{"title":"Obtaining Accurate Bandwidth Estimations for the Internet of Things","authors":"Sharon Choy, B. Wong","doi":"10.1109/CIoT57267.2023.10084909","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CIoT57267.2023.10084909","url":null,"abstract":"Bandwidth estimation is important for many Internet of Things (IoT) applications. Typical bandwidth estimation techniques involve saturating the link and causing temporary congestion; however, this may not be suitable for latencysensitive IoT applications. Packet pairs and trains are alternative bandwidth estimation methods that use packet inter-arrival time. However, these techniques are often noisy [14] and inaccurate. One source of this inaccuracy is caused by kernel interrupt handling and scheduling [22]. In this paper, we propose our PacketBurst bandwidth estimation technique. The main contribution of PacketBurst is to remove inaccuracies in packet train bandwidth estimate calculations that are caused by kernel interrupts. We observe that consecutive packets in packet trains may have exceedingly small differences in their receive timestamps. Using these timestamps in a packet train bandwidth estimate calculation can result in an inaccurate estimate. We identify four cases where kernel interrupts impact the packet train’s receive timestamps, and we show how to address the timestamp inaccuracies of each case using our PacketBurst technique. We show that PacketBurst estimates can reduce measurement errors of packet trains. When using six MTU-sized packets to estimate available bandwidth, the PacketBurst technique experiences an 2.75% error whereas packet trains experience a 21.6% error when the available bandwidth is 20Mbps.","PeriodicalId":327213,"journal":{"name":"2023 6th Conference on Cloud and Internet of Things (CIoT)","volume":"2013 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127336547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rahmat Ullah, Ikram Asghar, M. G. Griffiths, Craig Stacey, William A V Stiles, Colin Whitelaw
{"title":"Internet of Things based Sensor System for Vertical Farming and Controlled Environment Agriculture","authors":"Rahmat Ullah, Ikram Asghar, M. G. Griffiths, Craig Stacey, William A V Stiles, Colin Whitelaw","doi":"10.1109/CIoT57267.2023.10084913","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CIoT57267.2023.10084913","url":null,"abstract":"The use of internet of things (IoT) technology in vertical farming has the potential to greatly benefit the industry by providing a more efficient and sustainable way to grow plants. IoT-based systems in vertical farming can monitor and control various environmental factors, such as temperature, humidity, and light levels, to optimise growing conditions and increase productivity. These systems can also automate certain aspects of the growing process, such as irrigation and nutrient delivery, saving time and labour costs. Additionally, IoT technology in vertical farming can provide real-time data and analytics, allowing growers to make data-driven decisions and improve the overall efficiency of their operations. This paper presents a working prototype of a sensor system for vertical farming that could easily be integrated with any vertical farming system. The sensor design was based on a thorough study of existing vertical farming systems, considering factors such as cost, power consumption, and suitability for indoor use. The sensors store and display system parameters and send data to a cloud-based server for remote access. The functionality has been confirmed through testing and evaluation of individual components.","PeriodicalId":327213,"journal":{"name":"2023 6th Conference on Cloud and Internet of Things (CIoT)","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114196853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Diego M. Jiménez-Bravo, J. Bajo, Esther Dopazo, J. F. D. Paz, V. Leithardt
{"title":"Dimensionality-reducing classifiers for Spanish winter maintenance of roadways","authors":"Diego M. Jiménez-Bravo, J. Bajo, Esther Dopazo, J. F. D. Paz, V. Leithardt","doi":"10.1109/CIoT57267.2023.10084897","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CIoT57267.2023.10084897","url":null,"abstract":"Public administrations try to maintain and guarantee safety as one of their priorities. Road networks are one of the environments where most incidents usually happen; therefore, it is very important to maintain the safety of drivers and passengers. This safety must be maintained even in adverse circumstances, such as winter weather conditions. Thus, chemical treatments are incorporated to be applied on roads when certain conditions are met. Determining which treatment to apply can be automated through the use of sensors and machine learning techniques. To this end, the article proposes a classifier model capable of predicting the most appropriate chemical treatment based on the environmental properties of the road and its surroundings. The achieved solution offers good results in terms of evaluation metrics.","PeriodicalId":327213,"journal":{"name":"2023 6th Conference on Cloud and Internet of Things (CIoT)","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127738995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Decentralized Web Service Infrastructure for the Interoperability of Applications in Multihop Dynamic Networks","authors":"Luc Hogie","doi":"10.1109/CIoT57267.2023.10084876","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CIoT57267.2023.10084876","url":null,"abstract":"The advent of mobile computing has changed the shape of distributed computing. Mobile devices now have enough computational capabilities to take part of distributed computations. Thanks to their wireless networking interfaces, they can have direct interactions with their peers, self-organize in dynamic multi-hop networks, like the Internet of Things (IoT), the Edge, Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs), etc. Such networks exhibit a number of inherent characteristics (mobility, unpredictability, scarce connections, etc) which make it difficult the use of their resources by (distributed) applications. Because existing middleware for distributed computing was most often designed to operate on clouds/grids/clusters, it can hardly be used in these networks. IDAWI belongs to a new class of middleware solutions which rely on decentralization to federate the resources of dynamic multi-hop networks, to the purpose of facilitating the design and implementation of distributed applications in networks of mobile devices. IDAWI goes further by proposing a collective stream-oriented computing model that matches the very nature of such networks. This permitted us to design, implement and describe in this article the architecture of a specific decentralized Web backend exposing as a whole the resources of a dynamic multi-hop network as a set of Web services. In order to profit from the stream-oriented and collective natures of IDAWI ‘s computation model, these Web services make a clever use of several standard Web technologies they rely on. All the concepts presented in this paper can be found in an Open Source reference implementation.","PeriodicalId":327213,"journal":{"name":"2023 6th Conference on Cloud and Internet of Things (CIoT)","volume":"63 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126429649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ricardo Santos, J. Matos-Carvalho, Slavisa Tomic, M. Beko, S. D. Correia
{"title":"A Hybrid LSTM-based Neural Network for Satellite-less UAV Navigation","authors":"Ricardo Santos, J. Matos-Carvalho, Slavisa Tomic, M. Beko, S. D. Correia","doi":"10.1109/CIoT57267.2023.10084873","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CIoT57267.2023.10084873","url":null,"abstract":"This work proposes a new algorithm to address the problem of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) navigation in satellite-less environments by combining machine learning with existent model-based methods. The proposed network model is trained by using the predictions of two estimators, one based on a Generalized trust region sub-problem (GTRS) framework and the other one founded on a Weighted Least Squares (WLS) principle. The solutions of these two estimators are then fed to two Long Short-Term Memories (LSTMs) to create models whose predictions are averaged to achieve the final prediction output. Our numerical results show favorable performance of the new network, obtaining improved accuracy and higher robustness to noise when compared with the individual counterparts of the network used in the training phase. Consequently, the proposed method offers safer an more reliable navigation of the UAV in satellite-less environments.","PeriodicalId":327213,"journal":{"name":"2023 6th Conference on Cloud and Internet of Things (CIoT)","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121759581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"CSMA/CA-based Random Access Control Suitable for Delay-Constrained Packet Transfer in Smart Factory Environments","authors":"H. Tode, Kaita Takemoto, Y. Tanigawa","doi":"10.1109/ciot57267.2023.10084878","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ciot57267.2023.10084878","url":null,"abstract":"In a wireless sensor network environment involving many devices that need to collect and control data within strict delay constraints, it is necessary to transmit data while suppressing delay precisely. For instance, in the Internet of Things (IoT) for smart factories that we mainly focus on, data used for automatic guided vehicle (AGV) and actuator operation, video transmission, and human proximity detection to various machines must be transmitted within 10-100 ms. In this paper, we propose a smart MAC protocol to suppress delay and jitter stably by prioritizing packets with delay constraints in a more accurate and adaptive manner. The proposed protocol is compatible with CSMA/CA, which is widely used in IEEE 802.11 wireless LANs, exploits the CSMA/ECA protocol for stably reducing packet-by-packet delay fluctuations, and satisfies more stringent delay requirements by our new algorithm. We evaluate its effectiveness by computer simulation experiments.","PeriodicalId":327213,"journal":{"name":"2023 6th Conference on Cloud and Internet of Things (CIoT)","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131910993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mau-Luen Tham, Chee Hong Lean, Wei-Sean Lim, Rong-Chuan Leong, Y. Owada, M. Sein
{"title":"Performance Study of Disaster-Resilient Mesh Networking using NerveNet Wi-Fi and LoRa","authors":"Mau-Luen Tham, Chee Hong Lean, Wei-Sean Lim, Rong-Chuan Leong, Y. Owada, M. Sein","doi":"10.1109/CIoT57267.2023.10084890","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CIoT57267.2023.10084890","url":null,"abstract":"When a natural disaster event happens, it could trigger regional cellular network outages and hence disable network communication within the affected area. If a resilient network is implemented, alert messages with sufficient information can be sent over the Internet to provide a nationwide response. Japan National Institute of Information and Communication Technology (NICT) has invented a resilient network framework called NerveNet, which supports robust communications via mesh networking. Using their technology as the communication platform, disaster nodes could be installed at disaster hotspots to send out disaster information or even provide lightweight Internet services. NerveNet can support data synchronization using Wi-Fi and LoRa. The former is used to provide wide bandwidth but low-range data transmission, whereas the latter enables narrow-bandwidth data transmission in coverage of kilometers, which is suitable for crucial or emergency disaster data updates.","PeriodicalId":327213,"journal":{"name":"2023 6th Conference on Cloud and Internet of Things (CIoT)","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123880753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Srdjan Sobot, Milan Lukić, Dušan Bortnik, Vladimir Nikić, B. Lima, M. Beko, D. Vukobratović
{"title":"Two-Tier UAV-based Low Power Wide Area Networks: A Testbed and Experimentation Study","authors":"Srdjan Sobot, Milan Lukić, Dušan Bortnik, Vladimir Nikić, B. Lima, M. Beko, D. Vukobratović","doi":"10.1109/CIoT57267.2023.10084912","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CIoT57267.2023.10084912","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we propose, design, deploy and demonstrate a two-tier Low Power Wide Area Network (LP WAN) system based on Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) base stations suitable for dynamic deployment in deep rural environments. The proposed UAV-based LPWAN network augments the existing macro-cellular LPWAN network (Tier 1) with an additional layer of mobile base stations (Tier 2) based also on LPWAN technology. Mobile Tier 2 LPWAN base stations provide connectivity to static or mobile LP WAN user equipment deployed in the areas without direct Tier 1 LP WAN network coverage. The proposed two-tier LP WAN network scenario is suitable for various agricultural, forestry and environmental applications such as livestock or wild animal monitoring. In this experimental work, we report the prototype that was successfully deployed and used in a realworld deep rural environment without Tier 1 LP WAN network coverage.","PeriodicalId":327213,"journal":{"name":"2023 6th Conference on Cloud and Internet of Things (CIoT)","volume":"104 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114581634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"An Adaptive Exponential Min Sum Decoding Algorithm","authors":"Weijiao Zhang, D. Jayakody","doi":"10.1109/CIoT57267.2023.10084886","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CIoT57267.2023.10084886","url":null,"abstract":"The belief propagation (BP) algorithm for low density parity check (LDPC) codes has proven to have excellent performance and is close to the Shannon limit. However, the high computational complexity is not conducive to realistic use. Although the min sum algorithm (MSA) improves the computational convenience and applicability. It also weakens its decoding capability. In order to improve the decoding performance of MSA and exploit the potential, this paper propose an adaptive exponential correction factor. This can improve the decoding performance of MSA. Adaptive exponential min sum algorithm (AEMSA) demonstrate a noticeable improvement over the normalized min sum algorithm (NMSA) and the BP algorithm in high signal to noise ratio (SNR). AEMSA is also a simple, efficient, low power consuming and highly potential decoding algorithm that can be applied in hardware implementations.","PeriodicalId":327213,"journal":{"name":"2023 6th Conference on Cloud and Internet of Things (CIoT)","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133363403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dominic Karnehm, S. Pohlmann, Andreas Wiedenmann, Manuel Kuder, Antje Neve
{"title":"Introduction of a Cloud Computing Architecture for the Condition Monitoring of a Reconfigurable Battery System for Electric Vehicles","authors":"Dominic Karnehm, S. Pohlmann, Andreas Wiedenmann, Manuel Kuder, Antje Neve","doi":"10.1109/CIoT57267.2023.10084883","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CIoT57267.2023.10084883","url":null,"abstract":"The electrification of the transport sector is crucial to achieve the environmental goals. The application of Internet of Things (IoT) and Cloud Computing can be part of the solution for improving efficiency and fault detection, and increasing the driving range for electric vehicles. The growing data generation and new data analysis methods demand high computing power and data storage capabilities. By combining IoT devices with Cloud Computing, the condition of a vehicle can be monitored in real time from anywhere in the world. In this paper, a new cloud architecture for the analysis of stationary and mobile measurements is presented. Additionally, a web application is developed for a detailed visualization and analysis of historical and real time data.","PeriodicalId":327213,"journal":{"name":"2023 6th Conference on Cloud and Internet of Things (CIoT)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130702760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}