{"title":"Demand for Money in China Based on Most Recent Data","authors":"Yongqing Wang","doi":"10.4236/me.2023.149061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/me.2023.149061","url":null,"abstract":"China’s banking sector has undergone remarkable changes since its economic reform in 1978. China eliminated its credit plan in 1998, and the banking sector was no longer strictly controlled by the government. We revisit China’s demand for money after the banking sector moved toward being market-based. Structural break tests indicate that 2003Q1 is a breakpoint. Hence, we estimate money demand in China from 2004Q1 to 2022Q3. For comparison, we also carry out estimations for data from 1999Q1 to 2022Q3. We employ three different methods: Autoregressive Distributed Lags (ARDL), Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS), and Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS). Our results show that the income elasticity is approximately 1. Both the interest and inflation rates may reflect part of the opportunity costs of holding money. The results from both DOLS and FMOLS support the existence of the currency substitution effect. The Cumulative Sum of Recursive Residuals (CUSUM) and the cumulative sum of squares of recursive residuals (CUSUMSQ) stability tests suggest that the demand for money in China is stable in the long run.","PeriodicalId":32924,"journal":{"name":"Research on Enterprise in Modern Economy Theory and Practice","volume":"104 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135400104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Emerging Economics, Emergent Currencies: A Look into Dedollarization in Southeast Asia","authors":"Rohan Kumar Agarwal","doi":"10.4236/me.2023.1410074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/me.2023.1410074","url":null,"abstract":"Much has been written about the potential decline in the global influence of the U.S. dollar and which currency could replace it. We propose that a better question is what technological advancements can be developed to promote cross border trade without the US dollar? In this article, we examine the potential dedollarisation in Southeast Asia by investigating the intricate relationship between technology and currency over the past decade.","PeriodicalId":32924,"journal":{"name":"Research on Enterprise in Modern Economy Theory and Practice","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135157919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Daniel Okari Orucho, Fredrick Mzee Awuor, Ratemo Makiya, Collins Oduor
{"title":"Review of Algorithms for Securing Data Transmission in Mobile Banking","authors":"Daniel Okari Orucho, Fredrick Mzee Awuor, Ratemo Makiya, Collins Oduor","doi":"10.4236/me.2023.149062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/me.2023.149062","url":null,"abstract":"With the dawn of mobile banking applications, bank customers can now register for M-banking and download applications that aid them to access services from the bank server remotely from their mobile devices. The conversation between the bank’s server and the client application requires a secure connection. However, M-banking is often conducted via unsecure wireless networks on which adversaries can use available techniques to hack into system to steal sensitive financial information including money. This paper’s objective is to review the state-of-the-art algorithms that secure data on transit in M-banking. Thus, we document the strengths and weaknesses of these mechanisms and report on structure of their operation. The study reviewed various encryption algorithms such as Rivest-Shamir-Adleman Algorithm, Elliptic Curve Cryptography, Digital Signature Algorithm, Blowfish algorithm, Advanced Encryption Standard, Data Encryption Standard and Tripple Data Encryption Standard. In addition, the study reviewed steganography and hybrid algorithms. From this study, we show that Advanced Encryption Standard is the most preferred standard for M-banking because there are no specific attacks against it so far. However, since technology is changing fast, Advanced Encryption Standard might not provide security in M-banking for long. Therefore, this study shows and recommends utilization of a combination of Advanced Encryption Standard algorithm and Least Significant Bit steganography to produce a robust hybrid algorithm that is tamperproof from flaws existing in current cryptosystems.","PeriodicalId":32924,"journal":{"name":"Research on Enterprise in Modern Economy Theory and Practice","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135442157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Preparing EV Technicians for the U.S.A Transition to Electric Vehicles through the Implementation of the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law","authors":"Saddam Alkhamaiesh, Peter F. Cavanaugh","doi":"10.4236/me.2023.1411078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/me.2023.1411078","url":null,"abstract":"This study is the literature review for a Ph.D. dissertation focusing on the growing job opportunities in the electric vehicle industry. Ensure the high potential for high-salary jobs compared with the traditional automotive. Through the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law (BIL), the government in the United States is seeking to develop infrastructure for electric vehicles and create job opportunities. In addition, this study shows a high demand for electric vehicle technicians in the United States. The Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) is one of the ways, especially for adults, to optimize the outcome of the training programs. Multiple training methods for electric vehicle technicians, such as a digital game base and augmented reality, provide an excellent learning method. The high cooperation between the government and education institutes will make the car industry provide more for economic growth.","PeriodicalId":32924,"journal":{"name":"Research on Enterprise in Modern Economy Theory and Practice","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135559709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Voice-Exit Mechanism and Corporate Governance","authors":"Quan Yuan, Yuhong Li","doi":"10.4236/me.2023.145031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/me.2023.145031","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":32924,"journal":{"name":"Research on Enterprise in Modern Economy Theory and Practice","volume":"245 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85162526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Incentivizing Criteria for Steering the Implementation of Gas Distribution Investment Projects","authors":"M. Beccarello, Giacomo Di Foggia","doi":"10.4236/me.2023.142005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/me.2023.142005","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":32924,"journal":{"name":"Research on Enterprise in Modern Economy Theory and Practice","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91077317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Cheap Side of Social Capital (Part 2)","authors":"L. Robison","doi":"10.4236/me.2023.146041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/me.2023.146041","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":32924,"journal":{"name":"Research on Enterprise in Modern Economy Theory and Practice","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76734051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wilman Gómez Muñoz, C. E. Posada, Remberto Rhenals
{"title":"Fall and Convergence of World Inflation Rates (1998-2019)","authors":"Wilman Gómez Muñoz, C. E. Posada, Remberto Rhenals","doi":"10.4236/me.2023.143018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/me.2023.143018","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":32924,"journal":{"name":"Research on Enterprise in Modern Economy Theory and Practice","volume":"2021 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84311891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Greek and the Norwegian Shipping Industries: Why Are These Two at the Top of the 13 Global Shipping Nations for So Long?","authors":"Alexandros M. Goulielmos","doi":"10.4236/me.2023.145038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/me.2023.145038","url":null,"abstract":"We compared Greece with Norway in ship-owning endeavors since 1900. We revealed the common characteristics and properties of the 2 countries, being admittedly in the top 13 positions till nowadays. We revealed also the differ-ences. The countries handled, however, the phenomenon of the flags of convenience differently. Both suffered disastrous events like the Great War, the 1929-1933 depression and the 2 nd WW, which harmed—if not equally—their Merchant Fleets. A random effect we showed to be crucial, however, and this was: the 1975-1987 “tanker & dry cargo depression”. Norway, a par excellence “tanker nation”, till today, felt deeper this tanker depression—and the following dry cargo one—losing part of its fleet. Greece—a “bulk carriers” nation—till today—accelerated its tonnage growth by leaps and bounds, after 1987, and as a result, owned 85 m dwt in March 1988 and 355 m dwt in March 2022! Both countries were poor, agricultural, and small, with no significant own capital, having only good sailors, ship-owners, many islands, and few shipbuilders (especially Norway)! But, they found the way: 1) to become the first merchants and ship-owners, and subsequently only ship-owners; 2) to get rid of their smallness, by targeting at serving the entire seaborne trade; 3) to dominate in an important part of the sea transportation businesses: the “tramp” shipping and the “cross-trading”. There—as shown—the higher but riskier revenue is to be found… We showed also that behind the above achievements, 3 factors are essential: a) to be competitive, b) not to rely too much on flags of convenience (as their correlation coefficient was found very low); and c) to carry out investments in new buildings and/or in 2 nd hand ships, applying mainly the perfect timing strategy","PeriodicalId":32924,"journal":{"name":"Research on Enterprise in Modern Economy Theory and Practice","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72545820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Sustainability of the Energy Sector in Mexico from 2000 to 2020","authors":"Rigel Gámez Leal, Víctor Rodríguez Padilla","doi":"10.4236/me.2023.143015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/me.2023.143015","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":32924,"journal":{"name":"Research on Enterprise in Modern Economy Theory and Practice","volume":"154 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74284051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}