The Accidental History of the U.S. Immigration Courts最新文献

Invasion 入侵

The Accidental History of the U.S. Immigration Courts Pub Date : 2018-12-31 DOI: 10.1515/9783110480986-003

J. Capinera

{"title":"Invasion","authors":"J. Capinera","doi":"10.1515/9783110480986-003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110480986-003","url":null,"abstract":"Analysis To determine the origin and biological characteristics of vegetable pests, I reviewed the original scientific literature of over 330 pests known to feed on vegetable crops (Capinera 2001 and references therein), and compiled data on pest origin, period of introduction, host range, portion of plant damaged, and damage frequency. In most cases the literature contains reference to the likely source of these pests (126 of 135 invaders). However, for some cosmopolitan pests or poorly studied organisms the source is unknown or uncertain. Similarly, the period of detection in the United States and Canada varies from precise to unknown, with knowledge of the period of establishment (detection) limited to 87 of the 135 invading pests. Lack of data stems mostly from the early period of settlement, but invasions since 1900 are fairly well documented. The host range of the vegetable pests is quite well documented in the literature, although there is a tendency for species that are better studied to have longer lists of hosts. Also, during periods of great abundance (outbreak), pests often use hosts that they will not normally accept. Thus, outbreak species probably have inflated host ranges. For the purposes of this analysis, I have defined a narrow host range to consist of consumption of vegetable plants from a single botanical family. A moderate host range consists of consumption of vegetable plants from two to five families, and a wide host range is defined as consumption of greater than five families of vegetable crops. Damage frequency is based on the literature for each pest, as described elsewhere (Capinera 2001), and considers damage to both home gardens and commercial vegetable production. Damage frequency is designated as rare when there are few reports of serious injury in the literature. Damage frequency is considered periodic when there is general recognition that the organism is capable of The successful e s t a b l i s h m e n t in North America of invading pests is not a new phenomenon. Since the earliest arrival of European explorers and colonists, pests of plants have accompanied movement of people, food, and plant materials to the “ N e w World.” The long sea voyage during the initial stages of colonization likely inhibited extensive transport of many short-lived pests. Up until 1800, only about 36 species of insects invaded the United States (Simberloff 1986). However, by the late 1800s not only was the speed of transport greatly increased, but transport of living plant material (and associated pests) was commonplace. Sailer (1978, 1983) analyzed the invasion of the United States by arthropods. He reported that initially the invaders (immigrants) consisted mostly of Coleoptera, which arrived principally in ship ballast. The dominance by beetles decreased as more Lepidoptera and then Homoptera invaded, often in association with living plant material. The rate of invasion increased greatly after the 1860s as international commerce ","PeriodicalId":333486,"journal":{"name":"The Accidental History of the U.S. Immigration Courts","volume":"214 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133966088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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6. Invasion 6. 入侵

The Accidental History of the U.S. Immigration Courts Pub Date : 2008-04-03 DOI: 10.1525/9780520381186-008

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Acknowledgments 致谢

The Accidental History of the U.S. Immigration Courts Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.2307/j.ctv1h9dkhb.3

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13. Reforming the Immigration Courts 13. 改革移民法庭

The Accidental History of the U.S. Immigration Courts Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1525/9780520381186-015

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Alien Enemies 外来的敌人

The Accidental History of the U.S. Immigration Courts Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.2307/j.ctv1h9dkhb.12

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12. Checks and Imbalances 12. 检查和不平衡

The Accidental History of the U.S. Immigration Courts Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1525/9780520381186-014

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Frontmatter 头版头条

The Accidental History of the U.S. Immigration Courts Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1525/9780520381186-fm

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4. A New Type of Tough in the Department of Labor 4. 劳工部的一种新型硬汉

The Accidental History of the U.S. Immigration Courts Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1525/9780520381186-006

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Index 指数

The Accidental History of the U.S. Immigration Courts Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.2307/j.ctv1h9dkhb.21

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Epilogue: Portrait of an American in the Twenty-First Century 结语:21世纪美国人的肖像

The Accidental History of the U.S. Immigration Courts Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1525/9780520381186-016

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