Day 2 Tue, June 07, 2022最新文献

{"title":"Seismicity Induced by Cooling of CCS Reservoirs","authors":"C. Berentsen, C. H. de Pater","doi":"10.2118/209685-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/209685-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 CO2 injection into depleted gas fields involves long term cooling of the reservoir. Therefore, even if injection pressure is relatively small, the cooled volume still creates an extensive stress disturbance that can lead to changes in the shear and normal stress on faults. Destabilization of the faults will be especially strong when the cold front reaches a bounding (sealing) fault. Modelling the stress evolution provides an estimate of this effect and its timing.\u0000 Induced seismicity due to CO2 injection has been observed in some projects. In the Netherlands, depleted gas reservoirs are used for storage, where faults can be critically stressed due to depletion compaction. Modelling methods of induced seismicity that were developed for gas production and storage can be beneficial for deep CCS projects, where potential leakage of stored fluids along activated faults is the main concern.\u0000 Since CO2 injection may induce large thermal fractures, it is important to include thermal fracturing in the analysis of seismic risk since the pressure and temperature field may be influenced by the propagating thermal fractures.\u0000 A geomechanical model is used to forecast seismicity risk. Benchmarking the model on the observed data is critical for validating the geomechanical modelling. Even in the absence of observed seismicity, the model can show the maximum slippage area that could occur, so that the extent of enhanced fault transmissibility can be bounded.","PeriodicalId":332644,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Tue, June 07, 2022","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125208270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Model-Based Life-Cycle Optimization for Field Development and Management Integrated with Production Facilities","authors":"D. Schiozer, S. Santos, A. A. S. Santos, J. C. von Hohendorff Filho","doi":"10.2118/209681-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/209681-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Reservoir simulation models often support decision making in the development and management of petroleum fields. The process is complex, sometimes treated subjectively, and many methods and parameterization techniques are available. When added to uncertainties, the lack of standardized procedures may yield largely suboptimal decisions. In this work, we present a comprehensive outline for model-based life-cycle production optimization problems, establishing guidelines to make the process less subjective. Based on several applications and a literature review, we established a consistent methodology by defining seven elements of the process: (1) the degree of fidelity of reservoir models; (2) objective function (single- or multi-objective, nominal or probabilistic); (3) integration between reservoir and production facilities (boundary conditions, IPM); (4) parametrization (design, control and revitalization optimization variables); (5) monitoring variables (for search space reduction); (6) optimization method, including optimizer/algorithm, search space exploration, faster-objective function estimators (coarse models, emulators, others), type of ensemble-based optimization (robust or nominal based on representative models); (7) additional improvements (value of information and flexibility). With an application on a publicly available benchmark reservoir, this work shows how a model-based life-cycle optimization process can be systematically defined. In this initial work, the focus is the field development phase and some simplifications were made due to the high computational demand, but in future works we plan to address the control and revitalization variables and reduce the number of simplifications to compare. The optimization results are analyzed to understand the evolution of the objective function and the evolution of the optimization variables. We also discuss the importance of including uncertainties in the process and we discuss future work to emphasize the difference between life-cycle (control rules) and short-term (effective control) management of equipment, as well as ways to deal with the computational intensity of the problem, such as the combined use of representative models and fast simulation models.","PeriodicalId":332644,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Tue, June 07, 2022","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131955243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Model for Predicting Wellbore Temperature and Pressure in Offshore CO2 Storage Wells and the Influencing Factors","authors":"Wei‐Ming W. Ma, Z. Guan, Yan Yan, Cheng Li","doi":"10.2118/209640-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/209640-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The CO2 physical parameters are greatly influenced by the wellbore temperature and pressure during the offshore burial process, but the existing model does not take this into account resulting in poor calculation accuracy, which brings large errors to the later wellbore load calculation and wellbore integrity evaluation. Based on heat transfer and other basic theories, a wellbore temperature and pressure calculation model was established. the calculation method of CO2 physical parameters required for the model was determined, and finally the established model was solved by iterative calculations to obtain the temperature and pressure distribution of the wellbore and the change law of physical parameters, and the effect of injection parameters on the wellbore temperature and pressure was analyzed. Taking a buried well in the South China Sea as an example, the analysis found that as the well depth increased, the wellbore temperature and pressure increased approximately linearly, and constant pressure specific heat capacity, Nusselt number and convective heat transfer coefficient of CO2 fluid increased, while the density, viscosity, friction coefficient, thermal conductivity and Prandtl number decreased. An increase in injection temperature decreases the temperature gradient, but has little effect on the pressure gradient and bottomhole temperature and pressure; an increase in injection volume decreases the temperature gradient and increases the pressure gradient, and the bottomhole temperature can be effectively regulated by the injection volume; the injection pressure has a certain effect on the temperature gradient at low pressure, but has a most no effect on the pressure gradient, and the bottomhole pressure can be effectively regulated by the injection pressure.","PeriodicalId":332644,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Tue, June 07, 2022","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116861726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrogen Storage to Decarbonize Austria's Energy Consumption","authors":"Marcel Clemens, T. Clemens","doi":"10.2118/209627-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/209627-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The European Union is aiming at reaching greenhouse gas (GHG) emission neutrality in 2050. Austria's current greenhouse gas emissions are 80 million t/year. Renewable Energy (REN) contributes 32 % to Austria's total energy consumption. To decarbonize energy consumption, a substantial increase in energy generation from renewable energy is required. This increase will add to the seasonality of energy supply and amplifies the seasonality in energy demand. In this paper, the seasonality of energy supply and demand in a Net Zero Scenario are analyzed for Austria and requirements for hydrogen storage derived.\u0000 We looked into the potential usage of hydrogen in Austria and the economics of hydrogen generation and technology and market developments to assess the Levelized Cost of Hydrogen (LCOH). Then, we cover the energy consumption in Austria followed by the REN potential. The results show that incremental potential of up to 140 TWh for hydropower, photovoltaic (PV), and wind exists in Austria. Hydropower generation and PV is higher in summer- than in wintertime while wind energy leads to higher energy generation in wintertime. The largest incremental potential is PV, agrivoltaic is significantly increasing the area amenable for PV compared with PV usage only. Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV) and Fuel Cell Vehicles (FCV) are using energy more efficiently than Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) cars, however, the use of hydrogen for electricity generation is significantly decreasing the efficiency due to electricity — hydrogen — electricity conversion.\u0000 The increase in REN use and the higher demand for energy in Austria in wintertime require seasonal storage of energy. We developed three scenarios, Externally Dependent Scenario (EDS), Balanced Energy Scenario (BES) or Self-Sustained Scenario (SSS) for Austria. The EDS scenario assumes significant REN import to Austria whereas the SSS scenario relies on REN generation within Austria. The required hydrogen storage would be 10.82 bn ms for EDS, 13.34 bn ms for BES, and\u0000 18.69 bn ms for SSS. Gas and oil production in Austria and the presence of aquifers indicates that sufficient storage capacity might be available. Significant technology development is required to be able to implement hydrogen as energy carrier and to balance seasonal energy demand and supply.","PeriodicalId":332644,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Tue, June 07, 2022","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122513921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Construction of Single-Porosity and Single-Permeability Models as Low-Fidelity Alternative to Represent Fractured Carbonate Reservoirs Subject to WAG-CO2 Injection Under Uncertainty","authors":"D. S. Menezes, S. Santos, A. A. S. Santos, J. C. H. Hohendorff Filho, D. Schiozer","doi":"10.2118/209692-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/209692-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Fractured carbonate reservoirs are typically modeled in a system of dual-porosity and dual-permeability (DP/DP), where fractures, vugs, karsts and rock matrix are represented in different domains. The DP/DP modeling allows for a more accurate reservoir description but implies a higher computational cost than the single-porosity and single-permeability (SP/SP) approach. The time may be a limitation for cases that require many simulations, such as production optimization under uncertainty. This computational cost is more challenging when we couple DPDP models with compositional fluid models, such as in the case of fractured light-oil reservoirs where the production strategy accounts for water-alternating-gas (WAG) injection. In this context, low fidelity models (LFM) can be an interesting alternative for initial studies. This work shows the potential of compositional single-porosity and single-permeability models based on pseudo-properties (SP/SP-P) as LFM applied to a fractured benchmark carbonate reservoir, subject to WAG-CO2 injection and gas recycle. Two workflows are proposed to assist the construction of SP-P models for studies based on (i) nominal approach and (ii) probabilistic approach of reservoir properties. Both workflows begin with a parametrization step, in which the pseudo-properties are optimized for a base case in order to minimize the mismatch between forecasts of the SP/SP-P and DP/DP models. The new parametrization methods proposed in this work showed to be viable for the construction of the SP/SP-P models. For studies under uncertainties, the workflow proposes obtaining pseudo-properties by robust optimizations based on representative models from a DP/DP ensemble, which proved to be an effective method. The case study is the benchmark UNISIM-II-D-CO with an ensemble of 197 DP/DP models and two different production strategies. The risk curves for production, injection and economic indicators obtained from DP/DP and SP/SP-P ensembles showed good match and the computational time spent on simulations of the SP/SP-P ensemble was 81% faster than DP/DP models, on average. Finally, the responses obtained from both ensembles were validated in a reference model (UNISIM-II-R) that represents the true response and is not part of the ensemble. The results indicate the SP/SP-P modeling as a good LFM for preliminary assessments of highly time-consuming studies. Besides, the workflows proposed in this work can be very useful for assisting the construction of SP/SP-P models for different case studies. However, we recommend the use of the high-fidelity models to support the final decision.","PeriodicalId":332644,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Tue, June 07, 2022","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121913318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Can Reasonable Certainty be Assessed from Disclosed Proved Reserves Revisions?","authors":"E. Morales, John W. Lee","doi":"10.2118/209695-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/209695-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 If properly estimated, technical revisions to disclosed proved reserves can be used to establish the reasonable certainty of both proved developed and undeveloped reserves. The trends in these technical revisions are important because they should result in overall positive revisions in EUR within a representative time period. If this criterion is not met, then the proved status of the reserves disclosed becomes questionable with the implications that this may have in depreciation, profit and loss, impairment tests and other reserves indicators where proved reserves are used.\u0000 Unfortunately, in our review of the annual proved reserves revisions of developed and undeveloped proved reserves disclosed by companies to the SEC, we identified different interpretations and inconsistencies in the annual changes of proved reserves. We used data from annual reports issued between 2010 and 2020 by 141 companies, complemented by hundreds of comment letters issued by the SEC during this period, and found that companies did not apply the regulations and standards consistently, highlighting the limited effect the SEC comment letters have had in improving clarity and understanding in this important area of reserves estimation and categorization.\u0000 We identified several issues which, if not carefully considered, may lead to incorrect interpretations and conclusions regarding the reliability and comparability of the disclosed proved reserves annual changes and their embedded level of certainty. The paper highlights different interpretations of key definitions and the different approaches and practices that seem to exist in companies when evaluators estimate, categorize, and disclose annual proved reserves changes due to revisions, improved recovery and extensions and discoveries, with special focus on isolating the technical revisions. We also show that the approach that some companies use to estimate the impact of changes due to changes in economic factors in the disclosed proved reserves leads to incorrect estimates and distorts the overall results or comparisons between companies.\u0000 The evidence shown in the paper calls for improved and systematic official guidance if the proved reserves disclosures are to be used in a practical and useful manner. In the absence of such official guidance, this paper provides a simple project-based framework that may be used to properly analyze and extract value from the disclosed annual changes of proved reserves to improve the alignment, consistency, and proper interpretation of the disclosed proved reserves information and ensure that annual reserves changes do not end up being useless, impractical, or unreliable.","PeriodicalId":332644,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Tue, June 07, 2022","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128990279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reducing Carbon Footprint of Matrix Acidizing in Carbonate Formations. How Much Acid Do We Really Need to Pump?","authors":"Mahmoud T. Ali","doi":"10.2118/209673-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/209673-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 With uncertain global economic conditions and calls for lowering carbon footprint, optimizing carbonate matrix acidizing along with other operations is crucial for operators and services companies. Accurate modeling of wormhole growth is inevitable to optimize acid placement in the field. In this study, a field-scale carbonate acidizing model tuned and validated against 600+ linear and radial experiments is presented to optimize/improve field treatments.\u0000 Unlike previous semi-empirical models, this model presents the wormhole velocity as a function of Darcy's velocity. This model was validated against a huge number of linear HCl experiments with various temperatures, acid concentrations, rock types, and core dimensions. Both internal and published data were used. The upscaling from linear to radial flow was based on changing the flow area and the number of wormholes as a function of acid progression in the formation. The upscaled model was validated against radial experiments and field observations. The results show that the model can accurately predict acid performance under field conditions.\u0000 The results of this model have revealed that limestone and dolomite formations can be stimulated using HCl acid volumes as low as 50 gal/ft. For limestone formations, low volume acidizing operations (50 gal/ft.) can result in skin as low as −3.1 (well-flow efficiency (WFE) of 1.6). On the other hand, moderate-high volume acidizing operations (100 gal/ft.) will result in skin of −3.7 (WFE of 1.8). The effect of temperature on the performance increases as the volume of the injected acid increased. At very low injection rates (long horizontals/ low Kh zones), pumping 100 gal/ft. will create 5 ft. long and 2 ft. long wormhole at 100°F and 300°F, respectively.\u0000 For the dolomite formations, pumping 50 gal/ft. of 15% HCl at 150°F will result in skin of −2.7 (WFE of 1.5), while pumping 100 gal/ft. will result in skin of −3.1 (WFE of 1.6). At 75°F, the injection of 100 gal/ft. will create short wormhole (2.8 ft.) in dolomite and long wormhole (12.6) in limestone. This is because the acidizing process is reaction rate limited at low temperature dolomite.\u0000 This paper presents a new carbonate matrix acidizing model to optimize carbonate acidizing field treatments. Carbonate wells can be stimulated using low acid volumes with little effect on well performance. That will reduce both the cost and the carbon footprint of those operations.","PeriodicalId":332644,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Tue, June 07, 2022","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127686289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Forecasting Asset Lifecycle Profitability Through Energy Efficiency and CO2 Utilization Initiatives","authors":"S. Diaz, L. Saputelli, M. Capello, H. Passalacqua, Elvis Hernández-Perdomo","doi":"10.2118/209666-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/209666-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Under a new energy landscape, oil and gas operators are more focused on energy efficiencies to satisfy global Climate Change initiatives driven by the Paris Agreement (COP21), and pursuing SDG13, the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 13, Climate Change. The new approach influences production predictions associated with energy balances and GHG emissions. Estimating the initial baseline and forecasting CO2 emissions along the hydrocarbon value chain is the first step to address Sustainable Development Strategy (SDS) goals and build a carbon-free future for new generations to come.\u0000 Given the complex nature of upstream operations, a model was built to estimate associated carbon emissions. The model comprehensively covers the oil and gas value chain, including wells, gathering centers, booster stations, and effluent water disposal plants. The main inputs are the uncertainties and decisions to obtain the asset(s) production and cash flow forecasts, which combines several variables including field development philosophy, reservoir productivity, drilling and workover activities, producing effluents treatment options, corporate targets, technical-economic assumptions, and other system constraints to estimate profits and CO2 emissions. The model can provide the system's carbon intensity, raise alarms, and identify potential energy efficiency efforts to be incorporated in the company's business plan and annual budget.\u0000 The model output presents operators and decision-makers with several mitigation actions to assess energy savings in the oil and gas sector related to energy generation and consumption in the short and long-term plan and CCUS projects at the reservoir level. Several case studies showcase how companies can save 8-20% on projects by implementing technology and best practices. Examples of which include but are not limited to revamping Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC), advanced modeling to reduce energy consumption, variable frequency drivers and high-efficiency motors, use of turbines, heat exchangers, and friction reducers.\u0000 This model can translate the operating condition of the field into CAPEX/OPEX optimizations, compliance costs reductions, cost savings incentives (e.g., carbon pricing, taxes), and future technological advancements (e.g., Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage - CCUS). This initiative integrates many variables to promote robust scenarios under strict corporate targets and ambitious regulations. Some reflections on the role of policies and regulations are provided, to trigger reflections about corporate and individual standings for Scopes 1, 2, and 3 in the overall Net-Zero efforts of oil and gas operators. Volume-based competition between operators is over. Oil and gas companies are pursuing more integrated targets, where profitability framed by net-zero targets is key to remain competitive in a new energy context, and their corporate goals connected with diversification and business models aimed to achieve SDS comm","PeriodicalId":332644,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Tue, June 07, 2022","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114530835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synergistic Cooperation with Energy Transition Initiatives of Oil Producing Countries and NOC from IOC Standpoint","authors":"H. Yonebayashi","doi":"10.2118/209680-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/209680-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Decarbonizing initiatives are being advanced in the energy sector: not only international oil companies (IOC) and oil consuming nations but also national oil companies (NOC) and oil producing countries. The recent net zero initiatives, declared by several gulf coast countries (GCC), are expected accelerating the progress towards the decarbonized society. The study focuses on the UAE's decarbonization strategy, as a case example, because of the first country releasing the net zero initiative with the most concrete approaches among the GCCs. Each approach of the NOC, aligned with the national initiative, are carefully investigated to give a comprehensive perspective of the strategic grand design. This can bring us an insight of how each piece interacts with others and finally leads to having cooperative ideas from the IOC's viewpoints for achieving the NOC/IOC-common objective of net zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emission society. As a NOC's approach, an electrification of oil fields can reduce CO2 emission with valualizing lower carbon intensity oil. To enhance the effort, IOC can support the future market trading low carbon intensity products as offtaker. From the aspect of expanding the existing technologies, CO2 enhanced oil recovery (EOR) can contribute not only reducing CO2 emission and/or carbon credit trading but also producing clean energy such as ammonia and/or hydrogen, too. To improve CO2 EOR project values, the IOC can provide an advanced CO2 mobility control technology. The study discusses further win-win cooperative potentials such as other CO2 intensity lowering technologies (ex. water shut off, production chemical optimization) and another opportunity of decarbonization (ex. CO2-methanation).","PeriodicalId":332644,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Tue, June 07, 2022","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116133426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global Demand of Nonmetallic Applications in Construction","authors":"Abdulaziz Kamal Al Qubali","doi":"10.2118/209693-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/209693-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The global market in construction is forecasts a demand growth for nonmetallic applications to replace conventional metallic materials. of the current produced plastic, around 367 million tons, 20.4% of this demand is utilized in building and construction. According to research on European demand, these numbers will continue to grow over the next decade, especially for polyethylene, polypropylene and polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Different applications have already proven their efficiency in terms of OPEX and sometimes CAPEX as well. This dramatic growth in the plastic market will lead to supplying these materials to different markets, which will result in more nonmetallic applications for the construction sector.","PeriodicalId":332644,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Tue, June 07, 2022","volume":"185 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122770913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}