Virus Adaptation and Treatment最新文献_第3页

New agents for the treatment of hepatitis C virus – focus on telaprevir 治疗丙型肝炎病毒的新药物——以替拉韦为主

Virus Adaptation and Treatment Pub Date : 2012-11-01 DOI: 10.2147/VAAT.S12707

A. Thompson, K. Patel

引用次数: 3

Dengue serotypes 1–4 exhibit unique host specificity in vitro 登革热血清型1-4在体外表现出独特的宿主特异性

Virus Adaptation and Treatment Pub Date : 2012-10-01 DOI: 10.2147/VAAT.S36856

K. Barr, B. Anderson, G. L. Heil, John A. Friary, G. Gray, D. Focks

{"title":"Dengue serotypes 1–4 exhibit unique host specificity in vitro","authors":"K. Barr, B. Anderson, G. L. Heil, John A. Friary, G. Gray, D. Focks","doi":"10.2147/VAAT.S36856","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/VAAT.S36856","url":null,"abstract":"Correspondence: Kelli L Barr 2055 Mowry Road, Box 100009, Gainesville, Florida, USA Tel +1 352 294 5317 Fax +1 352 273 9420 Email ateraxes@hotmail.com Background: Over 3000 cell lines from over 150 species are commercially available today from the American Type Culture Collection. These cell lines offer alternative approaches to investigating the interactions between arboviruses and other vertebrates at the cellular level. The various cell origins, types, and morphologies can be valuable resources for studying viral ecology and examining hypotheses regarding viral reservoirs. Dengue viruses (DENV) are major re-emerging pathogens that have been studied classically in only a few cell lines. Methods: We evaluated the susceptibility of 19 distinct mammalian, avian, and reptilian cell lines to DENV infection. Cell lines were infected with DENV serotypes 1–4 and evaluated for susceptibility via focus-forming unit assays and quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. Results: Both methods demonstrated the ability of DENV to replicate in 14 cell lines derived from various vertebrates with viral titers ranging from 1 × 10 to 1 × 10 infectious units per milliliter. Cell line susceptibility to DENV infection was serotype specific, with DENV-1 and DENV-4 infecting more cell lines than either DENV-2 or DENV-3. Cellular type also seemed to affect the infectivity of DENV. Human endothelial cells were only susceptible to DENV-4. Of six fibroblast lines, 100% were susceptible to at least one DENV serotype whereas only 62% of 13 epithelial lines were susceptible to DENV serotypes 1–4. Conclusion: These data indicate that a variety of cell lines from human and animal species can be used to culture DENV. The serotype-specific susceptibility for certain cell lines may provide a tool to help characterize specific DENV serotypes as well as an in vitro platform for the study of host–pathogen interactions and the co-circulation of DENV serotypes in a specific region or individual.","PeriodicalId":337688,"journal":{"name":"Virus Adaptation and Treatment","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122320909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 15

Issues in resistance, adherence, and comparative efficacy of the single- tablet regimen combination of tenofovir, emtricitabine, and efavirenz in the management of HIV-1 infection 替诺福韦、恩曲他滨和依非韦伦单片联合治疗HIV-1感染的耐药性、依从性和比较疗效问题

Virus Adaptation and Treatment Pub Date : 2012-09-05 DOI: 10.2147/VAAT.S12706

Gabriel Rebick, S. Walmsley

{"title":"Issues in resistance, adherence, and comparative efficacy of the single- tablet regimen combination of tenofovir, emtricitabine, and efavirenz in the management of HIV-1 infection","authors":"Gabriel Rebick, S. Walmsley","doi":"10.2147/VAAT.S12706","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/VAAT.S12706","url":null,"abstract":"Atripla is the first once-daily, single- tablet, triple-combination antiretroviral therapy. It is recommended for the initial treatment of the naive patient with human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection in all current guidelines, based on its proven efficacy in numerous head-to-head randomized clinical trials. Not only has it proven efficacy, but the fixed-dose com - bination, Atripla, has resulted in an improvement in adherence, quality of life, and satisfaction among naive as well as virally suppressed patients switching from another regimen. Despite the advantages, tolerability issues can arise that are related primarily to the efavirenz component, which is known to cause central nervous side effects such as dizziness, abnormal dreams, and anxiety. Although generally self-limited, these side-effects can lead to treatment discontinuation in the short- or long-term. Based on the observation of neural tube defects in macaque models, and isolated case reports in human fetuses with first trimester exposure, it is rated as Food and Drug Administration pregnancy category D, and considered as contraindicated in the first trimester of pregnancy where alternatives are available. Given the low genetic barrier of each of the individual components, resistance remains an important issue for patients with poor adher- ence, but is balanced in part by the long half-life of the drugs. Transmitted resistance is described in up to 16% of newly infected patients in population surveys, and is particularly prevalent in men who have sex with men. Minority variants that may impart resistant to efavirenz are not detected with currently used HIV-1 genotype assays, but nonetheless may also be implicated in patients who fail initial treatment. Several single-tablet regimens are recently licensed or in development that will challenge Atripla as the single-tablet first-line option, but none have shown superior efficacy to date.","PeriodicalId":337688,"journal":{"name":"Virus Adaptation and Treatment","volume":"71 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121279960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Hepatitis C quasispecies adaptation in the setting of a variable fidelity polymerase 可变保真度聚合酶对丙型肝炎准种适应的影响

Virus Adaptation and Treatment Pub Date : 2012-07-24 DOI: 10.2147/VAAT.S31785

D. Schmidt-Martin, Ó. Crosbie, E. Kenny‐Walsh, L. Fanning

引用次数: 5

Mapping protein–RNA interactions 绘制蛋白质- rna相互作用

Virus Adaptation and Treatment Pub Date : 2012-05-02 DOI: 10.2147/VAAT.S31299

Robert C Vaughan, W. Running, Rongsu Qi, C. Kao

引用次数: 5

Mononucleosis and Epstein-Barr virus infection: treatment and medication 单核细胞增多症和eb病毒感染:治疗和药物治疗

Virus Adaptation and Treatment Pub Date : 2012-03-14 DOI: 10.2147/VAAT.S17837

A. Valachis, D. Kofteridis

引用次数: 12

Oncolytic viruses: a step into cancer immunotherapy 溶瘤病毒:迈向癌症免疫疗法的一步

Virus Adaptation and Treatment Pub Date : 2011-12-28 DOI: 10.2147/VAAT.S12980

Jonathan G. Pol, J. Rességuier, B. Lichty

{"title":"Oncolytic viruses: a step into cancer immunotherapy","authors":"Jonathan G. Pol, J. Rességuier, B. Lichty","doi":"10.2147/VAAT.S12980","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/VAAT.S12980","url":null,"abstract":"Correspondence: Brian Lichty McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4L8 Tel +1 905 525 9140 ext 22478 Fax +1 905 522 6750 Email lichtyb@mcmaster.ca Abstract: Oncolytic virotherapy is currently under investigation in phase I–III clinical trials for approval as a new cancer treatment. Oncolytic viruses (OVs) selectively infect, replicate in, and kill tumor cells. For a long time, the therapeutic efficacy was thought to depend on the direct viral oncolysis (virocentric view). The host immune system was considered as a brake that impaired virus delivery and spread. Attention was paid primarily to approaches enhancing virus tumor selectivity and cytotoxicity and/or that limited antiviral responses. Thinking has changed over the past few years with the discovery that OV therapy was also inducing indirect oncolysis mechanisms. Among them, induction of an antitumor immunity following OV injection appeared to be a key factor for an efficient therapeutic activity (immunocentric view). Indeed, tumor-specific immune cells persist post-therapy and can search and destroy any tumor cells that escape the OVs, and thus immune memory may prevent relapse of the disease. Various strategies, which are summarized in this manuscript, have been developed to enhance the efficacy of OV therapy with a focus on its immunotherapeutic aspects. These include genetic engineering and combination with existing cancer treatments. Several are currently being evaluated in human patients and already display promising efficacy.","PeriodicalId":337688,"journal":{"name":"Virus Adaptation and Treatment","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124795190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 38

The impact of hypoxia on oncolytic virotherapy 缺氧对溶瘤病毒治疗的影响

Virus Adaptation and Treatment Pub Date : 2011-11-16 DOI: 10.2147/VAAT.S17832

Z. Guo

{"title":"The impact of hypoxia on oncolytic virotherapy","authors":"Z. Guo","doi":"10.2147/VAAT.S17832","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/VAAT.S17832","url":null,"abstract":"The hypoxic tumor microenvironment plays significant roles in tumor cell metabolism and survival, tumor growth, and progression. Hypoxia modulates target genes in target cells mainly through an oxygen-sensing signaling pathway mediated by hypoxia-inducible factor of transcription factors. As a result, hypoxic tumor cells are resistant to conventional therapeutics such as radiation and chemotherapy. Oncolytic virotherapy may be a promising novel therapeutic for hypoxic cancer. Some oncolytic viruses are better adapted than others to the hypoxic tumor environment. Replication of adenoviruses from both groups B and C is inhibited, yet replication of herpes simplex virus is enhanced. Hypoxia seems to exert little or no effect on the replication of other oncolytic viruses. Vaccinia virus displayed increased cytotoxicity in some hypoxic cancer cells even though viral protein synthesis and transgene expression were not affected. Vesicular stomatitis virus replicated to similar levels in both hypoxic and normoxic conditions, and is effective for killing hypoxic cancer cells. However, vesicular stomatitis virus and reovirus, but not encephalomyocarditis virus, are sensitive to elevated levels of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α in renal cancer cells with the loss of von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor protein, because elevated hypoxia-inducible factor activity confers dramatically enhanced resistance to cytotoxicity mediated by vesicular stomatitis virus or reovirus. A variety of hypoxia-selective and tumor-type-specific oncolytic adenoviruses, generated by incorporating hypoxia-responsive elements into synthetic promoters to control essential genes for viral replication or therapeutic genes, have been shown to be safe and efficacious. Hypoxic tumor-homing macrophages can function effectively as carrier cells to deliver an oncolytic adenovirus to the hypoxic/necrotic areas of the tumor. It is envisioned that further improved oncolytic viruses will be highly effective against hypoxic tumor, especially when combined with other therapeutic regimens such as immunotherapy, radiation therapy, and/or chemotherapy. © 2011 Guo.","PeriodicalId":337688,"journal":{"name":"Virus Adaptation and Treatment","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116807598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 10

Critical appraisal and update on tenofovir in management of human immunodeficiency virus infection 替诺福韦治疗人类免疫缺陷病毒感染的关键评价和最新进展

Virus Adaptation and Treatment Pub Date : 2011-08-31 DOI: 10.2147/VAAT.S12708

E. Alvarez, J. Morello, V. Soriano, P. Labarga, S. Rodríguez-Nóvoa

{"title":"Critical appraisal and update on tenofovir in management of human immunodeficiency virus infection","authors":"E. Alvarez, J. Morello, V. Soriano, P. Labarga, S. Rodríguez-Nóvoa","doi":"10.2147/VAAT.S12708","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/VAAT.S12708","url":null,"abstract":"Tenofovir is currently one of the most widely used nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) due to its good efficacy, tolerability, and convenience as a once-daily dosage. It is a drug of choice both for first-line therapy in naive and pretreated patients, along with two other active drugs as part of a highly active antiretroviral therapy. Moreover, tenofovir can be used to treat hepatitis B virus-infected patients as well as coinfected patients who meet criteria to be treated for HIV or hepatitis B virus infection, and more recently some studies have supported its use as part of pre-exposure prophylaxis. Although large clinical trials and postmarketing studies have shown a gentle renal profile for tenofovir, some prospective cohort studies and case reports have raised concern about renal damage and bone disorders associated with use of tenofovir in a small proportion of patients, and apprehension lingers over its long-term usage. Renal toxicity from tenofovir seems to be linked to tubular damage, so classical markers for monitoring renal function that mainly assess glomerular function would not be advisable to detect early renal impairment. Management of toxicity associated with tenofovir should be based on assessment of optimal biomarkers for the detection and monitoring of renal disease.","PeriodicalId":337688,"journal":{"name":"Virus Adaptation and Treatment","volume":"104 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122625123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 6

Evolution and adaptation of the pandemic A/H1N1 2009 influenza virus 2009年甲型H1N1流感大流行病毒的进化和适应

Virus Adaptation and Treatment Pub Date : 2011-07-20 DOI: 10.2147/VAAT.S9656

M. Ducatez, Thomas P. Fabrizio, R. Webby

{"title":"Evolution and adaptation of the pandemic A/H1N1 2009 influenza virus","authors":"M. Ducatez, Thomas P. Fabrizio, R. Webby","doi":"10.2147/VAAT.S9656","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/VAAT.S9656","url":null,"abstract":"Correspondence: Richard J webby Department of infectious Diseases, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA Tel +1 901 595 3400 Fax +1 901 595 8559 email richard.webby@stjude.org Abstract: The emergence of the 2009 H1N1 pandemic influenza virus [A(H1N1)pdm09] has provided the public health community with many challenges, but also the scientific community with an opportunity to monitor closely its evolution through the processes of drift and shift. To date, and despite having circulated in humans for nearly two years, little antigenic variation has been observed in the A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses. However, as the A(H1N1)pdm09 virus continues to circulate and the immunologic pressure within the human population increases, future antigenic change is almost a certainty. Several coinfections of A(H1N1)pdm09 and seasonal A(H1N1) or A(H3N2) viruses have been observed, but no reassortant viruses have been described in humans, suggesting a lack of fitness of reassortant viruses or a lack of opportunities for interaction of different viral lineages. In contrast, multiple reassortment events have been detected in swine populations between A(H1N1) pdm09 and other endemic swine viruses. Somewhat surprisingly, many of the well characterized influenza virus virulence markers appear to have limited impact on the phenotype of the A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses when they have been introduced into mutant viruses in laboratory settings. As such, it is unclear what the evolutionary path of the pandemic virus will be, but the monitoring of any changes in the circulating viruses will remain a global public and animal health priority.","PeriodicalId":337688,"journal":{"name":"Virus Adaptation and Treatment","volume":"140 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122130793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0