Digital Chinese Medicine最新文献

{"title":"Quality by Design approach for the investigation of critical characteristics of Phyllanthus emblica from different vicinities","authors":"Grishm Rohilla ,&nbsp;Priya Masand ,&nbsp;Pooja Dhama ,&nbsp;Anurag ,&nbsp;Sunil Gupta ,&nbsp;Alok Sharma","doi":"10.1016/j.dcmed.2023.10.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcmed.2023.10.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>[Objective]</h3><p>To explore the application of Quality by Design (QbD) tools in assessing geographical variations of <em>Phyllanthus emblica</em> (<em>P</em>. <em>emblica</em>) from five distinct Indian states.</p></div><div><h3>[Methods]</h3><p>In the current experiment, the Box-Behnken design with a reduced quartic model and 105 runs was employed with the use of the Design Expert software for randomized response surface mapping. Three different extraction methods (Soxhlet, maceration, and sonication) along with three solventst [distilled water, methanol, and water-methanol mixture (50 : 50 v/v)] were considered in the present study. The anti-oxidant activities, total flavonoid content (TFC), and total phenolic content (TPC) in the <em>P. emblica</em> were determined and analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to identify the major components.</p></div><div><h3>[Results]</h3><p>The QbD overlay plot showed that the extractive value of the <em>P. emblica</em> was no less than 30% w/w, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) no less than 60% mcg/mL (micrograms per millilitre), TFC no less than 75 mg QE/g (milligrams of quercetin equivalents per gram), and TPC no less than 80 mg GAE/g (milligrams of gallic acid equivalents per gram). Moreover, the GC-MS data confirmed the presence of variation in the bioactives of <em>P. emblica</em> extracts.</p></div><div><h3>[Conclusion]</h3><p>The model was significant in describing the variation in extractive value, DPPH, TFC, and TPC. The QbD approach may tend to prioritize thoroughness in the extraction process, ultimately resulting in improved quality in the extracted products.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":33578,"journal":{"name":"Digital Chinese Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2589377723000538/pdfft?md5=a44db85d2c49d3022e87702b1c561be0&pid=1-s2.0-S2589377723000538-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138395700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanism of Bugansan Decoction in ameliorating learning and memory impairment in D-galactose-induced aging rats based on AGEs/RAGE/NF-κB pathway","authors":"Wei Li ,&nbsp;Shuo Wang ,&nbsp;Jiepeng Wang ,&nbsp;Fang Fang ,&nbsp;Chaoyi Fang","doi":"10.1016/j.dcmed.2023.10.007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcmed.2023.10.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>To investigate the underlying mechanism of the compound Bugansan Decoction (补肝散, BGSD) in intervening learning and memory in D-galactose (D-gal)-induced aging rats.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>A total of 40 rats were randomly assigned to four groups: control, model, BGSD [14.06 g/(kg·d)], and piracetam [0.4 g/(kg·d)] groups, with 10 rats in each group. D-gal [400 mg/(kg·d)] was injected intraperitoneally to establish the aging rat model. The rats' body weight, water intake, food intake, and gripping strength were recorded each week. The eight-arm maze and step-down test were used to measure the rats' capacity for learning and memory. Liver, thymus, spleen, and brain tissues were weighed to calculate the corresponding organ indices; serum malondialdehyde (MDA) content and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were measured. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining was adopted to observe the pathological changes of the hippocampus; enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect the levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-<em>α</em>, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1<em>β</em> in the hippocampus. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was used to detect the expression of receptors for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), nuclear factor-<em>κ</em>B (NF-<em>κ</em>B), TNF-<em>α</em>, IL-6, and IL-1<em>β</em> mRNA in the hippocampus. Western blot (WB) was employed to detect the expression levels of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), RAGE, and NF-<em>κ</em>B protein in the hippocampus.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>In D-gal-induced aging rats, BGSD significantly increased food intake, water intake, body weight, gripping strength, and organ indices (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05), and significantly decreased working memory error (WME), reference memory error (RME), and total memory errors (TE) in an eight-arm maze (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05). In the step-down test, step-down latency was prolonged and the frequency of errors dropped (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05). Additionally, BGSD could lessen the harm done to hippocampus neurons, increase serum SOD activity, lower MDA levels, and down-regulate the expression levels of the pro-inflammatory molecules TNF-<em>α</em>, IL-6, and IL-1<em>β</em> (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05). Further findings showed that BGSD significantly decreased hippocampal AGEs, RAGE, and NF-<em>κ</em>B expression (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05).</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>By blocking the AGEs/RAGE/NF-<em>κ</em>B signaling pathway, BGSD may regulate the neuroinflammatory damage in D-gal-induced aging rats, and thus improve learning and memory.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":33578,"journal":{"name":"Digital Chinese Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2589377723000575/pdfft?md5=c63d1bd794c0e7b3196b229a4a6129e5&pid=1-s2.0-S2589377723000575-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138334796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of carbonization processing on quality control, chemical compositions, and pharmacological mechanism of Ganjiang (Zingiberis Rhizoma)","authors":"Zhou Yiqun ,&nbsp;Wu Ping ,&nbsp;Tang Yu ,&nbsp;Liu Wenlong ,&nbsp;Shi Jilian ,&nbsp;He Fuyuan","doi":"10.1016/j.dcmed.2023.10.009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcmed.2023.10.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Ganjiang (Zingiberis Rhizoma, ZR) and Jiangtan (Carbonized Zingiberis Rhizoma, CZR) have long been used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) with a rich history in the treatment of various ailments. While ZR and CZR obviously stem from the same botanical source, their attributes, chemical compositions, pharmacological behaviors, and clinical applications are different owing to variations in the extent of drying and processing they undergo. In this paper, data pertaining to ZR and CZR were retrieved from databases including China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. These sources were scrutinized to elucidate the distinctions between ZR and CZR arising from carbonization processing in terms of their ethnopharmacology, quality control, chemical compositions, biological activities, pharmacological mechanisms, and clinical uses. In this study, a total of 56 chemical constituents were identified and isolated from ZR and CZR, which primarily encompassed volatile oils, gingerols, and diphenylheptane compounds. CZR's pharmacological effects include hemostatic, anti-oxidant, analgesic, antibacterial, anti-cancer, and other biological activities. ZR has pungent and warm properties. It is a Yang-supplementing herbal medicine for ailments exacerbated by cold or damp climatic influences. CZR is a product of ZR after undergoing high temperature, with diminished intensity of its pungent and warm attributes. This change leads to a more gradual treatment efficacy, renowned hemostatic effects and its ability to gently invigorate the spleen and effectively alleviate diarrhea. Currently, research on the pharmacological mechanism of CZR is mainly focused on the effects of CZR on coagulation and fibrinolysis. Although the healing effect of CZR has long been known, and some correlation has been found between the changing composition and the changing color of the decoctions, people still lack relatively clear processing mechanisms to reflect the characteristics and specific quality standards of the ingredients of CZR's hemostatic effect. This review provides a systematic summary on quality control, chemical composition, ethnopharmacology, and pharmacology of CZR, offering novel perspectives for advancing the exploration of additional carbonized herbal medicine and fostering their application in clinical settings.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":33578,"journal":{"name":"Digital Chinese Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2589377723000599/pdfft?md5=240a119c27f4076e0379025406642fa3&pid=1-s2.0-S2589377723000599-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138395701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Protective effects of ginsenosides on macrophages subjected to simulated weightlessness","authors":"Boye Li ,&nbsp;Tian Chen ,&nbsp;Enhui Ji ,&nbsp;Ying Chen ,&nbsp;Qin Hu ,&nbsp;Qingyan Li","doi":"10.1016/j.dcmed.2023.10.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcmed.2023.10.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>To investigate the evolution of inflammation under conditions and the effects of ginsenosides on macrophages subjected to the simulated weightlessness, with the aim of mitigating the inflammation.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Initially, genes related to weightlessness, inflammation, and immunity were identified in the GeneCards database. Then, Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interaction Gene/Proteins (STRING) protein network analysis was conducted to determine the core targets involved in the weightlessness-induced inflammation. Subsequently, Label-Free Quantitative (LFQ) proteomics was carried out to discern the distinctive genes within ginsenoside-treated Tohoku Hospital Pediatrics-1 (THP-1) cells. Next, utilizing the outcomes of Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses, the biological processes and signaling pathways in which ginsenosides predominately engaged were scrutinized, and the primary targets of ginsenosides in combating weightlessness-induced inflammation were examined. Finally, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was performed to detect the secretion levels of interleukin (IL)-1<em>β</em>, IL-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-<em>α</em> from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced THP-1 cells under simulated weightlessness conditions, as well as during the weightlessness recovery period following treatment with ginsenosides.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>A total of 2 933 genes associated with inflammation, 425 genes linked to weightlessness, and 4 564 genes connected to immunity were retrieved from the GeneCards database. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks were generated to identify pivotal targets associated with weightlessness-induced inflammation such as IL-1<em>β</em>, IL-6, TNF, and albumin (ALB). It was found that ginsenosides primarily participated in the regulation of various inflammation-related signaling pathways and pathways related to pathogenic microorganism infections. Moreover, it has a significant impact on the expression of proteins such as cluster of differentiation 40 (CD40), IL-1<em>β</em>, and poly ADP-ribose polymerase 1 (PARP1). As revealed in the simulated weightlessness cell test, ginsenosides exhibited a remarkable capacity to attenuate the secretion of inflammatory factors, specifically IL-6 and TNF-<em>α</em> (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.000 1), in THP-1 macrophages following induction by LPS under simulated weightlessness conditions. In addition, it reduced the secretion of IL-1<em>β</em>, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-<em>α</em> (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.000 1) during the weightlessness recovery phase.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Weightlessness can disrupt several inflammation-related signaling pathways, but ginsenosides were shown to mitigate the release of various inflammatory factors in macrophages subjected to simulated weightlessness, thereby exerting a protective role against inflammation. This study has laid a theoretic","PeriodicalId":33578,"journal":{"name":"Digital Chinese Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S258937772300054X/pdfft?md5=2927d948d79bc841ab1e0e50f568ca24&pid=1-s2.0-S258937772300054X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138395699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Patents research and development prospects of spleen-invigorating health food with the homology of medicine and food from 2000 to 2022: a bibliometric analysis","authors":"Liu Ping ,&nbsp;Fang Rui ,&nbsp;He Jiawei ,&nbsp;Li Ze ,&nbsp;Zhou Yue ,&nbsp;Yang Yong ,&nbsp;Cheng Shaowu","doi":"10.1016/j.dcmed.2023.10.010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcmed.2023.10.010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>[Objective]</h3><p>To analyze the current status and development trends of the patents of spleen-invigorating health food with the homology of medicine and food in China, and to provide ideas and references for the research and development of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) spleen-invigorating health food with the homology of medicine and food.</p></div><div><h3>[Methods]</h3><p>The State Administration for Market Regulation website’s “Special Food Information Query Platform” and the incoPat global patent database were searched in this study. Based on the methods of bibliometrics, the registered health food and patents related to spleen-invigorating health food with the homology of medicine and food in China were sorted out. Furthermore, the research and development numbers, provinces, institutions, technology and efficacy classification, major drugs, active ingredients and others of invigorating spleen health food in China were analyzed, and filtered patent data were visualized and analyzed by R programming language and CytoScape software.</p></div><div><h3>[Results]</h3><p>A total of 285 patents of health food with the homology of medicine and food for invigorating spleen were included and analyzed. From 2012, the patent registration numbers of these spleen-invigorating health food with the homology of medicine and food increased significantly in China. Over the past 20 years, the top five provinces in terms of patent disclosures were Guangdong, Anhui, Jiangsu, Shandong, and Guangxi. It was found that the technical efficacy of over 20 patents was described as “immune enhancement” “digestion” “disease prevention”, etc. Patent applications were mainly aimed at the research and development of the preservation of food or ingredients, the specific therapeutic activity of compounds, and pharmaceutical preparations, which were led by corporation research and development registrations, and supplemented by applications from research institutions and individuals. Among the 285 patents, the top 10 raw materials of spleen-invigorating health food with the homology of medicine and food were Shanyao (Dioscoreae Rhizoma), Fuling (Poria), Shanzha (Crataegi Fructus), Baizhu (Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma), Chenpi (Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium), Dazao (Jujubae Fructus), Gancao (Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma), Fengmi (Mel), Maiya (Hordei Fructus Germinatus), and Dangshen (Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma). The main functions were to nourish spleen and replenish Qi, invigorate spleen and benefit lungs, nourish blood and promote fluid production, and nourish spleen and stomach.</p></div><div><h3>[Conclusion]</h3><p>The main drug composition and functional components of spleen-invigorating health food with the homology of medicine and food are relatively clear, and the technical effects of invigorating the spleen and stomach, eliminating accumulation of food, and enhancing immunity are highly targeted. This paper provides evidence for the res","PeriodicalId":33578,"journal":{"name":"Digital Chinese Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2589377723000605/pdfft?md5=13803e9c59e44f5eb5869e25209f888b&pid=1-s2.0-S2589377723000605-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138395702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metabolic profile changes of kidney aging and protective effects of Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharides on D-galactose-induced aging mice","authors":"Di Zhao ,&nbsp;Sharmeen Fayyaz ,&nbsp;Ziyang Yi ,&nbsp;Zhao Liu ,&nbsp;Yan Wang ,&nbsp;Ping Cai ,&nbsp;Wei He","doi":"10.1016/j.dcmed.2023.10.008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcmed.2023.10.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>To investigate the metabolic trajectory of kidney aging and the effects of <em>Polygonatum sibiricum</em> polysaccharides (PSP) against kidney aging in D-galactose (D-gal)-induced aging mice, based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography/Q-Exactive Orbitrap mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-Exactive MS/MS).</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>A total of 36 C57 BL/6J mice were randomly allocated to six groups: control (CON), model (MOD), PSP low-dose (PSP-L), PSP medium-dose (PSP-M), PSP high-dose (PSP-H), and positive drug ascorbic acid (VC) groups. To create models of aging mice, D-gal was intraperitoneally administered to all other groups of mice except the CON group. After modeling, the appropriate Chinese medicine [PSP-L: 150 mg/(kg·d), PSP-M: 300 mg/(kg·d), PSP-H: 600 mg/(kg·d)] or positive drug [ascorbic acid, 300 mg/(kg·d)] was administered for intervention. Key markers of renal function in urine and serum of mice in each group, such as creatinine (Crea), urea nitrogen (BUN), and uric acid (UA) levels, as well as key indicators of oxidative stress in serum and kidney, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), malondialdehyde (MDA), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were determined to validate the successful establishment of kidney aging models and to estimate the effects of PSP. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE), periodic acid Schiff (PAS), and <em>β</em>-galactosidase staining were used to assess the renal pathological changes. The metabolic profiles of serum, kidney, and urine samples from CON, MOD, and PSP-H groups were analyzed by UPLC-Q-Exactive MS/MS, and pattern recognition methods were used to outline the metabolic trajectory of kidney aging and to identify the characteristic metabolites.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Age-related alterations in renal histopathology and impaired renal function in mice were also associated with oxidative stress indicators. Following the injection of PSP [PSP-H: 600 mg/(kg·d)], the pathological indices associated with aging were adjusted to normal levels, renal function and oxidative stress were improved in aging mice, and renal pathological damage was markedly improved. Meanwhile, the potential biomarkers were identified by UPLC-Q-Exactive MS/MS analysis and were further analyzed to form related metabolic pathways, with <em>P</em> &lt; 0.05 as a threshold. The results showed that purine, sphingolipid, glycerophospholipid, tryptophan, and riboflavin metabolisms were the main metabolic pathways associated with aging. After administration of PSP, these pathological indices returned to normal levels, and biomarkers related to the aging process, such as adenosine monophosphate (AMP), tryptophan, and 5-hydroxytryptophan, also demonstrated, to some degree, reverse regulation (promoting synthesis).</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Metabolomics methods based on UPLC-Q-Exactive MS/MS and multivariate statistical analysis can be adopted to establish metabolic profiles in aging mic","PeriodicalId":33578,"journal":{"name":"Digital Chinese Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2589377723000587/pdfft?md5=1ab1b4ea1cf4e1cc548df57b29f2697e&pid=1-s2.0-S2589377723000587-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138395703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Croton hirtus attenuating streptozotocin-induced neuroinflammation in rats","authors":"Prakash Ramakrishnan ,&nbsp;Jayaram Rajangam ,&nbsp;Binoy Varghese Cherian ,&nbsp;Jose Prakash Dharmian","doi":"10.1016/j.dcmed.2023.10.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcmed.2023.10.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>The present study was aimed to investigate the neuroprotective effect of <em>Croton hirtus</em> (CH) extract against streptozotocin (STZ) in rats.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>(i) The sub-chronic toxicity consisted of 24 adult rats of either sex weighing from 160 to 200 g were divided into four groups with six rats in each group. Rats in group 1 received Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) mixed with saline; rats in groups 2, 3, and 4 received 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg of methanolic extract of CH (MECH) orally by gavage administration for 28 d, respectively. The functional observation battery and locomotor activity were graded as part of their neurobehavioral activity and the brain regions, including cortex and hippocampus, were analyzed for neuropathological abnormalities. (ii) The main research consisted of 30 adult male Wistar rats weighing from 160 to 200 g, which were divided into five groups and six rats in each group, including control (I), STZ (II), Donepezil (III), MECH (100 mg/kg, IV), and MECH (200 mg/kg, V) groups. Rats in group I received citrate buffer orally and DMSO mixed with saline for 14 d. Rats in group II received STZ via intracerebroventricular injection (3 mg/kg, bilateral ICV-STZ) on days 1 and 3 followed by DMSO mixed with saline for 14 d. Rats in groups III, IV, and V received STZ administration on days 1 and 3 followed by Donepezil [3 mg/(kg·d), p.o.] and MECH [100 and 200 mg/(kg·d), p.o.] for 14 d. Rats were tested for learning and memory parameters such as Morris water maze (MWM) and passive avoidance test (PAT). They were sacrificed after completing behavioural experiments; brains were harvested to estimate the acetylcholinesterase (AChE), lipid peroxidation (LPO), glutathione (GSH), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) by using UV-Visible Spectrophotometer; caspase-3 was evaluated by total fluorescence emission spectra; amyloid <em>β</em> (A<em>β</em>) levels were detected using enzyme-linked immuosorbent assay (ELISA); and histopathological examination was conducted in the CA1 region of the hippocampus.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>(i) The sub-chronic toxicity results revealed that open field test parameters including line crossing, rearing, entering the middle square, defecating, or urinating did not differ significantly in the MECH rats (<em>P</em> &gt; 0.05). The histopathological observation did not show any lesions in the neuronal cells and inflammation in both the regions in MECH rats compared with control rats. (ii) The main study findings demonstrated that STZ-treated rats showed a significant increase in impairment in learning and memory parameters (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.001), the levels of AChE, caspase-3, A<em>β</em> (1-40 and 1-42), and LPO were increased significantly (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.001), and significant decrease was found in the levels of SOD (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.001) and GSH (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.01). Moreover, neuronal damage was found in the hippocampus. In contrast, STZ-induced behaviou","PeriodicalId":33578,"journal":{"name":"Digital Chinese Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2589377723000551/pdfft?md5=9e59cc4b8f715c1c1bb16398c44a8ffe&pid=1-s2.0-S2589377723000551-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138335255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bibliometric analysis on research hotspots and evolutionary trends of artificial intelligence application in traditional Chinese medicine diagnosis","authors":"Zhang Jieyi ,&nbsp;Peng Qinghua ,&nbsp;Yan Junfeng","doi":"10.1016/j.dcmed.2023.07.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcmed.2023.07.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>To explore the development and research hotspots on the application of artificial intelligence (AI) in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) diagnosis and predict research trends in the area.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>All articles were retrieved from China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang Data (Wanfang), China Science and Technology Journal Database (VIP), and Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC). All related papers published in journals from the foundation of the databases to December 31, 2022 were included. NoteExpress, Co-Occurrence (COOC), VOSviewer, and CiteSpace were used to visualize data about publication volumes, journals, authors, research institutions, and keywords as well as to analyze hotspots trending topics in the field.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>A total of 686 articles were retrieved from the databases, among which 610 papers were published in Chinese and 76 in English. In terms of the journals in which these papers were published, 238 of them were Chinese journals and 52 were English ones. The number of the papers published in journals presented a slow growth. According to the results from Chinese article analysis, WANG Yiqin from Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine published the most papers in the field. The authors of Chinese papers belonged to six long-term research teams, led by WANG Yiqin and XU Jiatuo (Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), WEI Yuke (Guangdong University of Technology), LI Gang (Tianjin University), XI Guangcheng (Institute of Automation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences), and NIU Xin (Beijing University of Chinese Medicine), respectively. In accordance with results from English paper analysis, four authors equally publishing the most papers were YAN Haixia, HU Xiaojuan, and JIANG Tao (Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), and WEN Chuanbiao (Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine). The authors of English papers were from two major research teams in the field of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Currently, research hotspots on AI such as neural networks, data mining, machine learning, feature recognition, image processing, and expert systems, have been centered on tongue diagnosis, pulse diagnosis, and syndrome research in TCM. Additionally, it was found that research on the topic was gradually evolving from explorations of a single diagnosis method to investigations on the combination of multiple TCM diagnosis methods.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Research on AI application in TCM diagnosis is still in a slowly growing stage. As technology develops, AI has been applied to many aspects of TCM diagnosis. Therefore, how to combine the two for improving TCM diagnosis is something worthy of our brainstorming and exploring.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":33578,"journal":{"name":"Digital Chinese Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49727085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Medication and prescription rules for treating spleen and stomach diseases in Prescriptions of Peaceful Benevolent Dispensary","authors":"Yao Shuaijun ,&nbsp;Yang Jihong ,&nbsp;Li Peifang ,&nbsp;Yan Jinglai","doi":"10.1016/j.dcmed.2023.07.012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcmed.2023.07.012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>To explore the prescriptions related to the treatment of spleen and stomach diseases in <em>Prescriptions of Peaceful Benevolent Dispensary</em> (<em>Tai Ping Hui Min He Ji Ju Fang,</em>《太平惠民和剂局方》, TPHMHJJF), and investigate the medication and prescription rules.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>The prescriptions of TPHMHJJF for treating spleen and stomach diseases were screened, and the data set was established by entering the prescriptions and standardized drug names using WPS Excel 2019. Herb frequency statistics, efficacy categorization, property, flavor, meridian tropism, association rules, cluster analysis, factor analysis, and complex network analysis were performed using Python 3.6.8 programming language and Gephi 0.9.2 visualization software.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>A total of 239 prescriptions were included after the screening, and the dosage forms were mainly pills and powders. The study involved 200 herbal medicines, among which 40 herbs had a frequency of ≥ 12. The herb with the highest frequency was Ganjiang (Zingiber Rhizoma). The herb properties were mainly warm in nature, with the most pungent herbs. Most herbs were attributed to the spleen and stomach meridians, and tonifying medicine were the main species. The association rule analysis identified 26 second-order association rules and 16 third-order association rules, with \"Renshen (Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma) → Fuling (Poria)\" as the leading rule in the former and \"Fuling (Poria) + Baizhu (Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizome) → Renshen (Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma)\" as the leading rule in the latter. Also, cluster analysis divided the top 30 herbs into six herb combinations that can warm the middle, move Qi, and dry dampness effectively. Factor analysis extracted 13 common factors, with Renshen (Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma), Fuling (Poria), and Baizhu (Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizome) as the highest contributing factors. Lastly, complex network analysis yielded the core prescription of 14 herbs, with Ganjiang (Zingiber Rhizoma), Renshen (Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma), Gancao (Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizome), and Chenpi (Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium) among the herbs with a higher weighting degree.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>TPHMHJJF is mainly based on the use of warming herbs to treat spleen and stomach diseases, and its medication rule can be summarized into three aspects: (i) primarily using warming and tonifying to warm the middle and dissipate cold, (ii) using the method of moving Qi with aromatic nature to delight the spleen and appetize the stomach, and (iii) emphasizing the regulation of Qi and blood to calm the five zang-organs.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":33578,"journal":{"name":"Digital Chinese Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49749475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preclinical anti-apoptotic properties of salidroside for hypoxic-ischemic cerebral damage: a systematic review and meta-analysis","authors":"Wang Xiaobo ,&nbsp;Zhang Yating ,&nbsp;Hou Ya ,&nbsp;Jiang Hong ,&nbsp;Zhang Yi ,&nbsp;Zhang Sanyin ,&nbsp;Meng Xianli","doi":"10.1016/j.dcmed.2023.07.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcmed.2023.07.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>As the main active ingredient of Tibetan medicine Hongjingtian (Rhodiolae Crenulatae Radix et Rhizoma), salidroside (Sal) has a good anti-apoptotic potential. Currently, there are some conflicting results on the anti-apoptotic mechanisms of Sal. Here we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to provide the preclinical evidence of its anti-apoptotic properties in preventing and treating hypoxic-ischemic cerebral damage (HICD).</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>The literature on the anti-apoptotic potential of Sal in the treatment of HICD from January 1, 1980 to November 9, 2021 was searched online using Chinese databases including Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), China Science and Technology Journal Database (VIP), and Wanfang Database, and English databases including PubMed and Web of Science. The quality of the included articles was evaluated by the Cochrane Collaboration network bias risk assessment criteria, and meta-analysis was performed using RevMan 5.3 software.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>A total of 40 articles were finally included. Among the 40 articles, 30 were about <em>in vivo</em> animal experiments and 17 about <em>in vitro</em> cell experiments, and 7 of them included both animal and cell experiments. After analysis, it was found that Sal had significant effects on disease-related indicators of HICD (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05), such as cerebral infarctsize and brain water content. As to <em>in vivo</em> studies, Sal mainly affects the expressions of apoptotic factors through anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation, activation of complement pathway, and regulation of signal transduction and autophagy, thus exerting anti-apoptotic potential in treating HICD. While for <em>in vitro</em> studies, Sal plays the anti-apoptotic role in HICD models mainly through anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, reduction of Ca²⁺ overload, regulation of mitochondrial function, signal transduction, and C3 complement.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Sal can take anti-apoptotic effects to prevent and treat HICD through mechanisms such as anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation, enhanced autophagy, complement and signal transduction, regulation of mitochondrial membrane potential, and reduction of Ca²⁺ overload.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":33578,"journal":{"name":"Digital Chinese Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49749744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}