PAM Review Energy Science & Technology最新文献

Meta-analysis of concrete as a thermal energy storage medium 混凝土作为储热介质的meta分析

PAM Review Energy Science & Technology Pub Date : 2020-06-02 DOI: 10.5130/pamr.v7i0.1596

System Administrator, Guina Mourad, Harry Lennox, M. Turner, Madison Traynor

{"title":"Meta-analysis of concrete as a thermal energy storage medium","authors":"System Administrator, Guina Mourad, Harry Lennox, M. Turner, Madison Traynor","doi":"10.5130/pamr.v7i0.1596","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5130/pamr.v7i0.1596","url":null,"abstract":"Solar energy is a renewable energy source however sunlight is only available during limited hours in the day. Researchers are looking towards an efficient energy storage system to ensure constant energy output. Concrete can be used as a filler material in a solar thermal energy storage system. This meta-study compared the heat capacity and thermal conductivity of concrete to other solid materials and concrete aggregates, allowing for the viability of concrete storage systems to be examined. The heat capacity of concrete was 5-10% higher than the comparative solid materials like brick and sand. Additionally, concrete without cement replacement materials were found to be more thermally conductive than concrete with added fly ash, blast furnace slag or silica fume with conductivity decreasing between 81-87%. However, concrete with the supplementary cementitious materials possess a higher heat capacity than concrete without cement replacement with capacity increasing by 25% at 30% replacement by fly ash with a grain size 300-600µm. When compared to the energy efficiency of other thermal energy systems, a concrete thermocline is shown to be less efficient than a molten salt two-tank energy storage system by less than 5%. Therefore, while concrete is a viable solid filler material in thermal energy storage systems, a molten salt two-tank thermal energy storage system is marginally more efficient. However, a partial cement replacement by supplementary cementitious materials can extend the effectiveness of the concrete thermal storage.","PeriodicalId":337656,"journal":{"name":"PAM Review Energy Science & Technology","volume":"268 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134524111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Meta-Study on Integrated Cooling of Modern Integrated Circuits using Microfluidics 基于微流体的现代集成电路集成冷却元研究

PAM Review Energy Science & Technology Pub Date : 2020-06-02 DOI: 10.5130/pamr.v7i0.1595

B. Andrew, J. Mcnamara, M. Karanikolas

{"title":"Meta-Study on Integrated Cooling of Modern Integrated Circuits using Microfluidics","authors":"B. Andrew, J. Mcnamara, M. Karanikolas","doi":"10.5130/pamr.v7i0.1595","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5130/pamr.v7i0.1595","url":null,"abstract":"The substantial increase in the transistor density of integrated circuits (ICs) in recent times has allowed considerable improvements in computing power. With increasing transistor and power density, the heat produced by modern ICs has increased significantly. This in turn has negative effects on the performance, reliability, and power consumption of the ICs. A solution to the IC’s complications caused by overheating is integrated cooling, in which cooling fluid is delivered through microchannel heat sinks on the backside of an IC. This meta-study will investigate two microfluidic cooling technologies. First, implementing varied size microfluidic channels close to the silicone substrate of the IC. Additionally, a micro-pin fin heat sink is integrated into the ICs’ fluidic microchannels. Different sized pin fins were used, to achieve a wider understanding of the application of pin fins in microfluidic cooling and compare the thermal performances of each cooling method. Integrated cooling subverts the need for suboptimal thermal interfaces and bulky heat-sinks, as well as reducing the intensity of localised hotspots commonly present in high-power electronics. Further, by locating the main heat exchange medium closer to the die of an IC, we reduce the number of thermal interfaces. This meta-study suggests that cylindrical micro-pin fin arrays with pitch longitude and latitude of 60μm and 120μm, are more thermally efficient than plain microfluidic cooling channels. ","PeriodicalId":337656,"journal":{"name":"PAM Review Energy Science & Technology","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116411403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Increasing the efficiency of a Peltier device by assessing the thermal performance of liquid-cooled microchannel heat sinks 通过评估液冷微通道散热器的热性能来提高Peltier器件的效率

PAM Review Energy Science & Technology Pub Date : 2020-06-01 DOI: 10.5130/pamr.v7i0.1592

System Administrator, L. Sharpe, N. Burhanuddin, Tiana Majcan, Jonathan Rebolledo

{"title":"Increasing the efficiency of a Peltier device by assessing the thermal performance of liquid-cooled microchannel heat sinks","authors":"System Administrator, L. Sharpe, N. Burhanuddin, Tiana Majcan, Jonathan Rebolledo","doi":"10.5130/pamr.v7i0.1592","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5130/pamr.v7i0.1592","url":null,"abstract":"Water is, arguably, Earth's most valuable and vital resource. Devices that extract water from the atmosphere have been intensely researched as a means of harvesting potable water in environments where it is otherwise scarce. One such device is a Thermoelectric Cooler (TEC); a device that utilises the Peltier effect to cool a system. TECs are a promising solution for atmospheric water generation (AWG) over their competitors due to their simplicity and refrigeration capabilities. Despite these advantages, TECs are still considered mostly inefficient as they demand relatively high costs and energy consumption. This meta-analysis focuses on optimising the efficiency of small-scale Peltier devices. It explores the means of optimising the liquid cooled heat sink by using a specific flow field microchannel configuration such that less pumping power is required to push the coolant and more energy can be saved. A combination of optimal operating current of the Peltier device and of a novel flow liquid-cooled microchannel heatsink configuration with bifurcated fins using Galinstan as a coolant promises a significant increase in water production per unit of energy consumption for the AWG system.","PeriodicalId":337656,"journal":{"name":"PAM Review Energy Science & Technology","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122113865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

A Meta-study on the Thermal Properties of Carbon Nanotubes in Thermal Interface Materials 热界面材料中碳纳米管热性能的元研究

PAM Review Energy Science & Technology Pub Date : 2019-05-24 DOI: 10.5130/PAMR.V6I0.1544

Scott Clarkson, Asah H Khan, D. Singh

{"title":"A Meta-study on the Thermal Properties of Carbon Nanotubes in Thermal Interface Materials","authors":"Scott Clarkson, Asah H Khan, D. Singh","doi":"10.5130/PAMR.V6I0.1544","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5130/PAMR.V6I0.1544","url":null,"abstract":"Computer Integrated Circuit (IC) microprocessors are becoming more powerful and densely packed while cooling mechanisms are seeing an equivalent improvement to compensate. A significant limit to cooling performance is thermal transfer between die and heatsink. In this meta study we evaluate carbon nanotube (CNT) thermal interface materials (TIMs) in order to determine how to maximise thermal transfer efficiency. We gathered information from over 15 articles focused on the thermodynamic parameters of CNT TIMs from databases such as Scopus, IEEE Xplore and ScienceDirect. Articles were filtered by key words including ‘carbon nanotubes’ and ‘thermal interface materials’ to identify scientific articles relevant to our research on TIMs. From our meta study we have found that enhancing CNTs will provide the best improvement in TIMs. The parameters analysed to determine TIM performance included thermal resistance, thermal conductivity and the effect of CNT concentration on computer operation time. Through our investigation we understood that increasing the concentration of CNT from 0 to 2 wt % increases the operation time from 75 seconds at 66°C to 200s at 63°C as well as increasing the thermal conductivity by 1.82 times for the AS5 thermal paste with 2 wt % CNT. Furthermore, CNT TIM pastes with less thickness have a lower thermal resistance of 0.4 K/W. However not all these parameters have been tested with computer chips. This means that in order to increase current heat transfer efficiency limit, we must integrate these parameters into experimental models. \u0000Keywords: Thermal Interface Material; Thermal Paste; Carbon Nanotubes; Thermal Transfer Efficiency; Integrated Circuit; Heat Sink; Heat Dissipation.","PeriodicalId":337656,"journal":{"name":"PAM Review Energy Science & Technology","volume":"96 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125553325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

A Meta Study of the Relationship Between Phase Change Material Parameters and Temperature Reduction in Fire Fighter Protective Clothing 消防员防护服相变材料参数与降温关系的Meta研究

PAM Review Energy Science & Technology Pub Date : 2019-05-24 DOI: 10.5130/PAMR.V6I0.1545

Josef Richmond, Lesley Spencer, T. Tran, E. Williams

{"title":"A Meta Study of the Relationship Between Phase Change Material Parameters and Temperature Reduction in Fire Fighter Protective Clothing","authors":"Josef Richmond, Lesley Spencer, T. Tran, E. Williams","doi":"10.5130/PAMR.V6I0.1545","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5130/PAMR.V6I0.1545","url":null,"abstract":"Firefighters are exposed to high risk scenarios in which the prevention of extreme heat injuries is largely dependent on the effectiveness of their protective clothing. The following meta-study examines contemporary literature to determine the usefulness of phase change materials (PCM’s) in improving the effectiveness of the current firefighter protective clothing (FFPC) model in order to better protect firefighters. The time- temperature for multiple PCM’s in environments with low, medium and high heat fluxes (taken as 2.5-5 kW/m2 for 700 seconds, 10-15 kW/m2 for 300 seconds and 20-40 kW/m2for 30 seconds respectively) were compared in terms of the rate of temperature increase and final temperature. The study found that PCM I produced the best temperature reduction in a low flux, PCM K did so in a medium flux, and PCM B did so in a high flux. The study also found that overall the PCMs were most effective in a low flux, therefore further study should be directed towards creating PCMs that are more effective in high-flux environments. \u0000Keywords: Phase Change Material; Fire Fighter Protective Clothing; Heat Flux","PeriodicalId":337656,"journal":{"name":"PAM Review Energy Science & Technology","volume":"285 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116105492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Characterisation of molten salts for their application to Molten Salt Reactors 熔盐在熔盐堆中的应用

PAM Review Energy Science & Technology Pub Date : 2019-05-24 DOI: 10.5130/PAMR.V6I0.1546

J. Barnes, R. Coutts, T. Horne, Jesse Thai

{"title":"Characterisation of molten salts for their application to Molten Salt Reactors","authors":"J. Barnes, R. Coutts, T. Horne, Jesse Thai","doi":"10.5130/PAMR.V6I0.1546","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5130/PAMR.V6I0.1546","url":null,"abstract":"Molten Salt Reactors (MSRs) are one of the six Gen (IV) reactor designs chosen by the Generation IV International Forum for further development. A key area of concern for MSRs is the selection of molten salt composition. Parameters such as heat capacity, thermal conductivity, and viscosity are essential to consider when selecting a salt mixture for use as a coolant in an MSR. In this meta-study, the thermodynamic properties of a range of halide, carbonate and nitrate salts are compared. Using this data, an estimate is made for the usable energy density of each salt. This value in combination with the raw data is used to assess the viability of each salt for use in an MSR. It was found that fluoride salts are the most suitable. They tend to have high heat capacities and large thermal conductivities in relation to the other salts in this study. The 50-50 concentration of LiF-BeF2 had by far the highest usable energy density at 2.21 J/cm3K, however its extremely high viscosity, of 22.2 mPa.s, makes it unsuitable for use as a circulating coolant. LiF-NaF-BeF2 had the next highest usable energy density at 1.82 Jcm-3K-1. Without considering factors beyond thermodynamic properties, it was concluded that LiF-NaF-BeF2, would be the most suitable of the studied salts for use as an MSR coolant. Much of the experimental data in this field was obtained over 40 years ago, it is often of poor quality, lacking standardisation and with large error margins. An attempt has been made in this paper to compile this data and to standardise it to such a degree that salts can be reasonable compared. \u0000Keywords: Molten Salt Reactor; FLiBe; FLiNaK; Heat Capacity; Carnot Efficiency","PeriodicalId":337656,"journal":{"name":"PAM Review Energy Science & Technology","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126370689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 5

Optimisation of Wearable Thermoelectric Generators 可穿戴热电发电机的优化

PAM Review Energy Science & Technology Pub Date : 2019-05-24 DOI: 10.5130/PAMR.V6I0.1543

Alexander P Condos, Leo Zimaras, J. Marlow, M. Kurniawan

引用次数: 3

Evaluating the efficiency of utilizing selectively optimized metamaterial nanostructures for passive radiative cooling of satellites and components 评估利用选择性优化的超材料纳米结构对卫星和部件进行被动辐射冷却的效率

PAM Review Energy Science & Technology Pub Date : 2019-05-24 DOI: 10.5130/PAMR.V6I0.1550

F. Moreno, Swapnil Poudyal, Otto Cranwell, B. Andrew

{"title":"Evaluating the efficiency of utilizing selectively optimized metamaterial nanostructures for passive radiative cooling of satellites and components","authors":"F. Moreno, Swapnil Poudyal, Otto Cranwell, B. Andrew","doi":"10.5130/PAMR.V6I0.1550","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5130/PAMR.V6I0.1550","url":null,"abstract":"The need for efficient, smart radiators and thermal control technologies will be imperative to ensure the longevity of satellites and for carrying out temperature sensitive operations in space. Advancement in nanofabrication techniques has brought about the ability to create metamaterial nanostructures and selectively control their optical properties so that they reflect better in the visible spectrum and strongly emit in the infrared spectrum, which allows for better cooling. This meta-analysis looks at contemporary research that has utilised metamaterial nanostructures for passive radiative cooling attempting to identify the cooling trends among these structures. The absorbance, emissivity and reflection spectra of these structures are compared, and their effectiveness compared to conventional coolant coatings is critiqued upon. The defining thermodynamic parameters for this study were radiative cooling power and temperature reduction. Through inductive reasoning, we predict that the emissivity in the infrared of a pyramidal layered structure of Al2O3, TiO2 and SiO2 can outperform current material choices. Improving efficiency with the prediction outlined can provide increased radiative cooling. \u0000Keywords: Passive radiative cooling; thermal radiation; metamaterials; broadband optical filters; selective absorption and emission; two-dimensional thin film coatings; nanophotonic structures","PeriodicalId":337656,"journal":{"name":"PAM Review Energy Science & Technology","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115999560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A comparative analysis of waste heat recovery systems in vehicles and their viability in real-world applications 车辆余热回收系统的比较分析及其在实际应用中的可行性

PAM Review Energy Science & Technology Pub Date : 2019-05-24 DOI: 10.5130/PAMR.V6I0.1549

Jaiden op de Veigh, Nick Glynatsis, Pasang Gurung, Chengming Wang

{"title":"A comparative analysis of waste heat recovery systems in vehicles and their viability in real-world applications","authors":"Jaiden op de Veigh, Nick Glynatsis, Pasang Gurung, Chengming Wang","doi":"10.5130/PAMR.V6I0.1549","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5130/PAMR.V6I0.1549","url":null,"abstract":"In motor vehicles, an average of 60-70% of the overall fuel energy is dissipated primarily through the heated exhaust gases and engine coolant, which accounts for 90% of an engine’s thermal output. The fuel efficiency and environment impact of vehicles can therefore be improved by implementation of systems designed to recover this wasted energy. This meta- study explores the current methods for waste heat recovery (WHR) currently in production and research phases. A comparison is also made between the thermodynamic viability of each proposed system, from which future strategies to maximise the efficiency of WHR systems can be obtained. These include the use of the organic Rankine cycle (ORC), thermoelectric generators (TEG), and regenerative braking. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the current state of research for waste heat recovery in vehicles and therefore provide a basis for further research and investigation. The results indicate a promising future for further study of ORCs in the field of WHR for internal combustion engines (ICE) in vehicles. This is due to the various design opportunities that ORCs offer, including multiple loop configurations, different working fluids and integration of thermal energy storage devices. Current research for TEGs indicate a high cost to efficiency ratio for the materials required for production, meaning that TEGs are not as viable of a solution for WHR in vehicles relative to ORCs. This paper concludes that a fuel savings of 8-19% can be achieved through the integration of multiple energy recovery systems. \u0000Keywords: Waste Heat Recovery; Vehicles; Thermodynamics; Organic Rankine Cycle; Thermoelectric Generators; Regenerative Braking; Exergy","PeriodicalId":337656,"journal":{"name":"PAM Review Energy Science & Technology","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133038725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Adiabatic Compressed Air Energy Storage: An analysis on the effect of thermal energy storage insulation thermal conductivity on round-trip efficiency 绝热压缩空气蓄能:蓄热保温导热系数对往返效率的影响分析

PAM Review Energy Science & Technology Pub Date : 2019-05-24 DOI: 10.5130/PAMR.V6I0.1547

S. Tan, A. Wahlen

{"title":"Adiabatic Compressed Air Energy Storage: An analysis on the effect of thermal energy storage insulation thermal conductivity on round-trip efficiency","authors":"S. Tan, A. Wahlen","doi":"10.5130/PAMR.V6I0.1547","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5130/PAMR.V6I0.1547","url":null,"abstract":"Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) has demonstrated promising potential for widescale use in the power distribution network, especially where renewables are concerned.Current plants are inefficient when compared to other technologies such as battery and pumped hydro. Presently, the greatest round-trip efficiency of any commercial CAES plant is 54% (McIntosh Plant), while the highest energy efficiency of any experimental plant is 66-70% (ADELE Project). So far, Adiabatic CAES systems have yielded promising results with round-trip efficiencies generally ranging between 65-75%, with some small-scale system models yielding round-trip efficiencies exceeding 90%. Thus far, minimal research has been devoted to analysing the thermodynamic effects of the thermal energy storage (TES) insulation. This metastudy identifies current industry and research trends pertaining to ACAES with a focus on the TES insulation supported by model simulations. Charged standby time and insulation of the TES on overall system efficiency was determined by performing a thermodynamic analysis of an ACAES system using packed bed heat exchangers (PBHE) for TES. The results provide insight into the effect various insulators, including concrete, glass wool and silica-aerogel, have on exergy loss in the TES and overall system efficiency. TES insulation should be carefully considered and selected according to the expected duration of fully charged standby time of the ACAES system. \u0000Keywords: Compressed air energy storage; adiabatic compressed air energy storage; thermal energy storage; thermodynamic efficiency; renewable energy storage, packed bed heat exchanger","PeriodicalId":337656,"journal":{"name":"PAM Review Energy Science & Technology","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124026774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0