Cultural-Historical Perspectives on Collective Intelligence最新文献

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Cultural-Historical Perspectives on Collective Intelligence Pub Date : 2021-12-31 DOI: 10.1017/9781108981361.014

{"title":"Motivation to Contribute","authors":"","doi":"10.1017/9781108981361.014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108981361.014","url":null,"abstract":"If we think CI can benefit society, we need to understand how we can motivate individuals to engage in this type of collective problems solving. However, because CI covers such a broad area, including science, practical problem solving, and politics, this is a daunting task. Depending on the complexity of the task, the required skill level varies a lot. It ranges from innovation contests that often look for individuals with specific formal qualifications to citizen science projects that require simple image detection skills (e.g., Galaxy Zoo). Furthermore, studies of motivation in peer-production communities identify a mixture of motivations, such as social status, peer effects, prosocial altruism, and group identification. Single individuals are motivated by a combination of different factors, and this mix will also vary (Benkler et al., ). Some citizen projects target specific groups who have advanced skills. This group has a strong intrinsic motivation if the activities are closely aligned with their needs and interests. However, it may be difficult to include volunteers with both high and low skills in the same project (Hecker et al., ). One exception is Wikipedia, which has managed to offer a wide range of tasks at different skill levels. In innovation contests, prize money will obviously be important, but other intrinsic motivational factors are also influential (Baltzersen, ). Studies of open source software communities (FLOSS) have shown that it is possible to combine paid and unpaid contributions without excluding intrinsic motivational factors (Benkler et al., ). Still, most of the CI projects in this book typically center on noneconomic motivational factors. In a historical perspective, we have more spare time than ever before (Shirky, ). Many CI projects depend on this extra “time resource” because they rely on volunteering. However, the","PeriodicalId":338841,"journal":{"name":"Cultural-Historical Perspectives on Collective Intelligence","volume":"170 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133357691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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What Is Collective Intelligence? 什么是集体智慧?

Cultural-Historical Perspectives on Collective Intelligence Pub Date : 2021-12-31 DOI: 10.1017/9781108981361.001

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Open Online Knowledge Sharing 开放的在线知识共享

Cultural-Historical Perspectives on Collective Intelligence Pub Date : 2021-12-31 DOI: 10.1017/9781108981361.003

{"title":"Open Online Knowledge Sharing","authors":"","doi":"10.1017/9781108981361.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108981361.003","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter addresses open online knowledge sharing, which some label as the “memory component” in CI. Several different examples will be presented to illustrate how this new culture of sharing is emerging. Before the time of the Internet, only a very small part of the population made their opinions and knowledge publicly available to others. The communication model was built around enabling experts to disseminate their knowledge to the rest of the population. Today, the situation has changed entirely, with a majority of the population publishing and sharing all kinds of information with each other through social media. The costs of producing and publishing both unimodal and multimodal content have almost disappeared, permitting anyone to publish almost anything. Individuals do not need to be passive recipients of the “wisdom” of certified experts, but they can now publish their own opinion, information or product. Consequently, there has been an enormous increase in people participating in the cultural production and public conversation through the online setting. A decade ago, this development was regarded as an amazing new step towards a better society through a democratization of knowledge production processes (O’Reilly, ). Benkler () claimed these new online networks strengthened individual autonomy and human freedom and represented a fundamental improvement in human life. Everyone with Internet access can now take a more active role than what was previously possible in the industrial information economy. In the online setting, individuals can produce their own cultural environment. They can do more by themselves and create their own expressions. If a person wants to publish something, one does not need help from others or a permit from a licensing body. Individuals are also free to continue to develop and build upon much of others’ creative work. The invention of new license systems such as Creative Commons has also made it much easier for anyone to","PeriodicalId":338841,"journal":{"name":"Cultural-Historical Perspectives on Collective Intelligence","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121884017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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