Reducing Carbon Footprint of Matrix Acidizing in Carbonate Formations. How Much Acid Do We Really Need to Pump?

Mahmoud T. Ali
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Abstract

With uncertain global economic conditions and calls for lowering carbon footprint, optimizing carbonate matrix acidizing along with other operations is crucial for operators and services companies. Accurate modeling of wormhole growth is inevitable to optimize acid placement in the field. In this study, a field-scale carbonate acidizing model tuned and validated against 600+ linear and radial experiments is presented to optimize/improve field treatments. Unlike previous semi-empirical models, this model presents the wormhole velocity as a function of Darcy's velocity. This model was validated against a huge number of linear HCl experiments with various temperatures, acid concentrations, rock types, and core dimensions. Both internal and published data were used. The upscaling from linear to radial flow was based on changing the flow area and the number of wormholes as a function of acid progression in the formation. The upscaled model was validated against radial experiments and field observations. The results show that the model can accurately predict acid performance under field conditions. The results of this model have revealed that limestone and dolomite formations can be stimulated using HCl acid volumes as low as 50 gal/ft. For limestone formations, low volume acidizing operations (50 gal/ft.) can result in skin as low as −3.1 (well-flow efficiency (WFE) of 1.6). On the other hand, moderate-high volume acidizing operations (100 gal/ft.) will result in skin of −3.7 (WFE of 1.8). The effect of temperature on the performance increases as the volume of the injected acid increased. At very low injection rates (long horizontals/ low Kh zones), pumping 100 gal/ft. will create 5 ft. long and 2 ft. long wormhole at 100°F and 300°F, respectively. For the dolomite formations, pumping 50 gal/ft. of 15% HCl at 150°F will result in skin of −2.7 (WFE of 1.5), while pumping 100 gal/ft. will result in skin of −3.1 (WFE of 1.6). At 75°F, the injection of 100 gal/ft. will create short wormhole (2.8 ft.) in dolomite and long wormhole (12.6) in limestone. This is because the acidizing process is reaction rate limited at low temperature dolomite. This paper presents a new carbonate matrix acidizing model to optimize carbonate acidizing field treatments. Carbonate wells can be stimulated using low acid volumes with little effect on well performance. That will reduce both the cost and the carbon footprint of those operations.
减少碳酸盐地层基质酸化的碳足迹。我们到底需要抽多少酸?
随着全球经济环境的不确定性和降低碳足迹的呼声,优化碳酸盐基质酸化以及其他作业对作业者和服务公司来说至关重要。准确的虫孔生长模型是优化现场酸化的必要条件。在这项研究中,提出了一个现场规模的碳酸盐岩酸化模型,并通过600多个线性和径向实验进行了调整和验证,以优化/改进现场处理。与以往的半经验模型不同,该模型将虫洞速度表示为达西速度的函数。该模型通过大量具有不同温度、酸浓度、岩石类型和岩心尺寸的线性HCl实验进行了验证。使用了内部和公开的数据。从线性流动到径向流动的升级是基于改变流动面积和虫孔数量作为地层酸性级数的函数。通过径向实验和现场观测验证了模型的有效性。结果表明,该模型能较准确地预测现场酸液性能。该模型的结果表明,可以使用低至50加仑/英尺的HCl酸对石灰岩和白云岩地层进行增产。对于石灰岩地层,小体积酸化作业(50加仑/英尺)可导致皮肤低至- 3.1(井流效率(WFE)为1.6)。另一方面,中高容量酸化作业(100加仑/英尺)将导致- 3.7的表皮(WFE为1.8)。温度对性能的影响随着注入酸体积的增大而增大。在非常低的注入速率下(长水平段/低Kh层),泵入量为100加仑/英尺。将分别在100°F和300°F的温度下形成5英尺长和2英尺长的虫洞。对于白云岩地层,泵入50加仑/英尺。当泵入量为100加仑/英尺时,在150°F下添加15%的HCl将导致- 2.7 (WFE为1.5)的表皮。会导致皮肤−3.1 (WFE为1.6)。在75°F时,注入量为100加仑/英尺。将在白云岩中创建短虫洞(2.8英尺),在石灰石中创建长虫洞(12.6英尺)。这是因为酸化过程在低温白云岩中反应速率有限。本文提出了一种新的碳酸盐岩基质酸化模型,以优化碳酸盐岩酸化油田的处理方法。碳酸盐岩井可以使用低酸量增产,对井的生产性能几乎没有影响。这将降低这些操作的成本和碳足迹。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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