{"title":"Maṇḍalas","authors":"Patricia Sauthoff","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197553268.003.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197553268.003.0009","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 8 continues the translation of Netra Tantra Chapter 6 as the topic shifts from oblation to maṇḍala. The theoretical basis for this analysis relies on understanding the nature of mantras from Chapters 1 and 2 and the initiation rites of Chapter 5. Because the Netra Tantra itself offers only practical information about maṇḍala use in ritual, the analysis turns to two other texts, the Mālinīvijayottaratantra and Cakrasamvara Tantra, to examine the written form of the mantra and colors of the maṇḍala. The chapter shows how the embodied mantra is placed onto the maṇḍala, thus activating it. Again, proper performance is necessary for the correct outcome. The colors of the ritual objects and maṇḍalas point to their efficacy.","PeriodicalId":324927,"journal":{"name":"Illness and Immortality","volume":"98 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126894438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Conquering Death Through Ritual","authors":"Patricia Sauthoff","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197553268.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197553268.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 7 traces the historical development of possession to argue in favor of a literary tradition that undermines the argument that such beliefs were only held by the disempowered. It shows that exorcism and demonic possession have a long history in literary Tantra and therefore must not have been an idea that existed only among the non-elite. The chapter then explores ideas of immortality and the conquering of death in the Sanskrit literary tradition. This sheds light on the corporeal yoga tradition of the Netra Tantra. The first of three chapters on yoga, the Netra Tantra’s sixth chapter offers a detailed description of ritual oblation to escape death. The translated passage offers a look at the natural products offered to the ritual fire. These objects must be protected with enveloping mantras and accompanied by recitation.","PeriodicalId":324927,"journal":{"name":"Illness and Immortality","volume":"100 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124588497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Conclusion","authors":"Patricia Sauthoff","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197553268.003.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197553268.003.0011","url":null,"abstract":"The Conclusion examines the conception of the body in medieval India. This body was vulnerable to demons and reliant on deities for its continued existence. For the Tantric practitioner, the divinized body is part of a psychophysical organism. The protective rites of the Netra Tantra reveal that the name of an individual overcome with illness works as a ritual substitute for that person. This is not to say that the physical body of the person is not important. The body is central to ritual practice. When the mantrin places the mantra upon the body (nyāsa), he creates a Tantric body that itself becomes a ritual tool. The body and the mantra become fused. This allows the mantra to heal the body.","PeriodicalId":324927,"journal":{"name":"Illness and Immortality","volume":"249 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133665728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Visualizing Amṛta","authors":"Patricia Sauthoff","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197553268.003.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197553268.003.0010","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 9 focuses on the Svacchanda Tantra to translate a section of the text focused on visualized meditation meant to conquer both time and death. Like the Netra Tantra, which assuages the threat of death through ritual, the Svacchanda Tantra also does so through meditation. This meditation focuses on breath control, drawing on the haṃsa mantra and instructing the practitioner to visualize Brahmā, Viṣṇu, and Rudra in order to attain longevity. It then offers further visualization of the self washed over with nectar. The chapter compares the imagery of the Svacchanda and Netra Tantras to offer a more complete understanding of immortality within the Śaiva canon.","PeriodicalId":324927,"journal":{"name":"Illness and Immortality","volume":"9 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123722880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Language, Physicality, and Mantra","authors":"Patricia Sauthoff","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197553268.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197553268.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 2 examines the nature of mantra. It first explores ideas of mantras as magic utterances and examines ritual language. This leads to a theoretical discussion that argues against Staal’s assertion that mantras are not speech acts. While Staal’s work is useful for understanding mantras, the chapter claims that the Netra and Svacchanda Tantras anticipate his argument and offer a counterexplanation. The perspective they offer is unique to these two texts, and the Netra Tantra’s twenty-first chapter provides a philosophically rigorous examination into the composition, characteristics, power, and productiveness of mantras. The Netra Tantra offers a tripartite explanation of mantras as formless, disembodied, and embodied or unmanifest potential, potential, and limited potential. This discussion presents the most important feature of mantras: that no matter their form (or lack thereof), the mantra and the deity are inseparable. This too helps explain the importance of encoding the mantra within the text. The chapter ends with a brief section on the practicalities of mantric recitation, namely, in the eleven types of sequences that protect the mantra from impurities such as mispronunciation or incorrect usage. Further, it presents a type of semantic analysis called nirvacana that uses the roots of words to demonstrate the eternal nature of the text itself.","PeriodicalId":324927,"journal":{"name":"Illness and Immortality","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124917893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Mantra","authors":"Patricia Sauthoff","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197553268.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197553268.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 1 introduces the reader to Tantric mantras. It situates them within ritual and meditation and offers a brief overview of their form. It then contextualizes the mantra oṃ juṃ saḥ within the Tantric canon and compares it to a Vedic mantra that shares both its name and its intended outcome. Finally, it offers a translation of the section of the text in which the mantra is encoded. This provides the reader with an example of mantric encoding. It also demonstrates that each component of the mantra can be defined by sound, shape, and movement. These elements are far from arbitrary. Instead, they show that mantras are essential parts of the cosmos. They exist to help people discover, not to create. Even in- and out-breaths can be understood and utilized as mantra.","PeriodicalId":324927,"journal":{"name":"Illness and Immortality","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133962219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Identity and Purity","authors":"Patricia Sauthoff","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197553268.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197553268.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 4 examines the interrelationship between religion and society for followers of the non-dual Tantric Śaiva tradition. It explores the new Tantric identities created through initiation and asks how these new identities impact the larger social experience of practitioners. It then reflects on the origin of Tantric practice and maps how Tantra seeks to subvert the social caste paradigm. The chapter examines the theories about the historical spread of Tantric practice by consulting textual descriptions of practices that are prescribed for members of different castes. This offers a humanizing look at the individual needs and actions of practitioners. It makes the argument that caste erasure was limited to the ritual sphere and was therefore symbolic. The philosophical ideal of the vanquishment of caste distinction is compared with the social necessity for hierarchy. The chapter also explores the nature of auspicious and inauspicious symbols related to initiation.","PeriodicalId":324927,"journal":{"name":"Illness and Immortality","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123382494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Religion of Monarchs","authors":"Patricia Sauthoff","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197553268.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197553268.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 6 examines the socio-historical practicalities of a monarch participating in the Tantric sphere. The twelfth-century chronicle Rājataraṅgiṇī offers a useful guide. Its narratives demonstrate how practitioners who have shed caste identity through initiation still retain it in the social world. It focuses largely on monarchs, disapproving of their participation in Tantric rites. The chapter discusses literary evidence that demonstrates the widespread agreement on what qualifies as prohibited and the penalties for transgressions. It discusses evidence of royal patronage before turning to specific rites related to the king. These rites include marking the body and food of the king with preventative ritual objects and mantras and large-scale rituals that protect everything under the king’s purview. The chapter contrasts these public or semi-public rituals with the private rituals to maintain the monarch’s health.","PeriodicalId":324927,"journal":{"name":"Illness and Immortality","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116939663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Initiation","authors":"Patricia Sauthoff","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197553268.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197553268.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 5 turns toward the theoretical. It examines the use of mantra within initiation (dīkṣā) rites and how Sanskrit phonemes connect to the hierarchy of realities (tattva) through which one passes during initiation. This again offers an example of how the text describes the divine nature of sound. Initiation also offers a practitioner the ability to adopt a new identity. The process of initiation symbolically destroys the initiand’s body, unbinding his soul, and offering him the gift of liberation. The chapter analyzes sections of the Netra Tantra that speak to both the theoretical and practical elements of initiatory rites.","PeriodicalId":324927,"journal":{"name":"Illness and Immortality","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128106238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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