Substantia最新文献

{"title":"Chemical Demulsification of Oil-in-Water Emulsion from Gas Condensate Field","authors":"Habineswaran Rajan, N. R. Yusuf, Dzeti Farhah Mohsim, N. Halim","doi":"10.36253/substantia-2035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36253/substantia-2035","url":null,"abstract":"Produced water, also known as oily wastewater, is one of the major wastes in the oil and gas industry. During the hydrocarbon production, formation of emulsion takes place such as oil-in-water emulsion which has a huge financial effect on the sector. Oil and gas industry seeks highly effective and reasonable demulsifying chemicals to separate the oil-in-water emulsions into water and crude oil. Thus, in this publication, resin alkoxylate, cationic polyamine, cationic surfactant and ethylene oxide/propylene oxide (EO/PO) block copolymers are utilized to resolve the oil-in-water emulsion from a gas condensate field. According to the findings of preliminary screening, a unique demulsifier DB was formulated by incorporating resin alkoxylate and cationic surfactant at an optimal weight percentage ratio. Demulsification efficiency (De) of 96 % based on measurement of turbidity was attained after treating the oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion with demulsifier DB at a dosage of 7 ppm.  To determine the demulsifier's efficiency further, the oil-in-water content (OiW) of the produced water was evaluated after the treatment with demulsifier DB. Oil removal efficiency (ORe) of 90% was achieved as the formulated demulsifier DB reduced the oil-in-water content (OiW) of O/W emulsion from 1008.3 ppm to 97.1 ppm within 15 minutes at the dosage of 7 ppm. Furthermore, interfacial tension (IFT) and Turbiscan analysis were performed to further study the demulsification process of blank sample and the addition of the demulsifier DB at the optimized dosage of 7 ppm. At demulsifier DB dosage of 7 ppm, the interfacial tension between oil and water reduced significantly compared to blank sample from 24.98 mN/m to 9.38 mN/m. The produced water sample after treatment with 7 ppm of demulsifier DB resulted in a significant increase of Turbiscan Stability Index (TSI) value of 8 which indicates the rate at which the separation of oil and water occurred. The attained results of IFT and Turbiscan analysis further validate that mixed surfactant system is more efficient than single surfactant system. By combining surfactants with different functional groups, mixed surfactant systems can exhibit greater surface activity than single surfactants.","PeriodicalId":32750,"journal":{"name":"Substantia","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42040362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Rate Constant - Reaction Free Energy Dependence for the Electron Transfer Reactions in Solutions. The Way to Interpret the Experimental Data Correctly","authors":"L. Krishtalik","doi":"10.36253/substantia-1872","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36253/substantia-1872","url":null,"abstract":"The relative influences of the reorganization energies of the classical and quantum modes on the maximum position of the rate constant – reaction free energy curve have been studied. In the framework of the continuum electrostatics, the electron transfer reorganization energies in methyltetrahydrofurane solutions for the system biphenylyl – spacer – acceptor were calculated. For different acceptors the solvent reorganization energy varies from 1.0 to 1.1 eV. When added with the rather small reorganization energies for classical intra-molecular modes we obtain 1.13 - 1.34 eV. With account of possible errors this coincides practically with the experimental estimate of the energy at the maximum of the rate–free energy curve DGmax ? -1.2 eV. Hence, we can conclude that the reorganization of quantum modes does not influence substantially the position of this maximum. To the contrary, in a non-polar solvent isooctane were the solvent reorganization does not play any role the reorganization of the quantum intra-reactants modes becomes determinant. These conclusions agree fully with the results of the general theoretical analysis and should be accounted for in the experimental data interpretation.","PeriodicalId":32750,"journal":{"name":"Substantia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47610485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Surface Inactivation of Bacterial Viruses and of Proteins","authors":"Mark H. Adams","doi":"10.36253/substantia-2040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36253/substantia-2040","url":null,"abstract":"Due to the Covid-19 pandemic an enourmous number of papers have appeared in the literature. Here we republish, with permission, the paper written by M.H. Adams in 1948 for the remarkable contribution in Physiology and in other fields. A short introduction by Barry W. Ninham precedes the paper.","PeriodicalId":32750,"journal":{"name":"Substantia","volume":"206 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136180730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Superbugged","authors":"P. Lo Nostro","doi":"10.36253/substantia-2038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36253/substantia-2038","url":null,"abstract":"We thought that with the decline of the Covid-19 pandemic the worst had gone and that we could go back to normal life, maybe keeping one eye open on the evolution of the virus variants from time to time. Suddenly almost any news on TV about the pandemic has disappeared. \u0000But we are not aware of the threatening risk of a super-pandemic for which we won't have powerful weapons: antimicrobial resistance (AMR). \u0000The phenomenon is well known in the scientific community but citizens are not informed that they can play a crucial role in avoiding this disaster.","PeriodicalId":32750,"journal":{"name":"Substantia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49161032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Review of A Cultural History of Chemistry. Peter J. T. Morris and Alan Rocke, eds., Bloomsbury Academic: London, 2022","authors":"R. Crabtree, A. Greenberg, S. Rasmussen","doi":"10.36253/substantia-2039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36253/substantia-2039","url":null,"abstract":"When presented with a new multivolume series on the history of chemistry, one cannot help but compare it to J. R. Partington's masterful four-volume A History of Chemistry. The new six-volume A Cultural History of Chemistry reviewed here, however, is really a different beast and should not be viewed as a simple attempt to update Partington's previous series. As highlighted by series editors Peter Morris and Alan Rocke in the Series Preface that begins each volume, \"This is not a conventional history of chemistry, but a first attempt at creating a cultural history of the science.\" As such, this series brings together 50 contributors in an effort to present the first detailed and authoritative survey of the impact of chemistry on society, as well as how society has influenced and impacted chemical practice and thought. Spanning from the earliest applications of the chemical arts in antiquity up through the present, this cultural history is split into six volumes, each covering a specific time period, with the structure of each volume consistent throughout the series. As such, each volume begins with an introduction, followed by the identical chapter titles: Theory and Concepts; Practice and Experiment; Sites and Technology; Culture and Knowledge; Society and Environment; Trade and Industry; Learning and Institutions; Art and Representation. As a result, this gives the reader the choice of focusing on a specific time period within a single volume, or following a chosen theme across history by reading the corresponding chapter in each of the six volumes. Each volume concludes with both a Bibliography and an Index, with all six volumes providing a combined 1728 pages of material. Separate reviews for each of the six volumes are given below, followed by some concluding remarks about the overall six-volume effort.","PeriodicalId":32750,"journal":{"name":"Substantia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48287474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Johann Beckmann (1739-1811) and Modern Chemical Technology","authors":"Juergen Heinrich Maar","doi":"10.36253/substantia-1870","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36253/substantia-1870","url":null,"abstract":"Modern chemical technology, in the humanistic spirit of the Enlightenment, begins with Johann Beckmann (1739-1811). It followed pre-modern technologies associated with Cameralism and Chemia Applicata. Beckmann’s holistic approach to technology, expressed in “Anleitung zur Technologie” (1777) and “Entwurf einer Allgemeinen Technologie” (1806), also engages with economic, social, cultural and ethical problems, giving the term ‘technology’ a new meaning. Viewed with skepticism in his time, there was a revival of Beckmann’s ideas by Franz Exner (1840-1913) in 1878. Only in recent decades his contribution to technology was more extensively studied. Examples of Beckmann’s ideas are presented.","PeriodicalId":32750,"journal":{"name":"Substantia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43906092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Equivalence of Electromagnetic Fluctuation and Nuclear (Yukawa) Forces: the π₀ Meson, its Mass and Lifetime","authors":"B. Ninham, I. Brevik, M. Boström","doi":"10.36253/substantia-1807","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36253/substantia-1807","url":null,"abstract":"It is shown how Maxwell’s equations for the electromagnetic field with Planck quantisation of allowed modes appears to provide a semiclassical account of nuclear interactions. The mesons emerge as plasmons, collective excitations in an electron positron pair sea. The lifetime and mass of mesons are predicted.","PeriodicalId":32750,"journal":{"name":"Substantia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42221828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Training of Future Chemistry Teachers by a Historical / STEAM Approach Starting from the Visit to an Historical Science Museum","authors":"V. Domenici","doi":"10.36253/substantia-1755","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36253/substantia-1755","url":null,"abstract":"The visit to a scientific historical museum represents a great opportunity for future science teachers to develop educational activities and effective laboratories for high school and first year undergraduate students. In this paper, a pilot educational project experimented in the frame of the course of ‘Fundaments and methods of chemistry education’ held at the University of Pisa (Italy) during the academic year 2019-2020, aimed to train future chemistry teachers, is described. The main steps of the project, from the visit to the Museum ‘Galileo’ in Florence (Italy) to the design of educational hands-on activities by the undergraduate students, are discussed. Emphasis will be given to the role of historical scientific collections, such as the Galilean thermoscopes and other historical thermometers’ collection, in stimulating the creativity and higher order thinking skills.   ","PeriodicalId":32750,"journal":{"name":"Substantia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43487453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Kuroda Chika (1884-1968) – Pioneer Woman Chemist in Twentieth Century Japan","authors":"Y. Siderer","doi":"10.36253/substantia-1792","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36253/substantia-1792","url":null,"abstract":"Kuroda Chika was the first Japanese woman to graduate in chemistry. This article describes her early education and subsequent career in chemical research in Japan from 1913, and includes two years in Oxford (1921-1923). Her career as a researcher in The Physical and Chemical Research Institute (RIKEN) and as a professor at Ochanomizu University in Tokyo is described. Kuroda’s organic chemistry studies, specifically the identification of the constitution of plant dyes is described. The status of female education and female employment in Japan during the first half of the twentieth century are also considered. Later in her career the achievements of Kuroda Chika were acknowledged with prestigious prizes and awards.","PeriodicalId":32750,"journal":{"name":"Substantia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43558731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A New Response to Wray and an Attempt to Widen the Conversation","authors":"Eric R. Scerri","doi":"10.36253/substantia-1806","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36253/substantia-1806","url":null,"abstract":"This article begins by examining a recent claim by Brad Wray that the discovery of atomic number and isotopy constitutes a scientific revolution in the sense of the later writings of Thomas Kuhn.  I argue that although Kuhn’s criteria may apply to the change from the Ptolemaic to the Copernican model of the universe, they do not apply in the above chemical or atomic case.  I also examine the wider issue of Kuhn’s turning away from internal scientific issues to a consideration of lexical issues.  I conclude, as others have done before me, that this may have been a wrong turn in view of the emphasis being placed on questions of sense rather than reference.","PeriodicalId":32750,"journal":{"name":"Substantia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47266464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}