Global Security Health Science and Policy最新文献_第7页

Tungsten oxide: a catalyst worth studying for the abatement and decontamination of chemical warfare agents 氧化钨:一种值得研究的减少和净化化学战剂的催化剂

Global Security Health Science and Policy Pub Date : 2017-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/23779497.2017.1330662

D. Costenaro, C. Bisio, F. Carniato, A. M. Katsev, Sergey L. Safronyuk, N. Starodub, Cristina Tiozzo, M. Guidotti

{"title":"Tungsten oxide: a catalyst worth studying for the abatement and decontamination of chemical warfare agents","authors":"D. Costenaro, C. Bisio, F. Carniato, A. M. Katsev, Sergey L. Safronyuk, N. Starodub, Cristina Tiozzo, M. Guidotti","doi":"10.1080/23779497.2017.1330662","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23779497.2017.1330662","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Tungsten(VI) oxide, WO3, was studied and used as a heterogeneous catalyst for the liquid-phase oxidative abatement and solid-phase decontamination of simulants of chemical warfare agents, CWAs. The catalytic performance of WO3 was compared to the one of a soluble W-containing model catalyst, W(IV)-heptaisobutyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane, W-POSS. In liquid-phase abatement tests, WO3 promoted a complete degradation of the toxic agent simulant within 24 h, in the presence of aqueous hydrogen peroxide, at room temperature. In solid-phase decontamination tests, when WO3 was mixed with sodium perborate as a solid oxidant, it was also tested in the decontamination of a cotton textile support from organosulfide and organophosphonate agents (simulants of blistering and nerve CWAs, respectively), showing promising performances comparable to, or sometimes better than, a nanostructured TiO2 catalyst, taken as a reference material. The environmental impact of the WO3 catalyst was assessed on bioluminescent Photobacterium leiognathi Sh1 bacteria, over which no acute nor chronic detrimental effects were recorded. Then, when in contact with a vegetable species such as Phaseolus vulgaris L. (common bean), WO3 did not cause damage to the photosynthetic apparatus of the plant, whereas a clear inhibition of the seed germination was evidenced.","PeriodicalId":32212,"journal":{"name":"Global Security Health Science and Policy","volume":"21 1","pages":"62 - 75"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72758233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 5

Overlooking forensic evidence? A review of the 2014 International Protocol on the Documentation and Investigation of Sexual Violence in Conflict 忽视法医证据?2014年《关于记录和调查冲突中性暴力行为的国际议定书》的审查

Global Security Health Science and Policy Pub Date : 2017-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/23779497.2017.1281088

Marie-Helen Maras, M. Miranda

{"title":"Overlooking forensic evidence? A review of the 2014 International Protocol on the Documentation and Investigation of Sexual Violence in Conflict","authors":"Marie-Helen Maras, M. Miranda","doi":"10.1080/23779497.2017.1281088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23779497.2017.1281088","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The main task of this article is to determine whether the attention paid to the coverage of documenting, collecting and preserving physical and digital evidence is sufficient to ensure its admissibility in both national and international courts. This article undertakes this task by critically examining the 2014 International Protocol on the Documentation and Investigation of Sexual Violence in Conflict, which was part of the 2014 Global Summit to End Sexual Violence in Conflict. The objectives of this article are threefold. It first considers the special evidentiary rules of international courts. Secondly, it reviews the limited references to physical and digital evidence in the 2014 Protocol and discusses the potential pitfalls of failing to recognise the weight this evidence carries in national and international courts. Finally, the article recommends the use of trained forensic experts in the investigations of sexual violence and the establishment of uniform and comprehensive policies and procedures on the documentation, collection and preservation of forensic evidence, which are currently lacking in the 2014 Protocol.","PeriodicalId":32212,"journal":{"name":"Global Security Health Science and Policy","volume":"21 1","pages":"10 - 21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90510822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 10

Air pollution in India: questions of advocacy and ethics 印度的空气污染:倡导和道德问题

Global Security Health Science and Policy Pub Date : 2017-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/23779497.2017.1398595

R. Worthington, M. McLean, N. Doshi

{"title":"Air pollution in India: questions of advocacy and ethics","authors":"R. Worthington, M. McLean, N. Doshi","doi":"10.1080/23779497.2017.1398595","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23779497.2017.1398595","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In large cities around the world, the effects of air pollution on human health present a growing problem. In this commentary, we assert that governments alone are not responsible for addressing such issues and health care professionals (HCPs) need to consider whether their duty of care should extend beyond normal clinical boundaries. When considering the ethics around the generation and effects of air pollution, especially in relation to justice and health care, actions taken by HCPs (e.g. in a country such as India) potentially extend beyond treating individual patients one-at-a-time for toxic effects of emissions and include advocating on behalf of others. While these problems are not unique to India, India is particularly badly affected by air pollution, and the situation there is made worse by large sectors of the population having limited access to health care, resulting in poor morbidity and mortality outcomes compared with other SE Asian countries. Using illustrative scenarios, we consider the effects of air pollution on present and future generations, recognising, however, that cause and effect are sometimes disconnected, with human behaviour in one place having far-reaching consequences in another place or at another time. Furthermore, the consequences of air pollution do not fall evenly across populations, and an injustice arises if economically challenged, vulnerable sectors of the population pay a price (in this case impaired health) for the actions of others. From a moral perspective, HCPs should be willing to look beyond their traditional role as ‘healers’ and advocate on behalf of others to help limit harms caused by this often invisible yet life-limiting and life-threatening form of pollution. This may require cultural change to existing models of health care, including the role of the HCP, to improve health security in India and elsewhere.","PeriodicalId":32212,"journal":{"name":"Global Security Health Science and Policy","volume":"2014 1","pages":"76 - 83"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87838311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 4

Chemical weapons, Ayatollah Khomeini and Islamic law 化学武器，阿亚图拉·霍梅尼和伊斯兰法律

Global Security Health Science and Policy Pub Date : 2017-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/23779497.2017.1351308

K. Simonen

{"title":"Chemical weapons, Ayatollah Khomeini and Islamic law","authors":"K. Simonen","doi":"10.1080/23779497.2017.1351308","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23779497.2017.1351308","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The purpose of this article is to revive academic discussion about the potential of Islamic norms to affect State policy with regard to weapons of mass destruction. A number of religious norms govern just warfare (jus in bello). Yet, the extension of such norms to weapons of mass destruction, let alone their effect on State policy, has been under-researched not only by Western scholars but also by Islamist ethicists. This case study sets out to discuss different contextual aspects of the role played by religion in Iranian decision-making in relation to chemical weapons during the Iran–Iraq War (1980–1988). Iran constitutes a sui generis case when it comes to evaluating the power of religious norms to affect policy. This is due to religion’s major role in the society’s cultural and constitutional structure. Iraq started using chemical weapons (‘CW’) against Iran in 1982 and continued to do so through the war. Iran did not respond in kind, initially. Religious norms played a role in Iran’s restraint, but their compliance pull was not absolute. A number of internal factors resulted in the religious prohibitions as well as a number of grand jurists (marāji’-i taqlīd) being sidelined, which paved the way for some CW use and development by Iran. External factors also played a part when the restraint exercised by religious norms was weakened. During the war, the international community remained mostly passive. This type of prioritising of other considerations over concerns of humanity sent a clear message to the Iranian decision-makers. The religious/moral argument was set aside. There are clear lessons for non-proliferation policy to be learned from the Iranian case. The religious argument can play a role in restraining State policy. However, it does not operate in a vacuum. It also needs the unconditional support of external actors engaged in non-proliferation.","PeriodicalId":32212,"journal":{"name":"Global Security Health Science and Policy","volume":"30 1","pages":"29 - 39"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83695750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Civilian exposure to munitions-specific carcinogens and resulting cancer risks for civilians on the Puerto Rican island of Vieques following military exercises from 1947 to 1998 1947年至1998年军事演习后，波多黎各别克斯岛平民暴露于弹药特定致癌物及其导致的平民癌症风险

Global Security Health Science and Policy Pub Date : 2017-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/23779497.2017.1369358

H. Sanderson, P. Fauser, Ricky Steven Stauber, J. Christensen, P. Løfstrøm, Thomas Becker

{"title":"Civilian exposure to munitions-specific carcinogens and resulting cancer risks for civilians on the Puerto Rican island of Vieques following military exercises from 1947 to 1998","authors":"H. Sanderson, P. Fauser, Ricky Steven Stauber, J. Christensen, P. Løfstrøm, Thomas Becker","doi":"10.1080/23779497.2017.1369358","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23779497.2017.1369358","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Estimation of legacy public health risks from munitions residues near or at former military test ranges has for the past decades been a challenge to health authorities. Parts of the island of Vieques (PR) were for six decades used for military training, and these are now declared as a Superfund site. ATSDR has conducted site assessments there and found no cause for public health concerns. The reports and findings of ATSDR have since been heavily contested and disputed. This paper provides a case study on cancer risk screening of munitions-specific carcinogens for the full period of military training on Vieques. Added cancer risks and Margins of Exposure for the different carcinogens for each year were derived. We found that there is a potential for cancer risk concern related to BaP exposures. Furthermore, there were health risks from TNT exposures. The primary exposure route of these compounds was oral. The period 1992–1997 showed a significantly elevated lung and bronchus cancer incidence rate in Vieques compared to Puerto Rico mainland mainly among women <50 yr and men 50–64 yr. These correlate with high munitions exposures in the period 1977–1984.","PeriodicalId":32212,"journal":{"name":"Global Security Health Science and Policy","volume":"44 1","pages":"40 - 61"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72712027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 12

Suppressed swimming activity in Zebrafish (Danio rerio) exposed to 1,4,5-oxadithiepane, a sulphur mustard degradation product* 暴露于硫芥降解产物1,4,5-氧二噻吩对斑马鱼(Danio rerio)游泳活动的抑制*

Global Security Health Science and Policy Pub Date : 2017-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/23779497.2017.1336933

M. Storgaard, H. Sanderson, P. G. Henriksen, Patrick Fauser, A. Östin, E. Baatrup

{"title":"Suppressed swimming activity in Zebrafish (Danio rerio) exposed to 1,4,5-oxadithiepane, a sulphur mustard degradation product*","authors":"M. Storgaard, H. Sanderson, P. G. Henriksen, Patrick Fauser, A. Östin, E. Baatrup","doi":"10.1080/23779497.2017.1336933","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23779497.2017.1336933","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This rapid communication presents novel data on the ecotoxicity of the cyclic sulphur mustard degradation compound, 1,4,5-oxadithiepane. Groups of adult male Zebrafish (Danio rerio) were exposed to 1,4,5-oxadithiepane at 40.3 ± 2.9 μg L-1, 133.3 ± 6.7 μg L-1 and 1533.3 ± 266.7 μg L-1, respectively. After 14 days of exposure, fitness and lethality were accessed and the swimming behaviour of the Zebrafish was measured by an automated video tracking system. The average swimming velocity was decreased significantly from 40.4 ± 2.5 mm s-1 in the control group to 31.8 ± 1.6 mm s-1 in the low dose. The low and high doses demonstrated suppressed average velocities, partly due to elevated immobile periods (rest time). Thus, at 40.3 ± 2.9 μg L-1 and 1533.3 ± 266.7 μg L-1 both parameters were significantly different from the control group. No adverse effects were found at the 1533.3 ± 266.7 μg L-1 treatment level and no lethality, associated with the toxic properties of 1,4,5-oxadithiepane, was observed during the 14 days of exposure suggesting a 14 days No-Observed-Effect-Concentration above 1533.3 μg L-1.","PeriodicalId":32212,"journal":{"name":"Global Security Health Science and Policy","volume":"31 1","pages":"22 - 28"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84986630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 6

Time for structural changes to make the biological and toxin weapons convention more effective 是时候进行结构性改革，使生物和毒素武器公约更加有效

Global Security Health Science and Policy Pub Date : 2016-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/23779497.2016.1213135

G. Pearson

引用次数: 2

Managing dangerous pathogens: challenges in the wake of the recent West African Ebola outbreak 管理危险病原体:最近西非埃博拉疫情爆发后的挑战

Global Security Health Science and Policy Pub Date : 2016-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/23779497.2016.1228431

A. Abayomi, R. Katz, S. Spence, B. Conton, S. Gevao

{"title":"Managing dangerous pathogens: challenges in the wake of the recent West African Ebola outbreak","authors":"A. Abayomi, R. Katz, S. Spence, B. Conton, S. Gevao","doi":"10.1080/23779497.2016.1228431","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23779497.2016.1228431","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In the aftermath of the 2014–2016 West Africa Ebola outbreak, there are a multitude of Ebola samples that are unaccounted for as well as virus samples stored in facilities that do not have an appropriate level of biosecurity and biosafety, creating serious threats to public health and security. In this article, we review the existing global governance mechanisms for addressing this biosafety and biosecurity concern. We also describe an ongoing effort to support the Government of Sierra Leone to find and secure Ebola samples as foreign labs are shut down, and institute systems for biosafety and biosecurity. We describe the challenges of tracking all Ebola samples and their associated data, and efforts to place these samples in suitable inventoried repositories by local health authorities. We recommend that governments around the world ensure that plans, procedures and regulations are in place prior to the chaos of an emergency in order to ensure that dangerous pathogens are handled in safe and secure manners, that data are preserved for research, and appropriate practices are utilised for consent.","PeriodicalId":32212,"journal":{"name":"Global Security Health Science and Policy","volume":"1 1","pages":"51 - 57"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89638407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 10

Total costs associated with replicating and non-replicating smallpox vaccines 与可复制性和不可复制性天花疫苗相关的总成本

Global Security Health Science and Policy Pub Date : 2016-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/23793406.2016.1171944

Axel Lambert de Rouvroit, E. Heegaard

{"title":"Total costs associated with replicating and non-replicating smallpox vaccines","authors":"Axel Lambert de Rouvroit, E. Heegaard","doi":"10.1080/23793406.2016.1171944","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23793406.2016.1171944","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Routine vaccination against smallpox among the general public was discontinued more than three decades ago, resulting in a population that is increasingly susceptible to infection. Moreover, the likelihood of re-introduction of eradicated diseases, such as smallpox, increases with time primarily due to the rapid advancement of biotechnology. Our analysis outlines the relative contribution of each component to the total cost of immunisation as it compares replicating and non-replicating smallpox vaccines for the first time. We calculated the total cost of immunising one person using a replicating vaccine such as ACAM2000 was $139, while using a non-replicating vaccine (IMVAMUNE®) cost $115. Overall, the analysis indicates that the main cost component differences of replicating and non-replicating vaccines are made up of the need for screening, follow-up visit, adverse events, reimbursement and compensation when using replicating vaccines. These costs are almost perfectly balanced against the higher cost of goods, reduced productivity loss and the need for an extra vaccination visit when using a non-replicating vaccine. With the availability of a new vaccine option, preparedness planners will benefit from this analysis to support evidence-based decision-making when preparing a safe, efficacious and cost-effective stockpile and immunisation programme against smallpox.","PeriodicalId":32212,"journal":{"name":"Global Security Health Science and Policy","volume":"1 1","pages":"3 - 9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80547003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 4

Global security – introductory essay 全球安全-介绍性论文

Global Security Health Science and Policy Pub Date : 2016-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/23779497.2015.1133159

P. Wexler, Asish Mohapatra, Barbara Price

引用次数: 0