The Phoebe A. Hearst Expedition to Naga ed-Deir, Cemeteries N 2000 and N 2500最新文献

{"title":"Beads, Pendants, and the Like","authors":"Jocelyn Simlick, A. Miloslavić, Vanessa Davies","doi":"10.1163/9789004396906_009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004396906_009","url":null,"abstract":"Description of objects and count of objects (exact or approximate). Typology: Made according to descriptions in Beck (2006, Part II), and Harrell (2017, Table 2), as well as numbers from Xia Nai’s (2014) bead corpus. Following Reisner (1932, 149), the distinction between ring and disk beads is that rings are 2–4 mm in diameter, and disks are 4–10 mm in diameter. Material: Agate, amethyst, carnelian, coral, Egyptian blue, faience, feldspar, glass, gold, metal, mud, onyx, ostrich eggshell, quartz, seed, shell, steatite, travertine. Color: Red, orange, yellow, gold (yellow, rose, brown), green, blue, purple, brown, black, white. Measurements: Length, diameter, weight, and others as relevant. Aperture measurements were collected only for unstrung objects. Production: Determined according to Xia (2014). For the abbreviations OMMA/B (Ordinary Modeling Method A/B) and SMMC/D (Special Modeling Method C/D), see Xia (2014, 38). Production method was not noted if the stone was simply carved. Edge/no edge: According to Beck (2006, 3). Aperture: Apex/end, according to Beck (2006, 2). Perforation: According to Beck (2006, Part III) and Harrell (2017, Table 2). Recorded only for hard and soft stones and shells. Not relevant to faience, glass, paste, and metal objects. Striations: Longitudinal/rotary/random, according to Xia (2014, Section 7.1). Relevant only for hard stone. Decoration: According to descriptions in Beck (2006, Part VI) and Xia (2014). Glaze: Mostly worn/mostly not worn. Polish: High/moderate/dull/rough.","PeriodicalId":337898,"journal":{"name":"The Phoebe A. Hearst Expedition to Naga ed-Deir, Cemeteries N 2000 and N 2500","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115072807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of Beads and Pendants","authors":"J. Bos, Vanessa Davies","doi":"10.1163/9789004396906_010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004396906_010","url":null,"abstract":"The beads and pendants from the excavations that Arthur Mace conducted under George Reisner in the Naga ed-Deir cemeteries N 2000 and N 2500 were one of the object categories that were abundantly present in the tombs. The beads and pendants were made from a variety of materials, including Egyptian faience, ostrich shell, stone, and metal. On first glance, the bead repertoire is typical for the periods they represent (Old Kingdom/First Intermediate Period). This chapter summarizes the evidence from cemeteries N 2000 and N 2500 and complements the catalogue of the beads and pendants. Due to the restrictions in the documentation of Mace, certain spatial statistical evaluation of the beads and pendants may no longer be possible.","PeriodicalId":337898,"journal":{"name":"The Phoebe A. Hearst Expedition to Naga ed-Deir, Cemeteries N 2000 and N 2500","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116053478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Small Stone Vessels","authors":"V. Emery","doi":"10.1163/9789004396906_007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004396906_007","url":null,"abstract":"The stone vessels recovered from Cemeteries N 2000 and N 2500 continue the chronological progression of vessels from Cemeteries N 500–900 that represents development from the Second Dynasty to the Sixth Dynasty, with a stylistic break at the beginning of the Fifth Dynasty (Reisner 1932, 36–75). For the most part, the vessels from Cemeteries N 2000 and N 2500 overlap with the Fifth Dynasty examples from the earlier cemeteries and display forms attested through the Sixth Dynasty and into the early First Intermediate Period (Reisner 1932, 56–70; Aston 1994, 84–85, 135–141). Vessel shapes and sizes otherwise unattested from Cemeteries N 500–900 were uncovered in Cemeteries N 2000 and N 2500, which necessitated the addition of subcategories to Reisner’s original typology (1932, 36–75) and suggests either that the burials from which they came were later than those in Cemeteries N 500–900, possessing more burials of the Sixth Dynasty and early First Intermediate Period, or that they are the products of different workshops with, perhaps, different styles, than the assemblages from the cemeteries published by Reisner. Given the other similarities in the vessels from the earlier cemeteries, the former is more likely than the latter. A later date is also suggested by the number of burials with stone vessels, a practice that decreased through time, as is evident in the number of vessels recovered from burials of Dynasties 2–3 compared to the number from Dynasty 4 burials (Reisner 1932, 55); for Cemeteries N 2000 and N 2500, only eight tombs contained stone vessels, seven in N 2000 and one in N 2500. The graves with stone vessels were of tomb types vi a–d, the Dynasty 5–6 types comprised of open pit tombs usually covered with stone slabs, but with various levels of wall finishing (Reisner 1932, 24–30, and Chapter 12 in this volume). As with many durable goods, stone vessels are useful for dating, but represent a class of artifacts that could be handed down and are thus less securely diagnostic than ceramics (Slater 1974, 232–233), though, with the exception of footed cylindrical jars, their forms generally are related to those of contemporary ceramic and metal vessels (Reisner 1932, 68–70). Indeed, vessel forms across materials for the late Old Kingdom can be so similar that Reisner classified four","PeriodicalId":337898,"journal":{"name":"The Phoebe A. Hearst Expedition to Naga ed-Deir, Cemeteries N 2000 and N 2500","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132626510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Conclusions","authors":"","doi":"10.1163/9789004396906_014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004396906_014","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":337898,"journal":{"name":"The Phoebe A. Hearst Expedition to Naga ed-Deir, Cemeteries N 2000 and N 2500","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132501908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Four Unique Pottery Vessels from N 2000 and N 2500","authors":"N. Ayers","doi":"10.1163/9789004396906_005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004396906_005","url":null,"abstract":"Among the largely homogeneous pottery corpus of typical First Intermediate Period and early Middle Kingdom funerary types from cemeteries N 2000 and N 2500 are four vessels that necessitate further discussion for their singularity in The Phoebe A. Hearst Museum of Anthropology corpus and for their connection to wider trends for the period.1 A small carinated jar with partially blackened surface, a carinated bowl with white painted decoration, an offering stand with incised decoration, and a carinated bowl with spout are discussed separately below.2 Each pot receives a brief summary of the archaeological context, a description of the vessel, and a discussion with inclusion of parallel comparanda.","PeriodicalId":337898,"journal":{"name":"The Phoebe A. Hearst Expedition to Naga ed-Deir, Cemeteries N 2000 and N 2500","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129260530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Scarabs, Scaraboids, Seals, Seal Impressions, and Knotted Cords","authors":"E. Teeter","doi":"10.1163/9789004396906_006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004396906_006","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":337898,"journal":{"name":"The Phoebe A. Hearst Expedition to Naga ed-Deir, Cemeteries N 2000 and N 2500","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115386172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coptic Burial Wrapping","authors":"J. Elias","doi":"10.1163/9789004396906_013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004396906_013","url":null,"abstract":"“Bandages of fine linen cloth, smeared over with gum”—how frequent is the refrain and how quintessentially Egyptian. However, the Herodotean account of Egyptian embalming (The Persian Wars Book II, 86) is quoted so often as to almost disguise its own significance. Of the three embalming standards Herodotus addresses, only his “most perfect” one includes wrapping as part of the service. Furthermore, Herodotus leaves us with the distinct impression that wrapping is as basic as evisceration and embalming to really approaching the “manner” of Osiris and that only by providing a decent wrapping job will one have a shot at practical preservation and ritual conquest of oblivion.1 To the extent that this properly represents an ongoing ancient Egyptian tradition and not just one current around 440 BCE, what effect would such ideas have on funerary wrapping in the Christian era and at Naga ed-Deir in particular?2 In speaking about Christian funerary behavior, there is a tendency to refer to earlier traditions as “pagan” as if there had been a clean break with all ancient rites once monotheism was adopted. The notion of a “clean break” associated with new religious sensibilities is misleading and in view of the difficulty in recognizing the practices of “Early Christianity” archaeologically inside Egypt, it will be preferable to discuss wrapping methods at Naga ed-Deir in a stylistic or methodological way, and simply say “Coptic Egyptian” when referring to wrapped bodies prepared under the Byzantine hegemony.3 In view of the complex array of wrapping methods, there is clearly a need to understand","PeriodicalId":337898,"journal":{"name":"The Phoebe A. Hearst Expedition to Naga ed-Deir, Cemeteries N 2000 and N 2500","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133039917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Late Antique Textiles","authors":"Amandine Mérat","doi":"10.1163/9789004396906_012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004396906_012","url":null,"abstract":"Excavations led between 1903 and 1905 by Arthur C. Mace in cemeteries N 2000 and N 2500 at Naga ed-Deir resulted in the discovery of thousands of burials, divided in Mace’s notes into two groups based on their dates. Amongst the so-called Coptic tombs—in opposition to the Egyptian (or Dynastic) tombs— approximately forty-four graves provided textiles, either garments, sackcloth or furnishing items, used or reused in the preparation of the dead for the afterlife.1 Although many of the artifacts from these cemeteries were shipped to the University of California, Berkeley, there is no indication that the Coptic textiles were sent there. They are only known today thanks to Mace’s manuscript, excavation notebooks, and a few pictures and drawings made at the time of discovery. Based on the sources listed above, this chapter aims to give an overview of the textiles discovered at Naga ed-Deir, their context of production, use and reuse, and excavation, as well as, where possible, an attempted identification of the items described by Mace and his team.","PeriodicalId":337898,"journal":{"name":"The Phoebe A. Hearst Expedition to Naga ed-Deir, Cemeteries N 2000 and N 2500","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129411632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Miscellaneous Objects","authors":"E. Minor","doi":"10.1163/9789004396906_011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004396906_011","url":null,"abstract":"The miscellaneous objects from Naga ed-Deir cemeteries N 2000 and N 2500 help shed light on daily life and personal adornment. Cosmetic equipment, such as mirrors, were used in the afterlife to continue to ensure the beauty of the deceased. Headrests were set in the grave to add comfort to their final resting place. Other items—especially tools like a balance scale, grinding stone, hoe, and needle—offer small glimpses of quotidian activities. A small corpus of Coptic objects demonstrates the reuse of ancient graves over time.","PeriodicalId":337898,"journal":{"name":"The Phoebe A. Hearst Expedition to Naga ed-Deir, Cemeteries N 2000 and N 2500","volume":"110 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134640862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Flint Objects and Bone Object","authors":"L. Maher","doi":"10.1163/9789004396906_008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004396906_008","url":null,"abstract":"According to Hearst Museum records, the following objects were found in tombs from cemeteries N 2000 and N 2500. Mace’s original excavation notes, however, do not reference finding knives, chisels, or any flint objects at all in the tombs in these cemeteries. It is possible that these objects actually derive from other cemeteries at Naga ed-Deir, ones where such objects were found, such as N 100, 500, 1500, and 3500.","PeriodicalId":337898,"journal":{"name":"The Phoebe A. Hearst Expedition to Naga ed-Deir, Cemeteries N 2000 and N 2500","volume":"109 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121911505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}