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The Making of the Ancient Greek Economy最新文献

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The Emporion and the Markets 《情绪与市场
The Making of the Ancient Greek Economy Pub Date : 2018-12-25 DOI: 10.23943/PRINCETON/9780691183411.003.0012
Alain Bresson
{"title":"The Emporion and the Markets","authors":"Alain Bresson","doi":"10.23943/PRINCETON/9780691183411.003.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23943/PRINCETON/9780691183411.003.0012","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines how the emporion served as an important tool for Greek city-states to regulate the markets. It first provides an overview of the emporion, defined as a “trading port” or “the port area,” and thus also the “business area,” along with its constraints and advantages. It then considers how foreign trade was supervised in cities and goes on to describe the function of the deigma, the place where business was transacted. It also discusses the rules of the emporion and the role of commercial courts in handling legal matters relating to international trade, citing trials concerning large-scale trade. In particular, it looks at “commercial suits,” which gives anyone the opportunity to obtain quick and impartial justice in the Athenian courts. Finally, it analyzes the ways in which the city intervened directly in the negotiation of prices in the emporion as part of a policy of supplying the domestic market, with particular emphasis on the regulation of grain sales in the form of purchase funds and price controls.","PeriodicalId":331139,"journal":{"name":"The Making of the Ancient Greek Economy","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121458604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Strategies of International Trade 国际贸易战略
The Making of the Ancient Greek Economy Pub Date : 2018-12-25 DOI: 10.23943/PRINCETON/9780691183411.003.0014
Alain Bresson
{"title":"Strategies of International Trade","authors":"Alain Bresson","doi":"10.23943/PRINCETON/9780691183411.003.0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23943/PRINCETON/9780691183411.003.0014","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines the strategies employed in international trade in ancient Greece. It explains how the rules of trade and the distribution of “natural advantages” played the role of a system of constraints within which genuine strategies of foreign trade could be constructed. To better understand the specificity of these trade strategies, the chapter first considers the two institutional logics that prevailed in the international market: the first consisted in setting up a “surpluses for surpluses” trade strategy; the second allowed trade partners to act freely. The notions of mutual trade and nondirectional trade are discussed, along with the case of grain. The chapter also looks at the strategies used by cities to control grain trade, such as laws prohibiting grain exports, before concluding with an analysis of the grain policy of Athens as well as food production and supply in Aegean cities.","PeriodicalId":331139,"journal":{"name":"The Making of the Ancient Greek Economy","volume":"180 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122866483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Logic of Growth 增长的逻辑
The Making of the Ancient Greek Economy Pub Date : 2018-12-25 DOI: 10.23943/PRINCETON/9780691183411.003.0008
Alain Bresson
{"title":"The Logic of Growth","authors":"Alain Bresson","doi":"10.23943/PRINCETON/9780691183411.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23943/PRINCETON/9780691183411.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines the logic of growth in the Greek city-states. It first considers the relationship between self-consumption and economic growth, focusing on the roles played by self-consumption and the market in agriculture and in the ancient Greek economy more generally. It then explains how the Greek cities managed to become the dominant culture in the Mediterranean between about 700 BCE and 300 BCE after experiencing negative growth at the end of the Bronze Age and probably very slow growth during the Early Iron Age. It also explores the notion that the ancient Greek economy did not manage to achieve “capitalist revolution” or “industrial revolution”; the economic impact of technological innovation; and how innovation is associated with supply and demand. The chapter concludes with an analysis of the transition to modernity, arguing that such transition makes ancient Greece's economic history part of the long history of the western world.","PeriodicalId":331139,"journal":{"name":"The Making of the Ancient Greek Economy","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125587904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Energy, Economy, and Transport Cost 能源、经济和运输成本
The Making of the Ancient Greek Economy Pub Date : 2018-12-25 DOI: 10.23943/princeton/9780691183411.003.0003
Alain Bresson
{"title":"Energy, Economy, and Transport Cost","authors":"Alain Bresson","doi":"10.23943/princeton/9780691183411.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691183411.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines the role of energy in the economic growth of ancient Greece, with particular emphasis on the impact of the cost of transportation. It first considers the different sources of energy in the Greek city-states, including heat generated by the sun, wood, and charcoal, before discussing the question regarding the cost of energy and the economic conditions for using steam engines during the period. It then explains how wind energy contributed to economic development in the ancient Mediterranean world, and especially in the Greek city-states, by dramatically lowering transport costs and transportation cycles. It also explores how connectivity emerged between Mediterranean countries and concludes with an analysis of overland transportation via roads, the role of ships and ports in maritime transportation, navigational techniques and the construction of artificial ports, and projects aimed at digging canals and building portage routes.","PeriodicalId":331139,"journal":{"name":"The Making of the Ancient Greek Economy","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124391094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
International Trade Networks 国际贸易网络
The Making of the Ancient Greek Economy Pub Date : 2018-12-25 DOI: 10.23943/PRINCETON/9780691183411.003.0013
Alain Bresson
{"title":"International Trade Networks","authors":"Alain Bresson","doi":"10.23943/PRINCETON/9780691183411.003.0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23943/PRINCETON/9780691183411.003.0013","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines the complex commercial networks of international trade in ancient Greece, made possible by “creating” new products through the exploitation of the natural environment or through artisanal production and commerce. It begins with a discussion of how division of labor emerged in foreign trade and how it led to gains in productivity. It also describes the center-periphery model of the late Archaic period and the Classical period in relation to trade before considering the particular form of trade flows and networks of exchange in city-states, focusing on the role played by trade in promoting consumption and production as well as in determining prices. The remaining sections analyze the variety and complexity of systems of trade, using metals and textiles as examples; the notion of “regional network” for transporting goods over long distances; the “free rider” system in international trade; and actors involved in trade and redistribution centers.","PeriodicalId":331139,"journal":{"name":"The Making of the Ancient Greek Economy","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134348373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Polis and the Economy 城邦与经济
The Making of the Ancient Greek Economy Pub Date : 2018-12-25 DOI: 10.23943/PRINCETON/9780691183411.003.0004
Alain Bresson
{"title":"The Polis and the Economy","authors":"Alain Bresson","doi":"10.23943/PRINCETON/9780691183411.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23943/PRINCETON/9780691183411.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines the process that allowed the Greek city-states to achieve an impressive level of economic growth. It begins with a short historical overview of the development that took place in Greece from the end of the Bronze Age until the Archaic period, when the “eighth-century revolution” enabled Greece to experience a first phase of significant growth, including population growth. It then considers the taxation system of the city-states, focusing on the fundamental question of tribute and its replacement by comparatively modest levels of communal taxes and private rents in the framework of the polis. It also discusses the role of dignitaries, temples, and the king in the way in which local markets were supplied, as well as status of property and land ownership within the framework of the city. Finally, it compares the status of what the Greeks called “civic land” and “royal land”.","PeriodicalId":331139,"journal":{"name":"The Making of the Ancient Greek Economy","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115634890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Money and Credit 货币与信贷
The Making of the Ancient Greek Economy Pub Date : 2018-12-25 DOI: 10.23943/princeton/9780691183411.003.0010
Alain Bresson
{"title":"Money and Credit","authors":"Alain Bresson","doi":"10.23943/princeton/9780691183411.003.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691183411.003.0010","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines the relation between credit and money, as well as the possibility that credit might have an autonomous role as a monetary instrument, in ancient Greece. It first considers the use of precious metals, including gold and silver, as monetary instruments in trade before discussing the rise of coinage in the Greek city-states, the connection between coined money and market exchange, minting and the question of how minted money was used, and the monetization of everyday trade in the agora. The chapter goes on to explore the impact of coined money on economic growth and how credit operated in the Greek monetary system. In particular, it describes forms of credit in ancient Greece, focusing on maritime loans.","PeriodicalId":331139,"journal":{"name":"The Making of the Ancient Greek Economy","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129806439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Agricultural Production 农业生产
The Making of the Ancient Greek Economy Pub Date : 2018-12-25 DOI: 10.23943/princeton/9780691183411.003.0005
Alain Bresson
{"title":"Agricultural Production","authors":"Alain Bresson","doi":"10.23943/princeton/9780691183411.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691183411.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines the growth of agricultural production in the Greek city-states. It traces the evolutions and mutations of agriculture in the ancient Greek world as well as the consequences of these changes, first by discussing the so-called Mediterranean trilogy that comprised ancient Greek agriculture: grain, olives, and grapes. While cereals, grapes, and olives constituted the heart of agricultural production in ancient Greece, the role played by other products such as fig, vegetables, roses and other flowers, and honey is also considered. The chapter goes on to explore animal husbandry in the Greek city-states, focusing on the debate on “pastoralism” in the Early Iron Age, constraints in livestock raising, and the three main regional types of stock raising that extended from the southern Aegean to Thessaly, the Peloponnese, and the vast migratory areas of western Greece. Finally, it analyzes rangeland ecology and management during the period.","PeriodicalId":331139,"journal":{"name":"The Making of the Ancient Greek Economy","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126983427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Economy of Ancient Greece: A Conceptual Framework 古希腊经济:一个概念框架
The Making of the Ancient Greek Economy Pub Date : 2015-01-31 DOI: 10.23943/princeton/9780691183411.003.0001
Alain Bresson
{"title":"The Economy of Ancient Greece: A Conceptual Framework","authors":"Alain Bresson","doi":"10.23943/princeton/9780691183411.003.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691183411.003.0001","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter describes the conceptual framework used by the book to study the economy of ancient Greece. It begins with a discussion of the debate between “primitivists,” represented by Karl Bücher, and “modernists,” represented by Eduard Meyer, over the nature of the ancient Greek economy. It considers Bücher's adherence to the so-called German Historical School of Political Economy and goes on to examine the views of Moses I. Finley and Max Weber regarding the ancient economy, Karl Polanyi's use of institutionalism as an approach to the study of the ancient economy, and the main assumptions of New Institutional Economics (NIE) with regard to the genesis and evolution of institutions. The chapter also analyzes the transaction costs theory and concludes with an assessment of criticisms against the classical economists' economic agent, the homo economicus, and the influence of constrained choices and limited rationality on economic performance.","PeriodicalId":331139,"journal":{"name":"The Making of the Ancient Greek Economy","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126878764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
People in Their Environment 环境中的人
The Making of the Ancient Greek Economy Pub Date : 2015-01-31 DOI: 10.23943/princeton/9780691183411.003.0002
Alain Bresson
{"title":"People in Their Environment","authors":"Alain Bresson","doi":"10.23943/princeton/9780691183411.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691183411.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines the demography of ancient Greece from the Archaic to the Hellenistic periods, focusing on the role of people in the development of the ecological environment. It first considers the ecological framework, taking into account the constraints imposed by topography and soils as well as the variability of the climate and vegetation. It then describes the demographic model of the world of the Greek city-states before taking up the question of the size of the population and its evolution, fertility and mortality rates, demographic structures and the potential for expansion, and sex ratio imbalance, birth control, and infanticide. It also discusses the population dynamics of the Greek city-states and concludes with an analysis of the relationship between the ecological environment and population, with emphasis on the variability of climate and whether ancient Greece experienced demographic crises and famine.","PeriodicalId":331139,"journal":{"name":"The Making of the Ancient Greek Economy","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132732088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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