PSN: Trade Relationships (Topic)最新文献

{"title":"Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) and Trade Complementarity between India-ASEAN Trade: A Study with Reference to Fisheries Sector","authors":"Dr. Sarath Chandran, P. Sudarsan","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2054132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2054132","url":null,"abstract":"India and ASEAN signed a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) in trade in goods which came to effect from 1st January 2010. There were apprehensions on the likely impact of this RTA on some sensitive sectors of India such as agriculture, fisheries and plantation crop as large number of people depend on these sectors for their livelihood. India is a large consumer of marine products and export also export part of the catch to international markets (1.7 percent in total world export in 2007). Some of the ASEAN partners of India namely Thailand (5.82%), Vietnam (3.86) and Indonesia (2.14%) have larger presence in international fisheries trade and there is a possibility that they can export these products in to India in the post FTA period. In this context the paper looked in to the various provisions of India ASEAN FTA on fisheries sector and calculated trade complementarity and similarity using different trade indices. The paper found that India has taken adequate precaution to protect its marine sector from large scale dumping. The apprehension that India-ASEAN FTA will lead to substantial import of marine products in to India is unfounded.","PeriodicalId":341166,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Trade Relationships (Topic)","volume":"101 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121656096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement between India and Sri Lanka: Where Does it Lead?","authors":"B. Nag","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2031626","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2031626","url":null,"abstract":"India-Sri Lanka signed free trade agreement (FTA) in 1998. Looking at the success of the agreement both the countries engaged themselves in negotiating a ‘Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement’ (CEPA), which include trade, investment, and technology transfer etc. The CEPA negotiation was initiated in 2005 and concluded in July 2008, after thirteen rounds of negotiations. CEPA comprise of four objectives; widening and deepening of the existing FTA, establishing an agreement on trade in services, including measures for promotion of investment in each other's countries and enhancing economic cooperation. Both sides had decided to sign the CEPA during the 15th SAARC Summit held in Colombo but due to reservations expressed by Government of Sri Lanka, the agreement has still not been signed. Reservations were based on two broad concerns: about the nature of the CEPA itself and that the drawbacks in the FTA should be dealt with first, prior to embarking on a CEPA. It is important to note that CEPA has made attempts to address both the issues. The paper analyses the positive and negative views about the current trade dynamics between these two countries and their possible implication in post CEPA period. The article also analyses various clauses imbibed in the agreement for services and investment issues.","PeriodicalId":341166,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Trade Relationships (Topic)","volume":"133 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134485537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"APEC 경제통합과 원산지 규정: 경제적 효과와 APEC의 협력과제 (APEC Economic Integration and Rules of Origin: Economic Impacts and Policy Implications)","authors":"Sangkyom Kim, KyungPyo Lim","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2321566","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2321566","url":null,"abstract":"21세기에 급속도로 심화되고 있는 지역경제통합의 결과 지구촌이 단일경제권으로 편입되는 현상이 가속화되고 있다. 이와 같은 현상은 세계에서 가장 역동적인 시장으로 평가받고 있는 아시아 태평양 지역에서 가장 두드러지게 나타나고 있다. 이는 동아시아 지역을 중심으로 하는 아시아 태평양 지역 국가들 간 시장주도적인 통합 유인이 하나의 경제공동체 창설을 목표로 지난 20년간 꾸준하게 활동을 펼친 APEC의 경제협력 성과에 힘입어 견인된 결과로 해석되기도 한다. 2011년 현재 APEC 회원국들이 체결한 총 111개의 FTAs/RTAs 가운데 44개가 역내회원국을 당사국으로 체결된 협정이라는 사실을 감안하면, 관세절감과 같이 협상을 전제로 하는 분야는 WTO, FTA가 주도하고, APEC은 국경간, 국경내 또는 국경에서 발생하는 각종 규제 및 제도의 개선을 통한 경제통합효과 제고에 집중할 경우, 보다 효율적인 경제통합구도가 정립될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. 현재 APEC은 역내에 확산되고 있는 자유무역협정을 APEC의 창설이념인 ‘아시아 태평양 공동체 건설’의 디딤돌로 활용하기 위한 다양한 노력을 지역경제통합(REI: Regional Economic Integration) 활동의 일환으로 전개하고 있다. REI는 원산지규정을 포함하여 APEC이 추구하는 다양한 협력분야에서 무역을 왜곡시키는 요소를 발굴하고 개선을 이행함으로써 APEC이 지향하는 높은 수준의 포괄적인 경제공동체 창설 기반과 환경 조성에 그 목표를 두고 있다. 상기 REI 강화 보고서에서 제시된 원산지규정에 대한 정상과 각료들의 지시사항은 CTI 산하 MAG의 주도 아래 이행을 도모하고 있다. 현재 APEC 정상 차원에서 논의가 진전되고 있는 아ㆍ태자유무역지대(FTAAP: Free Trade Area of the Asia-Pacific) 결성으로 기대되는 무역창출효과를 극대화시키기 위해서는 포괄적ㆍ고품격 자유무역협정 원칙이 적용되어야 함은 물론이고, 다양한 원산지규정에서 발생하는 행정비용을 최소화하기 위한 APEC 차원의 사전적인 통합 및 조화의 노력이 강화되어야 할 것으로 판단된다. 이에 따라 본 연구는 아시아 태평양 지역에 거대한 자유무역지대의 탄생을 의미하는 FTAAP 창설에 대비하여 역내외 주요 자유무역협정 원산지규정의 특성을 검토하고, FTAAP의 효과 배가를 위한 원산지규정 조화 및 통합 방안을 분석하고, 이에 대한 경제적 효과를 추정할 목적으로 추진되었으며 다음과 같은 정성 및 정량적 분석결과를 도출하였다. 첫째, 원산지규정에 대한 전반적인 이해를 돕기 위해 WCO 중심으로 진행되는 다자차원의 원산지규정과 EU, NAFTA 등을 비롯한 지역차원의 원산지규정을 사례 중심으로 검토하고, 그 특징을 비교 분석하였다. 원산지규정은 그 적용목적에 따라 특혜원산지규정(preferential ROO)과 비특혜원산지규정(non-preferential ROO) 두 개의 시스템으로 구별된다. 다자차원에서 논의되어 발전된 원산지규정은 대표적으로 WTO 통일원산지규정을 꼽을 수 있으며, 이는 비특혜원산지규정이다. 반면에 지역차원의 원산지규정은 특혜원산지규정으로 성격을 구분 지을 수 있다. 다자차원의 WTO 통일원산지규정(HRO)은 복잡다기한 특혜원산지규정에 비해 보다 일관성 있고 예외가 적은 통일된 ‘일반규정(general rules)’을 원칙으로 한다. 품목별 원산지규정 역시 우선기준과 보완기준으로 구성되어 일반 적용을 원칙으로 일관성과 예측가능성, 투명성을 우선시하는 구조를 갖추고 있다. 다만, 품목별 원산지규정에 유연성을 적용하여 비교적 단순화하고 효과를 높일 수 있는 것은 미소기준이나 누적기준인데, HRO에서 누적기준은 존재하지 않으며 미소기준은 국가별 이견이 많아 합의점에 도달하지 못한 요인 중 하나이다. 반면에 지역차원의 원산지규정은 특혜원산지규정으로 역내에는 주로 양자누적을 적용하고 역외에는 엄격한 기준을 적용하는 배타적인 구조를 갖추고 있다. 또한 품목별 원산지규정은 복잡하고 예외적용이 많다. 특히 많은 연구에서 NAFTA와 EU의 원산지규정을 가장 복잡한 것으로 간주한다. 그러나 최근 지역차원의 원산지규정은 다소 신축적이며 유연한 구조를 지향하는 추세로 볼 수 있다. 최근 ASEAN과의 FTA와 P4의 원산지규정을 살펴보면, 역외재료 최대허용비율인 미소기준은 10%로 높아지며 누적기준 역시 40~50%이다. 또한 품목별 원산지규정에서 복잡한 예외규정을 단순화하고 일관성 있는 규정으로 전 품목에 역내부가가치기준을 제공하는 등 일반규정을 강화하는 추세이다. 둘째, APEC의 경제통합 비전과 연관하여 APEC 역내 원산지규정 관련 제반 활동을 살펴본 이후 APEC 역내 원산지규정 조화의 필요성을 찾아보았다. APEC 경제협력의 초기단계인 1990년대 중반부터 원산지규정은 경제통합활동 의제에 포함되어 논의되었지만, 당시 원산지규정에 대한 논의는 역내 경제통합을 촉진하는 독립적인 정책수단으로서가 아니라 WTO를 중심으로 진행되고 있던 다자차원 규정과의 조화를 논의하기 위한 의제에 편입되어 진행되었다. 이는 1990년 중반까지 경제공동체로의 발전에 대한 APEC의 역할이 명확하게 정립되지 않았을 뿐 아니라 NAFTA를 제외하고는 역내 무역을 왜곡시킬 잠재력을 보유한 역내 소지역협정이 실질적으로 전무하였다는 사실에 근거한다고 판단된다. 그러나 1990년대 후반부터 역내 FTAs/RTAs 체결이 급증한 결과 아ㆍ태지역의 스파게티볼 현상이 심화되고 있으며, 이는 자유무역의 특혜 부여 판정에 소요되는 행정비용 지불 증가로 귀착되어 자유무역의 경제적 효과를 감소시키는 요인으로 등장하게 된다. APEC 정책당국자들은 특혜원산지규정 난립에 따른 무역왜곡현상과 폐해를 교정하기 위한 대안으로 원산지규정의 표준과 조화를 위한 공동 노력을 기울여야 한다는 인식을 같이하게 되었다. 일차적으로 원산지규정을 포함한 FTAs/RTAs 협상에 준거가 될 수 있는 표준모델을 개발할 것에 합의하였으며, 이후 원산지규정 관련 표준모델은 2007년 통상장관회의에서 위생 및 검역, 전자상거래 분야와 함께 승인을 획득하였다. 한편 2007년 APEC 정상회의","PeriodicalId":341166,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Trade Relationships (Topic)","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115600127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Determinants of Korea's Terms of Trade: The Real-Side Approach","authors":"Hongshik Lee, Hyuk-hwang Kim","doi":"10.11644/KIEP.JEAI.2011.15.4.238","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11644/KIEP.JEAI.2011.15.4.238","url":null,"abstract":"Previous studies of the determinants of the terms of trade have typically failed to fully reflect the composition of imports and exports and the unique characteristics of trading partners, which have considerable influence on the terms of trade. In particular, most studies of Korea’s terms of trade have focused only on the effects of the exchange rate on the terms of trade, and few studies have considered the supply or demand side, i.e., the real side. This study considers panel data on Korea’s trading partners from 2000 to 2009 (excluding the period of the Korean’s foreign exchange crisis) to propose a model reflecting both the trading partner’s characteristics as well as the share of manufactured goods in exports and the share of fuel products in imports and provides an analysis of the determinants of Korea’s terms of trade by considering the individual features of each product. The proposed dynamic panel model of the effects of the terms of trade for the previous period on the terms of trade for the current period provides more consistent estimates. By using the system generalized method of moments, the proposed model can estimate the determinants of Korea’s terms of trade from the real-side perspective. The results indicate that an increase in the lagged terms of trade, relative market potential, or relative per capita income improved Korea’s terms of trade, whereas an increase in relative output or the share of fuel products in imports weakened the terms of trade, providing support for common theory. However, an increase in the share of manufactured goods in exports had a negative effect (although not significant) on Korea’s terms of trade, providing no support for the Prebisch-Singer hypothesis.","PeriodicalId":341166,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Trade Relationships (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125345509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"War, Trade, and Distrust: Why Trade Agreements Don’t Always Keep the Peace","authors":"E. Hafner-Burton, Alexander H. Montgomery","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1913981","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1913981","url":null,"abstract":"There is growing evidence that preferential trade agreements (PTAs) provide strong institutional incentives to prevent international conflict among member states, often creating the conditions of trust that can help prevent militarized aggression. We provide an approach to the study of how international institutions influence conflict behavior that considers how PTAs exclude as well as include members and create asymmetrical relationships among members that could exacerbate conflict. PTAs do more than create expectations of economic gains and reduce opportunism; they also create hierarchical relations between states, which can encourage conflict under different conditions due to distrust. We theorize these conditions for militarized international disputes, develop appropriate measures using social network analysis, and test our expectations on new PTA data during the period 1950 to 2000.","PeriodicalId":341166,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Trade Relationships (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115694852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intermediate Products and the Regionalization of Trade","authors":"Louise Curran, Soledad Zignago","doi":"10.1108/15253831111126712","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/15253831111126712","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose – This paper aims to exploit a new trade database to explore the extent to which trade, and the industrial division of labor which it represents, is regional in nature.Design/methodology/approach – The analysis focuses especially on intermediates trade, in three key regions – the EU, NAFTA and ASEAN 3 – which together represent 78 percent of global trade.Findings – The results indicate that levels of regional integration in trade and changes in that integration vary by region and by direction of flow. Notably, the EU has higher levels of intra-regional trade than the other two. These results vary by technology, with high-tech trade less regionally biased than others.Originality/value – Trade data has been little used in the debate on the regionalization of business activity. In addition, the paper highlights trends, not just in total trade, but within intermediate products and by technology.","PeriodicalId":341166,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Trade Relationships (Topic)","volume":"91 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115437789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unearthing China’s Rare Earths Strategy","authors":"Roderick Kefferpütz","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1711320","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1711320","url":null,"abstract":"Relations between China and the West have been difficult for some time.Recently, however, one issue in particular has made the headlines: rare earths. Vital for the production of low-carbon products such as hybrid cars and wind turbines, consumer goods and sensitive military hardware like cruise missiles and smart bombs, rare earths are indispensable for high-tech industries and emerging technologies.With China responsible for the production of almost 97% of these rare earth elements (REE), recent Chinese reductions in exports, coupled with increasing export taxes, are causing jitters not only in the markets but also politically.Roderick Kefferputz, Associate Research Fellow at CEPS, takes a look at China’s long march towards dominance of this all-important market and, ahead of the European Commission’s publication of its Raw Materials Strategy, considers options for the future.","PeriodicalId":341166,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Trade Relationships (Topic)","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123996960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New Measures of Intra-Industry Trade Between Colombia and the United States: 1995-2005","authors":"C. Caicedo","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.1616233","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.1616233","url":null,"abstract":"This paper analyzes the existence of intra-industry trade between Colombia and the United States, using the information of the CEPII BAC database for the period between 1995 and 2005. The relevance of establishing a measure of intra-industry trade flows between Colombia and the United States relies primarily on the relative importance of representing the United States as a trading partner for Colombia. Bilateral trade between Colombia and the United States includes about 5,000 different products, however, only 451 products have simultaneous flow of exports and imports of these 119 have an index G & L under 25, for example 4.7% of intra-industry trade exist between Colombia and the USA. The export supply from Colombia to the United States consists mainly of 11 products, which have been included in the negotiations of the Free Trade Colombia United States","PeriodicalId":341166,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Trade Relationships (Topic)","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121600924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"La dimensione geoeconomica e geopolitica nella recente evoluzione dei rapporti tra Italia e Libia (The Geoeconomic and Geopolitical Aspects in the Recent Development of Italy-Libya Relations)","authors":"F. Parenti","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2363420","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2363420","url":null,"abstract":"Questo contributo descrive sinteticamente l'evoluzione delle relazioni geoeconomiche tra Italia e Libia al fine di individuarne le implicazioni geopolitiche. Con questo obiettivo, l’articolo sottolinea l'effetto di alcune dinamiche internazionali e regionali (relative ai flussi monetari ed energetici) nella determinazione delle ragioni del riallineamento tra Italia e Libia e tra quest’ultima e altri importanti Paesi occidentali. Pertanto, da questa analisi il lettore puo capire che la relazione di dipendenza e/o isolamento, che ha per lungo tempo caratterizzato il paese libico, sta evolvendo in una forma completamente nuova. La Libia, cosi come altri paesi emergenti, e ora in grado di proporre e ottenere la stipulazione di accordi bilaterali equi, rifiutando, allo stesso tempo, ogni forma di\"neocolonialismo\".This contribution synthetically describes the evolution of the geoeconomic relations between Italy and Libya in order to single out the geopolitical significances. With this aim, the paper underlines the effect of some international and regional dynamics (regarding monetary and energy flows) on the determination of the real reasons of the realignment between Italy and Libya and between the latter and other important Western Countries. Therefore, from the analysis the reader can understand that the condition of dependence and/or isolation, which has for a long time compressed the Libyan country, is now evolving into a totally new form of relations. Libya, as well as other emerging countries, is now able to propose and obtain the stipulation of equal bilateral agreements, refusing, at the same time, any covered \"neocolonialism\".","PeriodicalId":341166,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Trade Relationships (Topic)","volume":"241 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133880103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Asean and Trade Integration","authors":"M. Mikić","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1506107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1506107","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reviews the progress in trade-related areas of ASEAN Economic Community to be established by 2015. It provivdes empirical evidence and qualitative analysis on how the process of trade integration worked and what could have been done for it to have worked better. Where appropriate it elaborates on forces or institutions driving the process of integration. The paper uses descriptive statistics and some off-the-shelf indicators to track progress in trade integration which is the main pillar of building ASEAN Economic Community. Second part of the paper examines the progress in building effective integration with the other trading partners. Three difference but inter-related issues are analyzed. 1) ASEAN in world economy in terms of relative size, discrimination of other partners in trade, and treatment that ASEAN obtains in importing markets of developed countries compared to average of all developing countries; 2) the WTO membership and negotiation positioning of individual ASEAN members, and 3) the role of bilateral and plurilateral preferential trade agreements of ASEAN member countries and of the ASEAN as a bloc.","PeriodicalId":341166,"journal":{"name":"PSN: Trade Relationships (Topic)","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131847236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}