, C. V. Houtte, N. Perrin, L. Wotherspoon, G. McVerry","doi":"10.5459/BNZSEE.50.1.39-49","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5459/BNZSEE.50.1.39-49","url":null,"abstract":"The New Zealand Strong Motion Database provides a wealth of new strong motion data for engineering applications. In order to utilise these data in ground motion prediction, characterisation of key site parameters at each of the ~497 past and present GeoNet strong motion stations represented in the database is required. Here, we present the compilation of a complete set of site metadata for the New Zealand database, including four key parameters: i) NZS1170.5 site subsoil classification, ii) the time-averaged shear-wave velocity to a depth of 30 m (Vs30), iii) fundamental site period (Tsite) and iv) depth to a shear-wave velocity of 1000 m/s (Z1.0, a proxy for depth to bedrock). In addition, we have assigned a quality estimate (Quality 1 – 3) to each numerical parameter to provide a qualitative estimate of the uncertainty. New high-quality Tsite, Vs30 and Z1.0 estimates have been obtained from a variety of recent studies, and reconciled with available geological information. \u0000This database will be used in efforts to guide development and testing of new and existing ground motion prediction models in New Zealand, allowing re-examination of the most important site parameters that control site response in a New Zealand setting. Preliminary analyses, using the newly compiled data, suggest that high quality site parameters can reduce uncertainty in ground motion prediction. Furthermore, the database can be used to identify suitable rock reference sites for seismological research, and as a guide to more detailed site-specific references in the literature. The database provides an additional resource for informing engineering design, however it is not suitable as a replacement for site-specific assessment.","PeriodicalId":343472,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the New Zealand National Society for Earthquake Engineering","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125339929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison between NZS 1170.5 seismic design spectra and hysteresis-damped spectra","authors":"C. Aguas","doi":"10.5459/BNZSEE.50.1.59-70","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5459/BNZSEE.50.1.59-70","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to provide a comparison and identify the key distinctions between the New Zealand Standard – Earthquake Actions (NZS 1170.5: 2004) seismic design spectra and the hysteresis-damped seismic demand spectra specified by either the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering (NZSEE) “Assessment and Improvement of the Structural Performance of Buildings in Earthquakes” (AISPBE) Guidelines, or the “Displacement-Based Seismic Design of Structures” (DBSDS) textbook by Priestley et al. (2007). The damping provided by the draft document, “The Seismic Assessment of Existing Buildings” (TSAEB), was also briefly discussed. The seismic design spectrum was calculated for various levels of ductility using all three methods and compared against each other. This was performed for structural elastic periods from 0.1 to 4.5 seconds. For a given set of requirements based on the NZS 1170.5 parameters, a representative acceleration-displacement hysteresis loop has been generated. The equivalent viscous damping was then calculated based on the area under this hysteresis using the recommendations of either the AISPBE or through the damping equations based on the DBSDS. The final damped spectra were then compared with each other and against the NZS 1170.5 design spectrum. Results indicate good correlation between the NZS 1170.5 design spectra and the damped design spectra at low levels of ductility but show significant disparities at higher levels of ductility.","PeriodicalId":343472,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the New Zealand National Society for Earthquake Engineering","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121679291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}