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Conspiracy Theories and the People Who Believe Them最新文献

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In Whose Hands the Future? 未来在谁的手中?
Conspiracy Theories and the People Who Believe Them Pub Date : 2018-12-20 DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780190844073.003.0010
S. Lewandowsky
{"title":"In Whose Hands the Future?","authors":"S. Lewandowsky","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190844073.003.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190844073.003.0010","url":null,"abstract":"Some issues that are uncontroversial within the relevant scientific community, such as the facts that HIV causes AIDS, that childhood vaccinations save countless lives, and that the globe is warming from human greenhouse gas emissions are hotly contested in public. In some cases, the opposition to well-established science crosses the boundary from skepticism to denial. Science denial is characterized by several common attributes that are explored here and that are illustrated with a particular focus on how scientists themselves are affected by denial. The illustration uses the author’s own experience with attempts to suppress and silence his research on the drivers of climate denial. Although this is a personal story, it has implications for the scientific community and scientific institutions.","PeriodicalId":341612,"journal":{"name":"Conspiracy Theories and the People Who Believe Them","volume":"2014 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129340323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 6
Conspiracy Theories for Journalists 记者的阴谋论
Conspiracy Theories and the People Who Believe Them Pub Date : 2018-12-20 DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780190844073.003.0031
J. Uscinski
{"title":"Conspiracy Theories for Journalists","authors":"J. Uscinski","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190844073.003.0031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190844073.003.0031","url":null,"abstract":"Both scholars and journalists should consider the positive aspects of conspiracy theories and consider that removing them from society (if such a thing could be done) may present unintended consequences. Conspiracy theories have been covered by news outlets more frequently in recent years. How should journalists address conspiracy theories? When should conspiracy theories and theorists attract news attention? What are the pitfalls that journalists need to avoid when discussing conspiracy theories? What can news outlets do more generally to curb belief in conspiracy theories? It is vitally important in democracies that news outlets be perceived as independent and trustworthy, but conspiracy theories, particularly those about the media, undermine public trust. How can new outlets regain this trust?","PeriodicalId":341612,"journal":{"name":"Conspiracy Theories and the People Who Believe Them","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129525261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Conspiracy Theory 阴谋论
Conspiracy Theories and the People Who Believe Them Pub Date : 2018-12-20 DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780190844073.003.0004
Andrew McKenzie-McHarg
{"title":"Conspiracy Theory","authors":"Andrew McKenzie-McHarg","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190844073.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190844073.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"Conspiracy theories have been around for a long time, though how long is a matter of debate. As for the concept of conspiracy theory, it might seem reasonable to expect a more exact answer about the moment of its emergence. When do we first find people talking and writing about conspiracy theories? While much of the literature points to the twentieth-century philosopher Karl Popper and his famous work The Open Society and Its Enemies (1st edition: 1945), newspaper databases allow us to locate earlier occurrences of “conspiracy theory.” They reveal that the term proliferates in newspapers from the 1870s onward, particularly after the assassination of President Garfield in July 1881. What can this discovery then tell us about the modern-day phenomenon of conspiracy theories?","PeriodicalId":341612,"journal":{"name":"Conspiracy Theories and the People Who Believe Them","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121653023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 5
Conspiracy Theories and Philosophy 阴谋论与哲学
Conspiracy Theories and the People Who Believe Them Pub Date : 2018-12-20 DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780190844073.003.0006
M. Dentith
{"title":"Conspiracy Theories and Philosophy","authors":"M. Dentith","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190844073.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190844073.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"There has been a recent spate of academic work concerning these things called conspiracy theories. Part of that debate concerns the apparent irrationality of belief in conspiracy theories. I argue that what is missing in the literature is a fulsome analysis of how we define what counts as a conspiracy theory. It turns out that many of our working definitions of conspiracy theory are at odds with one another. The consequence of this definitional diversity is unfortunate for the academic project at large, as—as I will demonstrate—not all definitions of conspiracy theory turn out to be equal. Looking at a broadly representative set of contemporary academic work on conspiracy theories, I argue that we scholars of conspiracy theory often skew the results of our research programs by working with problematic definitions. This can be demonstrated by showing how often the problems associated with belief in conspiracy theories are the result of scholars working with—wittingly or unwittingly—definitions of what counts as a conspiracy theory that presuppose their irrationality. As such, much work on belief in conspiracy theories begs the question. However, there is an easy solution to this endemic problem: we can choose to work with a simple, non-pejorative definition—one which happens to be championed in philosophy—which, in turn, allows us to get to the heart of the question of whether belief in conspiracy theories is, in some sense, problematic.","PeriodicalId":341612,"journal":{"name":"Conspiracy Theories and the People Who Believe Them","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128790620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 5
How Conspiracy Theories Spread 阴谋论是如何传播的
Conspiracy Theories and the People Who Believe Them Pub Date : 2018-12-20 DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780190844073.003.0021
Darin DeWitt, Matthew D. Atkinson, D. Wegner
{"title":"How Conspiracy Theories Spread","authors":"Darin DeWitt, Matthew D. Atkinson, D. Wegner","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190844073.003.0021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190844073.003.0021","url":null,"abstract":"Why do some ideas of uncertain merit, like conspiracy theories, gain traction and spread through society? To date, conspiracy theory scholarship primarily focuses on thick description, generates case-specific hypotheses, and answers this question on an ad hoc basis. To take the next step in terms of scientific progress, the conspiracy theory literature must develop explanations that generalize across cases. To the extent that scholars have offered a more general explanation, they point to a formal theory called herd behavior, which was designed to explain why people believe ideas in the absence of much evidence. The herd behavior model has been advanced as a matter of convenience rather than as a result of critical assessment about the mechanisms in play. But it’s not the only mechanism by which a dubious ideas might spread and, furthermore, it fails to fit the facts of many cases where conspiracy theories gain traction. We consider how three other major political science explanations of opinion formation can be applied to conspiracy theories and provide a foundation for conspiracy theory researchers interested in moving from the scholarly conversation from description to explanation.","PeriodicalId":341612,"journal":{"name":"Conspiracy Theories and the People Who Believe Them","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129364884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 16
Conspiracy Theory Psychology 阴谋论心理学
Conspiracy Theories and the People Who Believe Them Pub Date : 2018-12-01 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190844073.003.0016
M. Wood, Karen M. Douglas
{"title":"Conspiracy Theory Psychology","authors":"M. Wood, Karen M. Douglas","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190844073.003.0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190844073.003.0016","url":null,"abstract":"Conspiracy theories tend to be taken more seriously by people who are mistrustful and prone to certain forms of magical thinking, have a worldview that generally fits with conspiratorial interpretations of events, feel alienated from society and its norms, and frequently come into contact with other topics outside of the mainstream such as alternative medicine. Conspiracy theories are less plausible when the audience has a positive attitude toward the group implicated as the conspirators, when they are engaged in analytical, detail-focused thinking, and when they feel like they are generally in control of their own fate.","PeriodicalId":341612,"journal":{"name":"Conspiracy Theories and the People Who Believe Them","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129975516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
The Collective Conspiracy Mentality in Poland 波兰的集体阴谋心理
Conspiracy Theories and the People Who Believe Them Pub Date : 2018-12-01 DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780190844073.003.0025
Wiktor Soral, A. Cichocka, M. Bilewicz, Marta Marchlewska
{"title":"The Collective Conspiracy Mentality in Poland","authors":"Wiktor Soral, A. Cichocka, M. Bilewicz, Marta Marchlewska","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190844073.003.0025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190844073.003.0025","url":null,"abstract":"In recent decades several conspiracy theories became prominent topics of Polish public debate: the Smoleńsk catastrophe, “gender conspiracy” and “Jewish conspiracy” are some examples of such theories. These conspiracy theories can be viewed as manifestations of a collective conspiracy mentality, a collective mental state in which other groups, nations, or institutions are viewed as ill-intended and willing to conspire against the in-group. This state is instigated by salient historical representations of one’s own group (e.g., nation), viewing the in-group as a victim of others. It is boosted by a special kind of defensive in-group identity—collective narcissism. Finally, it bears negative consequences for inter-group relations.","PeriodicalId":341612,"journal":{"name":"Conspiracy Theories and the People Who Believe Them","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121906888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 13
Down the Rabbit Hole We Go! 掉进兔子洞!
Conspiracy Theories and the People Who Believe Them Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780190844073.003.0001
J. Uscinski
{"title":"Down the Rabbit Hole We Go!","authors":"J. Uscinski","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190844073.003.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190844073.003.0001","url":null,"abstract":"Conspiracy theories are not fringe ideas, tucked neatly away in the dark corners of society. They are politically, economically, and socially relevant to all of us. They are intertwined with our everyday lives in countless ways. Just like other ideas, they have consequences which can sometimes be deadly. Conspiracy theories can also encourage good behavior and uncover wrongdoing. Beyond shaping the composition and nature of governments through democratic processes, conspiracy theories exert a profound effect on policy choices. Sometimes this is a top-down process by which political elites use conspiracy rhetoric to justify or propagate particular policies; in other instances conspiracy theories can percolate from the bottom up, and affect policy through direct democracy or by influencing the actions of otherwise nonconspiratorial elites. Conspiracy theories are often discussed, but much less understood. What do we know about conspiracy theories and what answers continue to elude us? What makes conspiracy theories so important now?","PeriodicalId":341612,"journal":{"name":"Conspiracy Theories and the People Who Believe Them","volume":"376 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133346831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 18
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