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Causality and Probability: A View from Bayesian Networks 因果关系与概率:贝叶斯网络的观点
Journal of the Japan Association for Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.4288/KISORON.38.1_39
J. Otsuka
{"title":"Causality and Probability: A View from Bayesian Networks","authors":"J. Otsuka","doi":"10.4288/KISORON.38.1_39","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4288/KISORON.38.1_39","url":null,"abstract":"For the past few decades, the statistical analysis of causation, referred to as causal Bayes-net, has gained wide applicability to many scientific areas including economics, biology, psychology and others. Bayes-nets model the causal relationships with a graph-theoretic structure and evaluates the effect of a causal intervention with the aid of the probabilistic pattern called the Markov Condition. This paper firstly reviews this statistical approach to see how it works in tasks such as the prediction of causal consequence or the evaluation of counterfactual propositions. The success of Bayes-nets in these tasks comes not without philosophical implications. Two related interpretations of causality – the probabilistic reductionism and the interventionist theory – are examined in the second half of the paper. Although both of them suffer from the problem of unfaithfulness, i.e. the probabilistic independence not implied by the Markov Condition, it will be argued that resorting to the underlying mechanism, or the ‘invariance’, helps the interventionists to avoid the problem and to justify some assumptions in the use of Bayes-net.","PeriodicalId":331954,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Japan Association for Philosophy of Science","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122375913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Where Does the Peculiarity of Engineering Knowledge Lie 工程知识的特殊性在哪里
Journal of the Japan Association for Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.4288/KISORON1954.35.65
T. Iseda
{"title":"Where Does the Peculiarity of Engineering Knowledge Lie","authors":"T. Iseda","doi":"10.4288/KISORON1954.35.65","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4288/KISORON1954.35.65","url":null,"abstract":"This paper discusses in what sense engineering knowledge is peculiar, in comparison with science. First, I trace the development of “epistemology of engineering knowledge” and introduce Walter Vincenti's analysis of normal design knowledge as one of the representative works in the literature. I propose four peculiarity theses of engineering knowledge as possible interpretations of his position. However, there are problems with these theses. First, scientific knowledge seems to have similar features as the ones Vincenti regards as peculiar to engineering knowledge. Second, in the context of the debate on the peculiarity of the engineering knowledge, Vincenti's approach seems to miss the point. We need a broader notion of peculiarity of engineering knowledge.","PeriodicalId":331954,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Japan Association for Philosophy of Science","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115042215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Should a Problem of “Humean Supervenience” Be Settled? “休谟监督”问题应该解决吗?
Journal of the Japan Association for Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.4288/KISORON1954.35.47
Takafumi Nakamura
{"title":"Should a Problem of “Humean Supervenience” Be Settled?","authors":"Takafumi Nakamura","doi":"10.4288/KISORON1954.35.47","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4288/KISORON1954.35.47","url":null,"abstract":"There are many problems about causality and identity in Humeanism. Especially, a problem that “Humean Supervenience” allowing many possibilities of various external laws encounters is concerned with the difficulty whether such laws can be coherent with the intrinsic properties of causation. This problem is related to another one whether “Humean Supervenience” is compatible with objectivism in accordance with Hume's original intention. Struggling with a disharmony between Hume's pragmatic epistemology and his realistic ontology, many philosophers have tried to dissolve such a complicated problem. But I think their efforts wouldn't be successful and the disharmony doesn't need to be settled, because the prospective collapses of their efforts wouldn't reduce the meaning of Humeanism. In this paper, I conclude that the seeming incoherence should be retained, because it suggests a moderate scientific attitude to be placed between dogmatism and skepticism. I demonstrate it by emphasizing the significance of some parts included in Hume's Treatise.","PeriodicalId":331954,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Japan Association for Philosophy of Science","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123878216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Plural Values and Decision-Theoretic Rationality 多元价值观与决策理性
Journal of the Japan Association for Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.4288/KISORON.46.2_51
N. Shiono
{"title":"Plural Values and Decision-Theoretic Rationality","authors":"N. Shiono","doi":"10.4288/KISORON.46.2_51","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4288/KISORON.46.2_51","url":null,"abstract":"This paper looks at how we make decisions in the face of plural values, and explores its implications for our conception of practical reason. Specifically, the idea that our choice is governed by what I call “decision-theoretic rationality”, which has been influential among decision theorists and some “interpretationist” philosophers, will thoroughly be criticized as not being capable of explaining the difficulties characteristic of choosing among alternatives which bear different kinds of value. The paper concludes by suggesting that our understanding of practical reason needs to be reformed, in a way that appropriately captures those difficulties. I. 意思決定論的合理性とその批判的検討の道筋 この論文のねらいは、価値の多元性という論点を考 慮に入れることが、実践理性や行為に関するわれわれ の理解にいかなる影響を及ぼすかを考察することであ る。とりわけ、私が以下で意思決定論的合理性と呼ぶ ∗東邦大学理学部 E-mail: naoyuki.shiono@c.sci.toho-u.ac.jp 草稿に有益なコメントを下さった二名の匿名の査読者 に感謝申し上げる。 1価値の多元性、共約不可能性ないし比較不可能性に関し ては、これまで日本であまり論じられてこなかった。そ れゆえ、ここで簡単にその歴史的経緯と文献を紹介する。 この問題を最初に提起したのはアイザイア・バーリンと され、その後バーナード・ウィリアムズ、デイヴィド・ウィ ギンズ、トマス・ネーゲルらが取り上げた。だがこの分 野の議論を主導してきたのは政治哲学や法哲学の研究者 であり、本稿で言及するジョゼフ・ラズはその代表的な 論客である。ルース・チャンによって編纂された論文集 Chang (1997b)には多くの重要な論考が含まれている。 最近の動向の概観を得るには、Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophyの “Incommensurable Values” の項目 を参照されたい。日本では、憲法学者の長谷部恭男が 長谷部 (2018)などの著作で、立憲主義国家における多 様な価値観の共存という問題意識からこの論点を積極 的に援用している。柏端達也は柏端 (2007)で、自己犠 牲の問題を考察するための予備作業として価値の比較 不可能性を論じており、その議論の進め方は本稿と並 行する部分が多い。越門 (2011)は、価値の共約不可能 考え方は、実践理性の構造を捉えた図式として広い影 響力を持ってきた。私は本稿で、この考え方は、多様 な価値を担うさまざまな選択肢のあいだで選択をする 際に人が直面する困難を適切に捉えることができない と主張したい。そしてその主張をふまえ、実践理性の 本性について、何らかの別の方向性が探究されるべき ことを示唆したい。 人間の行為を人間の行為として理解するには、当の 人間が合理的であることが不可欠だという見解は、強 固な伝統を持つものである。その伝統に属する一つの 考え方に、私がここで「意思決定論的合理性」と呼ぶ ものがある。これは意思決定論の中核をなすのみなら ず、「エコノミック・マン」の概念のもとに経済学の分 野で広く共有されると同時に、哲学においてはドナル 性が生じている状況で合理的な選択がいかにして可能 かを踏み込んで論じている。なおこの概念は、トマス・ クーンが『科学革命の構造』で提起した「共約不可能 性」の概念とは特に関係がない。 2本稿は、意思決定論のテクニカルな議論を行うことを 目的とするものではないが、若干の基本的な専門用語 が使用されるため、その都度、註において必要な説明を 加える。それらに関してさらに詳しくは、柏端 (2007), pp. 61-94に、価値の比較不可能性との関連も含めた丁 寧な解説がある。より一般的な概念、とりわけ主観確 率、基数効用と序数効用、比例尺度と間隔尺度と順序 尺度などに関しては Peterson (2009)が有益である。","PeriodicalId":331954,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Japan Association for Philosophy of Science","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124817525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Expanded Consequence Argument and Humean Compatibilism 展开推论论证与休谟相容论
Journal of the Japan Association for Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.4288/kisoron.50.1_17
Soichiro Homma
{"title":"The Expanded Consequence Argument and Humean Compatibilism","authors":"Soichiro Homma","doi":"10.4288/kisoron.50.1_17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4288/kisoron.50.1_17","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":331954,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Japan Association for Philosophy of Science","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126157271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Genetic Information Carried by Genes: From a Teleosemantic Point of View: ――目的意味論の観点から―― Genetic Information Carried by Genes: From a Teleosemantic Point of View:从目的语义学的观点来看——
Journal of the Japan Association for Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.4288/KISORON.46.1_11
T. Ishida
{"title":"Genetic Information Carried by Genes: From a Teleosemantic Point of View: ――目的意味論の観点から――","authors":"T. Ishida","doi":"10.4288/KISORON.46.1_11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4288/KISORON.46.1_11","url":null,"abstract":"One of the most influential approaches to understanding the nature of genetic information is by the etiological theory of function, its most sophisticated exemplar being teleosemantics. Such discussions are largely focused on genetic information carried by the genes. Although the concept of gene itself has been a target of intense arguments, most of the earlier arguments had adopted rather simple and naive ones. By considering the arguments regarding the concept of gene more seriously, the current study aims to investigate the philosophical consequences of teleosemantic analysis of genetic information and shows that the nature of genetic information can differ depending on which concept of gene we adopt.","PeriodicalId":331954,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Japan Association for Philosophy of Science","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126876535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Upward and Downward Determination in Hierarchical Living Systems : Reconsidering Adaptive Evolution( Hierarchy of Nature) 等级生命系统的向上和向下决定:重新考虑适应进化(自然的等级)
Journal of the Japan Association for Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.4288/KISORON.36.2_67
T. Nakajima
{"title":"Upward and Downward Determination in Hierarchical Living Systems : Reconsidering Adaptive Evolution( Hierarchy of Nature)","authors":"T. Nakajima","doi":"10.4288/KISORON.36.2_67","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4288/KISORON.36.2_67","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":331954,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Japan Association for Philosophy of Science","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126557341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Realization Relation and the Autonomy of Special Sciences 实现关系与专业科学自主性
Journal of the Japan Association for Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.4288/kisoron.49.2_87
T. Akiba
{"title":"Realization Relation and the Autonomy of Special Sciences","authors":"T. Akiba","doi":"10.4288/kisoron.49.2_87","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4288/kisoron.49.2_87","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":331954,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Japan Association for Philosophy of Science","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132644538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
“Onto-delusion” in Psychology and Positivism 心理学与实证主义中的“本体错觉”
Journal of the Japan Association for Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.4288/KISORON1954.34.71
Mikirou Zitukawa
{"title":"“Onto-delusion” in Psychology and Positivism","authors":"Mikirou Zitukawa","doi":"10.4288/KISORON1954.34.71","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4288/KISORON1954.34.71","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":331954,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Japan Association for Philosophy of Science","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130404895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Emergence of Spacetime from Structural Interpretations 从结构解释中出现时空
Journal of the Japan Association for Philosophy of Science Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.4288/kisoron.48.1_1
Shohei Fujita
{"title":"Emergence of Spacetime from Structural Interpretations","authors":"Shohei Fujita","doi":"10.4288/kisoron.48.1_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4288/kisoron.48.1_1","url":null,"abstract":"In recent discussions as to emergence of spacetime, spacetime is said to be not fundamental in quantum regions, which we must apply quantum gravity’s theory to and to be derived from fundamental entities. This is a very strange picture not only from philosophically but also commonsensically. As to classical regions, there have been already many discussions from structural realists about spacetime in General Relativity regarding how “curved spacetime” exists and where it does. But most papers on emergence of spacetime in quantum gravity’s theory are independent from details of these structural interpretations, namely traditional discussions about ontology of spacetime. This paper tries to connect classical structural spacetime and quantum spacetime’s atoms called “spinnetwork” in loop quantum gravity as one of the examples of fundamental entities through the quantization of gravitational fields. And I check from ontological viewpoints whether there are some structural discontinuities between classical and quantum regions based on “isomorphism”, comparing the quantization of electromagnetic fields.","PeriodicalId":331954,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Japan Association for Philosophy of Science","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129869660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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