THE SCIENTIFIC ISSUES OF TERNOPIL VOLODYMYR HNATIUK NATIONAL PEDAGOGICAL UNIVERSITY. SERIES: GEOGRAPHY最新文献

{"title":"KNOWLEDGE ABOUT SOILS IN THE CIVILIZATIONS OF THE ANCIENT WORLD","authors":"S. Poznyak, H. Ivaniuk","doi":"10.25128/2519-4577.22.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25128/2519-4577.22.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"The article examines the development of knowledge about soils in the era of ancient civilizations, including Sumerian, Egyptian, Harappan, ancient Chinese and Ancient Greek and Roman empires, as well as Trypillia culture, which spread in VI-III millennium BC in the forest-steppe zone, between the Carpathians and the Dnieper and belonged to the civilization of Old Europe. \u0000Soil science as a science was formed in the late nineteenth century, but its history began several millennia before. It is closely connected with the development of agriculture and the whole civilization. According to the English historian G.T. Bokl, the soil (its fertility) had the greatest influence on the origin and development of civilizations of the Ancient world. \u0000In the valleys of the Nile, Tigris, Euphrates, Indus in VI-VII millennium BC there was already a controlled irrigation of land, which was the main function of the first state formations that emerged there. The Egyptians learned to build a complex irrigation system of pools and canals. Of the cereals, barley was grown the most, and of the industrial crops, flax; kept the land cadastre, paid taxes according to the area and quality of land. \u0000The valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates suffered much more from flooding and salinization, which affected on all agriculture in the region. In the states of the Mesopotamia (Sumer, Assyria, Babylon) irrigation systems were actively developed, two crops were harvested per year. In the countries of the Mesopotamia there was also a cadastre and they knew the difference in the quality of the soils. \u0000Widespread introduction of farming in ancient Ukraine began with the spread of Trypillia culture. The people of Trypillia cultivated the soil with a hoes and used a wooden plow. The main cereals were covered wheat and naked barley. Trypillia had plenty of land with fertile soils, a set of cultivated plants suitable for growing locally and thousands of years of experience in farming. Soils were fertilized with manure; crop rotation was applied. \u0000The ancient Greeks were the first to speak about the profile structure of the soil and saw in the soil a body that changes over time. They called fertility an important property of the soil, often linking it to weather and cultivation conditions. \u0000Unlike the Greeks, who developed a philosophical direction, thinking about the origin, change and organization of soil cover, the Romans were interested in more practical issues (methods of cultivation, fertilization of soils). The statesmen of that time considered agriculture to be the source of power, thanks to which the state achieved world domination and the highest power, and even wealthy people cultivated the soil. \u0000The main achievements of the ancient Greeks and Romans in the doctrine of soils were: development of their classification; identification of the best soils for field crops, grapes, olives; development of agricultural measures that allow to preserve and increase soil productivity; formul","PeriodicalId":330862,"journal":{"name":"THE SCIENTIFIC ISSUES OF TERNOPIL VOLODYMYR HNATIUK NATIONAL PEDAGOGICAL UNIVERSITY. SERIES: GEOGRAPHY","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121703008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"OPTIMIZATION OF THE LAND USE STRUCTURE OF THE POLTVA RIVER BASIN","authors":"M. Shipka","doi":"10.25128/2519-4577.21.2.24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25128/2519-4577.21.2.24","url":null,"abstract":"Ensuring the ecological sustainability of the territory is possible in the case of the optimal ratio of different types of lands. In particular, it is important to have sufficient areas of eco-stabilizing lands (forests, meadows, protected areas, etc.). Of great importance are the features of land use in coastal areas, areas with high steep slopes and areas with soils susceptible to degradation. Ecologically sustainable land use can reduce the risk of soil degradation processes, provide an optimal microclimate, good hydrological conditions and promote the protection of small rivers. \u0000To provide recommendations for improving the structure of land use in the Poltva river basin, a map of optimization of the structure of land use using the ArсGIS 10.0 program was drawn up. For this purpose, a map of slope steepness was constructed, an interpretation of space images was made to compile a map of land use structure and a map of the soil cover was digitized. As a result of the analysis of the map of land use structure the peculiarities of the ratio of types of lands in different parts of the studied territory by integral indicators are determined. The coefficients of anthropogenic load, ecological stability of land use, ecological stability of landscapes, ecological balance and others are calculated. Areas with different degrees of anthropogenic transformation of lands are identified. The relationship between the peculiarities of natural conditions (geological structure, relief, soil cover) and land use of the territory is analyzed. \u0000As a result of overlapping maps of slope steepness, soil cover and land use, areas with different risk of soil degradation processes and plowed coastal areas were identified. The map of land use structure optimization is compiled according to the method of allocation of ecological and technological groups of lands. According to this technique, lands are differentiated by the steepness of the slopes. \u0000The proposed optimization of land use involves the use of phytomeliorative and agrotechnical measures: plowing across the slope, soil-protective crop rotations, the creation of forest belts, land conservation, etc. Recommended optimization measures include the withdrawal from agricultural cultivation of peatlands, steep slopes, floodplains, hollows, coastal protection zones of rivers and streams. The implementation of the proposed optimization measures will reduce plowing, increase the share of eco-stabilizing lands and improve the integral indicators characterizing the ratio of different types of lands. A compiled map of land use structure optimization can be used for land management and environmental activities. \u0000Key words: anthropogenic load, land use, ecological and technological groups of lands, river basin, optimization, Bug river.","PeriodicalId":330862,"journal":{"name":"THE SCIENTIFIC ISSUES OF TERNOPIL VOLODYMYR HNATIUK NATIONAL PEDAGOGICAL UNIVERSITY. SERIES: GEOGRAPHY","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124205815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"THE CONCEPT OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS","authors":"I. Barna","doi":"10.25128/2519-4577.21.2.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25128/2519-4577.21.2.2","url":null,"abstract":"Environmental impact assessment as a tool to prevent the negative impact of economic objects was initiated in response to the challenges that arose in the «nature-society-economy» system (NSES). Today, the interaction of society and nature is manifested through the economy, in particular, in construction, reconstruction, technical retrofitting, expansion, redevelopment of various economic facilities, which is inevitably accompanied by changes in parameters, qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the environment. Afterwards, it could potentially cause damage to the environment. This makes environmental safety, environmental protection, rational use and reproduction of natural resources necessary. \u0000Understanding the system as interconnected components that acquire the characteristics of the whole, as opposed to a set of components, determines the need to consider the environmental consequences of the activity from the perspective of the system, which is formed on the basis of natural resource potential. Consideration of issues related to the process of economic activity, the peculiarities of the functioning of economic facilities from the standpoint of the prospects of socio-economic development of the region, country or through the prism of economic indicators was disadvantageous. Economic indicators served as a basis for the analysis of the relationship in the «society-economy» system and were assessed at the level of meeting the needs of the population through the category of demand and efficiency of the factory that provided supply. However, the environmental aspects of the factories' activities were removed from the equation, especially in the absence of legislative regulation of the decision-making processes on economic activities that may have a significant impact on the environment, taking into account governmental, public and private interests. \u0000Systematic analysis as a category is reflected and applied in science, economics, management (when making decisions based on the fundamental concept of «system»). The founder of the general theory of systems K.L.von Bertalanffy defined a «system» as a set of interacting elements that are in a certain relationship between themselves and the external environment. The interaction between the system and the external environment is realized through input and output streams, which combine nature, society and economy (production, economics). Thus, systematic analysis in the process of environmental impact assessment is a set of methods, means of implementing a systematicatic approach in the preparation and justification of decisions on the implementation of planned activities. \u0000Today, systematic analysis most fully determines the activities of authorized government authorities. EIA department employees of regional administrations analyze project materials for compliance with the requirements of the latest environmental legislation and thus ensure compliance with the commitments of the state regar","PeriodicalId":330862,"journal":{"name":"THE SCIENTIFIC ISSUES OF TERNOPIL VOLODYMYR HNATIUK NATIONAL PEDAGOGICAL UNIVERSITY. SERIES: GEOGRAPHY","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123189721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SPACIAL AND ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF LAND RESOURCES IN NORTH-EAST PART OF ZOLOCHIV DISTRICT UTC OF LVIV REGION","authors":"Miroslava Pytulyak, Mykola Pytulyak, L. Zastavetska, T. Zastavetskyi, Natalya Taranova","doi":"10.25128/2519-4577.21.2.23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25128/2519-4577.21.2.23","url":null,"abstract":"The article presents an ecological and geographical analysis of the current state of land resources. The structure of land resources in UTC (United Territorial Community) is dominated by lands of agricultural and forestry use. They occupy the largest areas - 67072.3 hectares, 40004.8 hectares and their share in the structure of the land fund is 57.8%, 34.4%, respectively. \u0000The structure of agricultural lands of the district is dominated by agricultural lands, namely arable land. Its area is 67072.3 hectares (97.3%) \u0000The largest area of agricultural land is concentrated within the central part of the district. \u0000The largest area in the structure of agricultural land is occupied by arable land - 2500 - 3570.8 hectares. In the eastern and south-eastern parts of the district the share of arable land in the structure of agricultural lands is the highest (more than 70%). \u0000The share of pastures and hayfields in the structure of agricultural lands is 18.2% and 16.8%, respectively. The smallest share in the structure of lands of perennial plantations (1.6%). \u0000The largest areas of hayfields and pastures in the northern and northeastern part of the district, which is due to the natural features of the territory. \u0000Peculiarities of forestry use of land resources on UTC area are analyzed. \u0000Lands covered with forest vegetation there are unevenly distributed and are mainly subordinated to Brody Forestry. The largest areas of forestry land in the northern and southern parts of the district. \u0000Forests in the northern part are located within Male Polissya. Here in the area there is the highest forest cover (45 - 67%). Forest cover in the southern part of the district is 45 - 67%. \u0000The structure of lands occupied by forest vegetation is dominated by forest areas (96.0%), including covered with forest crops (71.0%) \u0000On the basis of the defined indicators the analysis of ecological stability of lands in UTC is carried out, also the anthropogenic loading on agricultural lands of the area is defined. This figure depends on the area of land of different species. \u0000Using the method of Shyshchenko P. H. (1982) we have determined the anthropogenic load on the agricultural lands of the district. This figure depends on the area of the land of different species. Within the district there are spatial differences in this indicator. The greatest anthropogenic load on agricultural land is in the central part of the district. Here the anthropogenic load is more than 6.6 (strongly converted). In the north-western part of the district this indicator is the lowest: 5.2-5.3. On the territory of other village councils agricultural lands are moderately transformed (6.1 - 6.5) \u0000The results of the study of the ecological condition of the land resources of the district are presented. The level of plowing, agricultural development of the district is analyzed. The central and southern part of the district is characterized by an unbalanced structure of land use, as there is a fairly high rate of ","PeriodicalId":330862,"journal":{"name":"THE SCIENTIFIC ISSUES OF TERNOPIL VOLODYMYR HNATIUK NATIONAL PEDAGOGICAL UNIVERSITY. SERIES: GEOGRAPHY","volume":"139 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122459006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"DEVELOPMENT OF CONCEPTUAL PRINCIPLES OF HOTEL DESIGN ACTIVITY (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE SOLUTION OF THE 5 STAR CAPITAL HOTEL-LUXURY)","authors":"Lesya Kovalska, T. Tkachenko","doi":"10.25128/2519-4577.21.2.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25128/2519-4577.21.2.17","url":null,"abstract":"Currently, the national sphere of services forms the economy of the state, country, regions, is becoming an important factor in the stable development of the hotel industry in the modern structure of the hospitality industry. The modern sphere of hospitality, as one of the highly profitable branches of the economy, is the leading direction of socio-economic development of Ukraine. The development of the hotel industry in Ukraine is constrained by a number of factors, such as: shortcomings in the financial and banking system, limited solvency of the population, the political situation in the country, the imperfect tax system, the COVID-19 pandemic. During the development of the concept, the decisive factors that influenced the design and development of a 5-star luxury hotel with 70 rooms in Solomyanskyi district of Kyiv were the features of the district, namely: geolocation, infrastructure, land cost, environmental comfort, etc. Thus, an important area of optimization of the technological process in the hotel business is the diversification of production, which is associated with the expansion of production capacity of the hotel business through the rational use of resources. The purpose of the study is to establish and disclose the factors of influence on the development of conceptual foundations of hotel design. The research was conducted by elaborating legislative acts of Ukraine, scientific publications on hotel design, statistical data, expert assessments. The main theoretical and practical results that determine the novelty and practical significance of the study are to determine the sequence of actions to develop conceptual principles of hotel design, which can be represented as the following chain: mission ® practical philosophy of the hotel ® type ® category ® purpose ® comfort level ® choice of accommodation and food. It is established that the importance of using in the process of conceptual design of hotels comprehensive information on the factors influencing the activities of the enterprise in the hospitality industry, coordination of this information with the values and objectives of the business, namely the mission of creating and operating a hotel business. and principles that in the future will be focused and used in the operational management of the already commissioned hotel. A comparative analysis of accommodation facilities, including the pricing policy of the number of rooms, restaurants and the type of kitchens. as well as service facilities of Solomyansky district. The analysis of potential consumers of hotel services is presented, such as: cultural and leisure, spa services, trade services and business services. Such 5 * luxury hotels meet the existing and potential demand for hotel and business services. With the provision of appropriate business services of proper quality and optimal price, you can solve the problem of finding a place to stay, relax and business. \u0000Key words: national services, conceptual framework, desig","PeriodicalId":330862,"journal":{"name":"THE SCIENTIFIC ISSUES OF TERNOPIL VOLODYMYR HNATIUK NATIONAL PEDAGOGICAL UNIVERSITY. SERIES: GEOGRAPHY","volume":"77 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116637514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PASSPORTATION OF SOURCES OF NON-CENTRALIZED WATER SUPPLY OF THE VILLAGE OF POROMIV, VOLYN REGION","authors":"Liudmyla Kurhanevych, Viktoriia Haven","doi":"10.25128/2519-4577.21.2.20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25128/2519-4577.21.2.20","url":null,"abstract":"The article is devoted to the problems of studying the quality of drinking water from decentralized water supply sources of rural settlements. The preparatory stage of the study included: creation of a cartographic basis of the settlement; field reconnaissance routes; express analysis of drinking water quality; creation of situational plans of wells locations, and the basis for the ecological passport of the source of decentralized individual water supply (well). The relevance of the study is due to the deterioration of the quality of water as a source of domestic water supply. This is especially true for the rural population. There is a need to conduct an inventory and certification of wells in accordance with European standards and requirements, as well as modern technical and information capabilities. The ecological passport of a natural object is a system of diagnostic characteristics that allow one to get an idea of its condition and develop ways to improve it. In the process of researching the issue of certification of drinking water sources, we analyzed the accounting systems of these facilities in Canada and Germany. Our sample environmental passport was developed based on a study of groundwater in the village of Poromiv, Volyn region of Ukraine. The quality of drinking water is influenced by both the natural factors – geological structure and climate, and the intensive economic development of the surrounding area. The sample consisted of 40 wells. We used theoretical research methods: analysis, synthesis, abstraction and idealization. Such approaches implied the search for relationships between topological, hydrological and chemical parameters of individual observation points, as well as the ability to build idealized regression models to delineate areas for certification and detailed research. The formation of the information database was carried out using the methods of empirical knowledge. In particular, visual observations have identified potential sources of contamination (private farms – livestock sites, latrine pits, farmland, and infrastructure). They can affect the condition and quality of water in wells. With the help of a level meter, pH-meter, TDS meter and rapid tests for nitrates, the measurements of qualitative indicators that determine the overall hydrochemical state of groundwater were carried out. The general observations revealed non-compliance with the norms of placement of these objects. In particular, in many cases the norms of distance from sheds (more than 20 m) and cesspools (more than 50 m) relative to wells were violated. In addition, there is a general tendency to neglect the rules of formation of cesspools and manures, which contributes to the ingress of pollutants into the soil and subsequently into groundwater. In general, the accounting of wells and their diagnostic characteristics was developed in the form of a database in the ArcGIS environment and a passport of a separate source of water supply. It is p","PeriodicalId":330862,"journal":{"name":"THE SCIENTIFIC ISSUES OF TERNOPIL VOLODYMYR HNATIUK NATIONAL PEDAGOGICAL UNIVERSITY. SERIES: GEOGRAPHY","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117238399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ECOLOGICAL AND GEOCHEMICAL SPECIFICS OF SOIL AND PLANT COVERING OF URBAN LANDSCAPES (IN THE TOWN OF BROVARY AS AN EXAMPLE)","authors":"Anastasiya Splodytel","doi":"10.25128/2519-4577.21.2.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25128/2519-4577.21.2.21","url":null,"abstract":"The results of the pollutants content research in urbanized landscapes soils of Ukraine (on the example of Brovary city, Kyiv region) were shown. The total and mobile contents data of chemical elements (Ni, Co, Zn, V, Pb, Cr, Cu) were obtained and analyzed using the methods of landscape-geochemical studies, analytical and statistical methods. The dependences of the vegetation resistance in cities to the level of soil cover contamination and the degree of heavy metals income have been established. The geochemical characteristics (such as the value of the accumulation coefficients; concentration of soil and vegetation cover; index of biogeochemical activity of the species within Brovary city) were analyzed. \u0000Throughout most of the city territory, the level of soil contamination is above average. Soils are characterized by the following association of heavy metals: Cu> Pb> Zn> Co> Cr> V> Mo> Mn> Ni. The dominant association is distributed heterogeneous throughout the city, forming geochemical anomalies depending on the source of contamination. The maximum technogenic load was recorded in urban soils areas within zones of transport infrastructure, production and communal-warehouse facilities.Woody vegetation is the most actively absorbed copper, manganese from the soil, and the least intensively absorbed chromium, vanadium and nickel. The biogeochemical activity coefficient of the research species is the following: Acer platanoides - 7,26, Betula pendula Roth. - 7,07, and Populus deltoides - 7,05, Pínus sylvestris - 1.32 and Alnus incana - 3.37. The biological absorption coefficients of manganese and copper are high because these metals have the ability to form strong complexes with organic matter. Biological absorption coefficients of vanadium and chromium is low for the researched plant species because these chemical elements are immobile in soils. \u0000For the city of Brovary, the presence of polyelemental contamination of soil and vegetation has been established. According to the indicators of the gross content of VM, the main pollutants are Cu, Zn, Pb and Mn. Concentrations of gross and mobile forms of VM exceed background values ​​and maximum concentration limits in 17-28 times. The maximum of man-caused load was recorded in the urban soils of the transport infrastructure zone and the zone of production and communal-warehouse facilities. \u0000Regularities of formation of elemental composition of plants of urban areas undergo significant changes in comparison with natural conditions, which is due to the strengthening of the role of foliar absorption of pollutants from the air and their high content in soils. The greatest ability to bioaccumulate has a male thyroid (Dryopteris filix-mas Schott) and birch (Convolvulus arvensis). The highest coefficient of biogeochemical activity of the studied species is Acer platanoides - 7.26, hanging birch (Betula pendula Roth.) - 7.07 and Canadian poplar (Populus deltoides) - 7.05, the lowest - Scots pine (Pínus sylvе","PeriodicalId":330862,"journal":{"name":"THE SCIENTIFIC ISSUES OF TERNOPIL VOLODYMYR HNATIUK NATIONAL PEDAGOGICAL UNIVERSITY. SERIES: GEOGRAPHY","volume":"14 2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126145816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PROBLEMS OF UNREGULATED POLITICAL STATUS OF TERRITORIES AS A FACTOR OF DEEPENING CONTRADICTIONS IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS","authors":"Miroslav Dnistrianskyi, Galina Kopachinska, Nataliya Dnistrianska","doi":"10.25128/2519-4577.21.2.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25128/2519-4577.21.2.9","url":null,"abstract":"All international conflicts regarding unregulated political status of territories, despite the variety of their types, can be united by the lack of legitimate power in different parts of the earth's surface or the desire to establish such power. In order to differentiate all the conflicts regarding international legal unregulated political status of the territories according to their origin the following types can be proposed: 1) conflicts that arose as a result of the forcible annexation of territories, the incorporation of which is not recognized by the international community; 2) conflicts that arose due to the creation of the self-proclaimed states in the territories controlled by the occupation regimes; 3) conflicts that arose due to the creation of the self-proclaimed states as the result of domestic crisis reasons, but with the participation of foreign policy factors; 4) conflicts over disputable border areas and islands; 5) conflicts regarding political claims to dependent countries under the control of other states; 6) latent conflicts over claims on land and water areas, which according to international conventions should not be extended to the sovereignty of any state; 7) the Middle East conflict due to non-compliance with the decision of the UN General Assembly of 1947 on the establishment of a sovereign Arab state. The conflict over the legal status of Palestine and the there solution of the so-called self-proclaimed states are the main issues of geopolitical controversy among the various types of conflicts. The conflict-generating potential regarding disputes over control independent countries is much smaller today. Interstate border disputes mostly concern the status of individual islands. In order to avoid new conflicts, the UN needs to strengthen the status of Antarctica and the areas adjacent to the North Pole, making them as a neutral demilitarized territory, which can not be extended to the sovereignty of individual states. The greatest concentration of conflicts regarding the international legal unregulated political status of the territories is connected with the contradictions in the collapse of the USSR and in thein completeness and disorder of decolonization. \u0000Thus, the resolution of territorial and political conflicts requires the UN Security Council and international law modernization and reform, paying much attention to the conditions and circumstances of state and political self-determination, as well as the realization of effective sanctions in the case of annexation of territories. \u0000Among the various types of conflicts related to the international legal unresolved political status of territories, the main nodes of geopolitical controversy are Russia's occupation of Crimea and part of Donetsk and the conflict over the state status of Palestine and resolving the problems of so-called self-proclaimed states. its influence in the post-Soviet space. \u0000Key words: territorial-political conflict, types of conflicts concernin","PeriodicalId":330862,"journal":{"name":"THE SCIENTIFIC ISSUES OF TERNOPIL VOLODYMYR HNATIUK NATIONAL PEDAGOGICAL UNIVERSITY. SERIES: GEOGRAPHY","volume":"92 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122662656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"GEOECOLOGICAL STATE OF THE RIVER OKONKA BASIN AND ITS OPTIMIZATION","authors":"Vasyl Fesiuk, Andrij Slusarchuk","doi":"10.25128/2519-4577.21.2.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25128/2519-4577.21.2.19","url":null,"abstract":"The impact of economic activity on the environment can best be traced in the scale of small river basins. One of such rivers is the Okonka River, which flows through the territory of the former Manevychi (Kamin-Kashyrskyi according to the new administrative-territorial structure) district. Among the environmental problems of the basin, the most acute are: surface water pollution due to runoff from agricultural fields, livestock farms, unauthorized landfills, etc. Improving the geo-ecological condition of the Okonka River basin on the basis of ecologically safe sustainable development is an urgent problem of the territory's development. The Okonka River Basin is one of the least explored regions of the Volyn Region. Materials from the Regional Office of Water Resources in Volyn Oblast, the Department of Ecology and Natural Resources of the Volyn Oblast State Administration, own expeditionary research, cartographic materials, electronic maps (Google Map, OpenStreetMap) and satellite images were used to prepare the publication. Also, more than 20 literature sources and electronic resources, laws and regulations of Ukraine in the field of rational use and protection of water resources were developed. The following methods were used during the research: collection and processing of archival, literary, graphic, cartographic and tabular material, regime quantitative and qualitative observations of river characteristics; field research of channel processes; mathematical and engineering calculations, mathematical modeling, analysis of anthropogenic impact on water resources of the studied region, constructive-geographical method and method of expert assessments. The natural conditions of the basin contribute to the settlement and development of the economy. Particularly favorable are the terrain, climate, inland waters. Within the basin there are 7 objects and territories of the nature reserve fund. The impact of anthropogenic activity on the river basin is quite significant. This is due to intensive agricultural and residential use, the development of drainage reclamation. The level of radiation pollution is assessed as \"satisfactory\", the use of land resources - \"close to normal. The water quality of the Okonka River in the upper line (leak) is assessed by the second class of the third category (water is quite good in quality, quite clean in purity). The environmental index is 2.92. Environmental protection measures are proposed to improve the geoecological condition of the river basin. The complex of environmental protection measures should include: development of a local eco-network; creation of new and expansion of the network of existing nature reserves; improvement of the situation with waste management, elimination of spontaneous dumps; monitoring of soils to protect them from degradation and pollution; monitoring of surface waters in order to protect them from depletion and pollution; an inventory of drainage systems in order to establish the fea","PeriodicalId":330862,"journal":{"name":"THE SCIENTIFIC ISSUES OF TERNOPIL VOLODYMYR HNATIUK NATIONAL PEDAGOGICAL UNIVERSITY. SERIES: GEOGRAPHY","volume":"116 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133325117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"STRATEGIC DIRECTION OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE INTERNATIONAL TOURIST UKRAINE","authors":"Yaroslav Marynyak, N. Stetsko","doi":"10.25128/2519-4577.21.2.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25128/2519-4577.21.2.13","url":null,"abstract":"Development of Ukraine as an abstractive destination of tourism flows is modern and urgent task. The implementation of priority involves a number of strategic of development of local tourism. \u0000The importance of international tourism as a type of business that has a multiplier effect on all sectors of the economy is determined. The main factors influencing the development of the tourism industry are analyze. Two periods of tourism development of the XXI century have been established: pre-covid (pre-pandemic) and post- covid (and post-pandemic). The peculiarities of the functioning of the world tourism sector in the reference period are clarify, indicating all the factors influencing the tourism sector. The tourism sector in world and domestic practice attracts significant investment funds that solve a number of problems of unemployment, income growth, replenishment of the revenue side of the budget. The available national tourist resources make it possible to consider Ukraine as an important tourist destination in Europe and to state its strong competitive potential. However, the available UNWTO statistics are striking for the mismatch between economic revenues from tourism and the volume of tourism flow. This suggests that the tourism potential of Ukraine is not fully disclosed, indicative of the weight of the tourism sector of Ukraine at 2% of GDP. \u0000It should be noted that until 2013 y. inclusive, the entry rate of foreigners and stateless persons in Ukraine had a clear upward trend, and since 2014-2015 years, it has decreased by 1.9 times. This is partly due to the end of Euro 2012 y. football and the events of the Revolution of Dignity (Euromaidan) and the beginning of the Russian armed aggression against Ukraine, which led to the loss of territories. In 2016-2018 years, there is a growing trend in the segment of entry of foreigners and stateless persons. In 2019 y, the signs of the COVID-19 pandemic are noticeable, and there is a decrease in this indicator of tourist flows. Thus, if we briefly analyze the state of international tourism in Ukraine, we can conclude that it has stable growth rates in terms of travel abroad, and a decrease since 2014 in terms of entry. There are some restrictive requirements for the growth of inbound and domestic tourism flows. As already mentioned, this is primarily due to improper development of transport infrastructure and insufficient service, short holiday season, high transport tariffs and inflated prices for domestic services and hotels. Thus, the success of the country and its regions depends on the global environment in which drastic changes are possible only with a sharp external factor of natural or anthropogenic nature. The presence of Russian armed aggression against Ukraine creates additional problems. Creating new business models of tourism in which all these prerequisites are laid down is a strategic task of the country. \u0000The article point out the need for active promotion of domestic tourism, the","PeriodicalId":330862,"journal":{"name":"THE SCIENTIFIC ISSUES OF TERNOPIL VOLODYMYR HNATIUK NATIONAL PEDAGOGICAL UNIVERSITY. SERIES: GEOGRAPHY","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116676437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}