AlTarib最新文献 - Book学术

Arabic Hidden Crisis at West Sumatran Islamic Universities: Vulnerable Vitality and Potential Utility for Learning 西苏门答腊伊斯兰大学的阿拉伯语隐性危机：脆弱的活力和潜在的学习效用

AlTarib Pub Date : 2025-06-12 DOI: 10.23971/altarib.v13i1.9263

Rahmat Satria Dinata, Meliza Budiarti, Musalwa Musalwa, Syafrimen Syafril, Vanadya Amelia

{"title":"Arabic Hidden Crisis at West Sumatran Islamic Universities: Vulnerable Vitality and Potential Utility for Learning","authors":"Rahmat Satria Dinata, Meliza Budiarti, Musalwa Musalwa, Syafrimen Syafril, Vanadya Amelia","doi":"10.23971/altarib.v13i1.9263","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23971/altarib.v13i1.9263","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates the vitality of the Arabic language and the role of Arabic language landscapes in supporting learning at Islamic universities in West Sumatra. Using a mixed-method Exploratory Sequential Design, data were collected through observations, focus group discussions, and surveys. Although Arabic signage is commonly found on campuses, its distribution is uneven and its use inconsistent. According to UNESCO’s criteria, Arabic in this context is classified as “vulnerable.” Nevertheless, Arabic landscapes demonstrate potential as learning resources, educational media, and components of a supportive linguistic environment. Students reported improvements in vocabulary and contextual understanding through exposure to these elements. While often symbolic, Arabic landscapes can provide meaningful educational value if effectively integrated. The study concludes that their strategic use could enhance Arabic language learning in higher education. Further research is recommended to involve broader populations and explore innovative approaches to incorporating Arabic landscapes into both formal and informal learning environments.","PeriodicalId":33710,"journal":{"name":"AlTarib","volume":"13 1","pages":"165-180"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://e-journal.iain-palangkaraya.ac.id/index.php/tarib/article/download/9263/3149","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147908404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Enhancing Arabic Vocabulary Mastery Through Communicative Strategies: Evidence from Malaysia 通过交际策略提高阿拉伯语词汇掌握：来自马来西亚的证据

AlTarib Pub Date : 2024-12-05 DOI: 10.23971/altarib.v12i2.9082

Nur Hanifansyah, Menik Mahmudah

引用次数: 22

Optimizing Students' Speaking Skills: Arabic Language Learning Model Based on Bi'ah Lugawiyyah in Islamic Higher Education Institutions | Tahsin Maharat al-Kalam lada al-Tullab: Namudhaj Ta'allum al-Lughah al-'Arabiyyah al-Qa'im 'ala al-Bi'ah al-Lughawiyyah fi al-Jami'ah al-Islamiyyah 优化学生的口语技能：伊斯兰高等教育机构中基于Bi'ah Lugawiyyah的阿拉伯语学习模式[j] . Tahsin Maharat al- kalam lada al- tullab: Namudhaj al- lughah al-'Arabiyyah al- qa 'im 'ala al-Bi'ah al- lughawiyyah fi al- jami 'ah al- islamiyyah

AlTarib Pub Date : 2024-12-05 DOI: 10.23971/altarib.v12i2.9151

Takdir Takdir, Nur Agung, Amran AR

{"title":"Optimizing Students' Speaking Skills: Arabic Language Learning Model Based on Bi'ah Lugawiyyah in Islamic Higher Education Institutions | Tahsin Maharat al-Kalam lada al-Tullab: Namudhaj Ta'allum al-Lughah al-'Arabiyyah al-Qa'im 'ala al-Bi'ah al-Lughawiyyah fi al-Jami'ah al-Islamiyyah","authors":"Takdir Takdir, Nur Agung, Amran AR","doi":"10.23971/altarib.v12i2.9151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23971/altarib.v12i2.9151","url":null,"abstract":"The teaching of Arabic in higher education has yet to fully utilize the language environment as a learning resource. However, improving Arabic speaking skills is closely linked to the language environment. This study aims to develop a valid, practical, and effective Arabic language learning model to enhance students' speaking skills at Islamic higher education institutions. This research employed a Research and Development (R&D) approach, utilizing the ADDIE model designed by Branch, which consists of five phases: analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation. The study involved 23 students for testing practicality and effectiveness, as well as two experts for validating the model. Data were collected through questionnaires, interviews, observation sheets, and speaking skill tests. Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used for data analysis. The findings indicate that the Arabic language learning model based on the bi","PeriodicalId":33710,"journal":{"name":"AlTarib","volume":"12 2","pages":"455-468"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://e-journal.iain-palangkaraya.ac.id/index.php/tarib/article/download/9151/2538","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147922162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Standard Errors in Jumlah Ismīyah Phrases: Analysis of Arabic Thesis on Indonesian Undergraduate Students | Al-Akhthā Al-Syāi’ah fī Tarkīb Al-Jumlah Al-Ismīyah: Tahlīl fī Al-Buhūts Al-I’lmīyah Al-‘Arābīyah lil-Thullāb bi-Indūnīsīyā Jumlah Ismīy ah短语中的标准错误：印尼大学生阿拉伯语论文分析

AlTarib Pub Date : 2022-10-25 DOI: 10.23971/altarib.v10i2.4253

Ni'matun Najah, L. Qomariyah, Wahyuddin Wahyuddin, Ade Destri Deviana

{"title":"Standard Errors in Jumlah Ismīyah Phrases: Analysis of Arabic Thesis on Indonesian Undergraduate Students | Al-Akhthā Al-Syāi’ah fī Tarkīb Al-Jumlah Al-Ismīyah: Tahlīl fī Al-Buhūts Al-I’lmīyah Al-‘Arābīyah lil-Thullāb bi-Indūnīsīyā","authors":"Ni'matun Najah, L. Qomariyah, Wahyuddin Wahyuddin, Ade Destri Deviana","doi":"10.23971/altarib.v10i2.4253","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23971/altarib.v10i2.4253","url":null,"abstract":"In learning Arabic, students often make language errors influenced by their first language interference in learning the target language. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze language errors to minimize students' language errors and to know the material that needs in-depth study. This research talks about the common errors in the nominal sentence structure in scientific research. This research aims to know the types of common linguistic errors in the formation of sentence structure patterns in nominal sentence among students of the Arabic Language Education Department. The research method used is library research, meaning that the data collection derives from a summary of scientific research, and the technique used to analyze data is error analysis. The research results show that the common mistakes in sentence structure patterns were found in several student thesis abstracts, including the suitability of mubtada+khabar in its type, the interference of mother tongue in learning the target language, and the specificity of mubtada'. The results of this study serve as reflection and reference for teachers to explain the jumlah ismiyah material.","PeriodicalId":33710,"journal":{"name":"AlTarib","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45276746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Using Kahoot! Application in the Daily Evaluation of Arabic Lesson: Experimental Studies at Islamic Senior High School in Indonesia | Istikhdām Kahoot! Fī Al-Taqwīm Al-Yaumī li-Mādah Al-Lughah Al-‘Arābīyah: Al-Bahts Al-Tajrībī fī Al-Madrasah Al-Tsānawīyah Al-Islāmīyah Al-Hukumīyah bi-Indūnīsīyā 使用Kahoot！在阿拉伯语课日常评估中的应用：印度尼西亚伊斯兰高中的实验研究。Istikhdām Kahoot！Al-Taqwīm Al-Yaumīli-mādah Al-Lughah Al-'Arabiyah：Al-Baht Al-TajribīFīAl-Madrasah Al-Chanawīyah Al-Islamiyah Al-Hukumīyahbi-Indu'nisi

AlTarib Pub Date : 2022-10-25 DOI: 10.23971/altarib.v10i2.4204

Muhammad Infithar Al Ahqaf, Khaled Eslayeh, Mustafa Farouq Abdul-Aleem Mahmoud, Saiul Anah, Usfiyatur Rusuly

{"title":"Using Kahoot! Application in the Daily Evaluation of Arabic Lesson: Experimental Studies at Islamic Senior High School in Indonesia | Istikhdām Kahoot! Fī Al-Taqwīm Al-Yaumī li-Mādah Al-Lughah Al-‘Arābīyah: Al-Bahts Al-Tajrībī fī Al-Madrasah Al-Tsānawīyah Al-Islāmīyah Al-Hukumīyah bi-Indūnīsīyā","authors":"Muhammad Infithar Al Ahqaf, Khaled Eslayeh, Mustafa Farouq Abdul-Aleem Mahmoud, Saiul Anah, Usfiyatur Rusuly","doi":"10.23971/altarib.v10i2.4204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23971/altarib.v10i2.4204","url":null,"abstract":"The lack of technology to make practical Arabic learning evaluation is a concerning problem for researchers. The purpose of the study is to test the effectiveness of Kahoot! in the daily evaluation of Arabic lessons for students at Islamic Senior High School 1 Tapin in Indonesia. This study uses field research with a quantitative approach. The desain used is quasi-experimental with the pretest-posttest control group. The population of this study is students in eleventh grade, with a total of 190. The sample is taken using purposive sampling, and 58 students are divided into experimental and control group. The data collection method is a test. The data analysis to answer the research hypothesis is the Mann-Whitney U test. The results show that the posttest average score from the experimental group was 83.62 and the control group was 73.79, which means that the experimental group's Arabic learning outcome is higher than the control group's. On the other hand, the results of the Mann-Whitney U test show Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) 0.013 0.05 means that the hypothesis Ha is accepted, and H0 is rejected. It can be concluded that using Kahoot! in the daily evaluation of Arabic learning effectively enhances student learning outcomes.","PeriodicalId":33710,"journal":{"name":"AlTarib","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45394945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Development of Qawā’idul I’lāl Teaching Materials by an Inductive Approach 用归纳法开发Qawā'idul I’lāl教材

AlTarib Pub Date : 2022-10-20 DOI: 10.23971/altarib.v10i2.4666

Isnainiyah Isnainiyah, Mohamad Zaka Al Farisi, A. Sopian

{"title":"The Development of Qawā’idul I’lāl Teaching Materials by an Inductive Approach","authors":"Isnainiyah Isnainiyah, Mohamad Zaka Al Farisi, A. Sopian","doi":"10.23971/altarib.v10i2.4666","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23971/altarib.v10i2.4666","url":null,"abstract":"The teaching and learning process of I'lāl (vocal deviation) in Islamic boarding schools generally uses the book of Qawā'idul I'lāl. However, the book of Qawā'idul I'lāl is still very simple and has several shortcomings as follows: (1) it only contains simple i'lāl rules, (2) there is no explanation of the rules, (3) there are only a few examples, and (4) there is no material for practice. Therefore, the researcher intends to develop Qawā'idul I'lāl teaching materials with an inductive approach accompanied by practice questions. On another note, this research aims to describe the product's feasibility and legibility. This study uses a research and development (RD) design with a stage model developed by Borg Gall. The study results indicate that, in the aspect of feasibility, this development product is declared feasible after it is tested by experts on the material and media’s morphology and visual communication design, with a result of 82.6%. Regarding readability, the product development is categorized as independent after conducting the gap test with 86.1% and the Fog Index formula with a value of 2.543. Therefore, the results of developing the Qawā'idul I'lāl book with an inductive approach have implications for the ideal product of teaching materials for I'lāl learning (vocal deviation), especially in the pesantren environment.","PeriodicalId":33710,"journal":{"name":"AlTarib","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44641168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Development of Kosbarab Learning Media to Improve Arabic Vocabulary Mastery of Elementary Level Students Based on Android Construct 2 基于Android Construct 2开发Kosbarab学习媒体提高小学学生阿拉伯语词汇掌握能力

AlTarib Pub Date : 2022-10-20 DOI: 10.23971/altarib.v10i2.4529

R. Amalia, Muhammad Afthon Ulin Nuha, Afif Kholisun Nashoih

{"title":"Development of Kosbarab Learning Media to Improve Arabic Vocabulary Mastery of Elementary Level Students Based on Android Construct 2","authors":"R. Amalia, Muhammad Afthon Ulin Nuha, Afif Kholisun Nashoih","doi":"10.23971/altarib.v10i2.4529","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23971/altarib.v10i2.4529","url":null,"abstract":"In this current metaverse era, Arabic learning containing mufradat has not applied construct 2 media in the learning process so far. When viewed from the media, it will certainly match to the current metaverse era, and its application is also accessible. This study aims to design an Arabic vocabulary learning medium and to determine the feasibility of developing an android-based KOSBARAB learning medium to be applied in Arabic subject for 5D MI Bahrul' Ulum Tambakberas Jombang students. The research method used is Research and Development (RD) with a development model from Borg and Gall, which consists of 10 stages. Research instruments include observation, interviews, questionnaires, and trials. Data from experts’ and respondents' questionnaires were examined using assessment indicators. The study results in 1) the success of developing KOSBARAB learning media, 2) the \"very valid\" quality of KOSBARAB product based on the assessment by a media expert and two material experts, 3) the \"very valid\" quality of KOSBARAB product based on the assessment of classification trials on a small and large scale. It shows that students are curiously interested in using KOSBARAB product, and it certainly can increase the basic level of Arabic vocabulary of 5D students of MI Bahrul' Ulum Tambakberas Jombang.","PeriodicalId":33710,"journal":{"name":"AlTarib","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47533215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 6

An Analysis on The Principles of Arabic Textbooks for Madrasah Aliyah in Indonesia: Based on The Ministry of Education and Rusydi Ahmad Thu’aimah 印尼伊斯兰学校阿拉伯语教材原则分析——基于印尼教育部和Rusydi Ahmad Thu’aimah

AlTarib Pub Date : 2022-10-20 DOI: 10.23971/altarib.v10i2.4449

Asbarin Asbarin, Umi Machmudah, Nabila Nailil Amalia, Moch Taufik

{"title":"An Analysis on The Principles of Arabic Textbooks for Madrasah Aliyah in Indonesia: Based on The Ministry of Education and Rusydi Ahmad Thu’aimah","authors":"Asbarin Asbarin, Umi Machmudah, Nabila Nailil Amalia, Moch Taufik","doi":"10.23971/altarib.v10i2.4449","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23971/altarib.v10i2.4449","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study is to describe the contents of the tenth-grade Arabic textbook by Hasan Saefullah based on the 2008 Ministry of National Education standards and Ahmad Thu'aimah. The research method used is a literature study using qualitative method with descriptive content analysis techniques. The results of this study indicate that this book generally has complied with the principles of compiling the 2008 Ministry of National Education standard teaching materials. It is aligned with the principles of consistency, relevancy, and adequacy, which have been contained in competency standards and basic competencies in learning objectives. However, on the gradation principle, there is a discrepancy in the material contained in the teaching material preparation, such as the receptive and expressive language mastery section. The author places the mastery of reading skills after listening skills and grammatical mastery before speaking skills. It violates the order of language learning in general because the sequence of language learning starts from maharah istima', then maharah kalam, maharah qiroah, and finally maharah kitaba. Meanwhile, Thu'aimah standards, which includes the principles of validity, meaningfulness, and feasibility, have also been applied in the preparation of this textbook. The researchers expect that the authors of Arabic teaching materials pay more attention to several international and national standardization principles in writing Arabic teaching materials.","PeriodicalId":33710,"journal":{"name":"AlTarib","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44226015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

HOTS in Arabic Learning: A Study of The Implementation of HOTS on Students' Critical Thinking Ability 阿拉伯语学习中的HOTS: HOTS对学生批判性思维能力的实施研究

AlTarib Pub Date : 2022-10-20 DOI: 10.23971/altarib.v10i2.4088

Syaiful Mustofa, Ayu Desrani, Apri Wardana Ritonga

{"title":"HOTS in Arabic Learning: A Study of The Implementation of HOTS on Students' Critical Thinking Ability","authors":"Syaiful Mustofa, Ayu Desrani, Apri Wardana Ritonga","doi":"10.23971/altarib.v10i2.4088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23971/altarib.v10i2.4088","url":null,"abstract":"Seeing the increasingly fierce scientific competition in the international world, the government has begun to implement HOTS-based learning (Higher Order Thinking Skills) in the 2013 curriculum. HOTS has been applied in learning, including learning Arabic. Using HOTS-based Arabic learning is expected to produce human resources who can think critically about global issues and competition. This study aims to find the effect of learning Arabic based on HOTS and critical thinking skills. This study uses a mixed method approach called sequential explanatory design, started with quantitative and then followed by qualitative. The population in this study is students of X graders of MAN 1 Kota Malang. The data collection technique used is random cluster sampling using X graders of Language Class 1 as the experimental class and Language Class 2 as the control class. Collecting data is done using tests that is analyzed by independent sample t-test. The study results indicate that HOTS-based Arabic learning significantly affects students' critical thinking skills. It is shown by the average value of the experimental class students, which is 68.13, while the average value of the control class is 54.69, with a significance (sig-2 tailed) of 0.00 0.05. It means that HOTS-based learning positively impacts learning Arabic so that it can improve students' ability to think critically. Further research is recommended to measure its effectiveness.","PeriodicalId":33710,"journal":{"name":"AlTarib","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45860990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Transformation of Arabic Assessment in Indonesia: Conventional Assessment Toward Digital Assessment 印尼阿拉伯语评估的转型：传统评估向数字评估

AlTarib Pub Date : 2022-10-20 DOI: 10.23971/altarib.v10i2.4510

Nur Fuadi Rahman, Muhammad Ihsanuddin Masdar, Aulia Mustika Ilmiani, Faizal Habibie, Soukaina Samdouni

{"title":"Transformation of Arabic Assessment in Indonesia: Conventional Assessment Toward Digital Assessment","authors":"Nur Fuadi Rahman, Muhammad Ihsanuddin Masdar, Aulia Mustika Ilmiani, Faizal Habibie, Soukaina Samdouni","doi":"10.23971/altarib.v10i2.4510","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23971/altarib.v10i2.4510","url":null,"abstract":"Since 1960, digital assessment has been developed and implemented in foreign language assessments, but there are still few studies that discuss Arabic digital assessment because most of them follow a traditional paper and pencil assessment. The study investigates the transformation of Arabic assessment in Indonesia from conventional to digital. It further describes the factors influencing the transformation. This study employs a qualitative-case study involving Indonesian Islamic State Universities. Data collection techniques used are interviews and observations. Then the data is analyzed interactively with data reduction, data display and conclusion. The results show that the transformation of the Arabic language assessment has begun in 2016 at UIN Maliki Malang but it faced constraints regarding its TOAFL implementation. Implementing the digital Arabic assessment is comprehensively done during the online learning policy. Two factors influence the shift in Arabic assessment culture: the rapid development of the 4.0 Industrial Revolution and the COVID-19 pandemic. There are two models of digital assessment: web-based assessment and mobile-based assessment","PeriodicalId":33710,"journal":{"name":"AlTarib","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48228541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0