Mande Studies最新文献

{"title":"Pugsadba : ces figures invisibles du leadership féminin et jeune chez les Moose (Burkina Faso.)","authors":"Adjara Konkobo","doi":"10.2979/mnd.00005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/mnd.00005","url":null,"abstract":"RÉSUMÉ:Cet article traite de la problématique de l’invisibilisation des jeunes filles (pugsadba) dans le leadership féminin et jeune à Yako, une ville moaaga (mossi) au Burkina Faso, régi par des normes patriarcales et gérontocratiques. Le concept d’intersectionnalité est mobilisé pour montrer que le genre, l’âge et le statut conjugal constituent des facteurs combinés de domination qui conduisent à la mise à l’écart des pugsadba des espaces de leadership à Yako. Leurs ainées, mariées ou veuves, règnent en leaders féminins, et leurs pairs masculins de même âge, en leaders jeunes. L’analyse de ces catégories, leadership féminin et leadership jeune permet de comprendre le processus par lequel les jeunes femmes continuent d’être marginalisées dans les champs du pouvoir.ABSTRACT:This article addresses the issue of the invisibility of young girls (pugsadba) in the fields of female and youth leadership in Yako, a Moaga, environment in Burkina Faso, governed by patriarchal and gerontocratic norms. The concept of intersectionality is used to show that the gender, age, and marital status, are combined factors of domination, that lead to the exclusion of pugsadba from leadership spaces in Yako city. Their older counterparts, whether married or widow, reign as female leaders, while their male peers lead in youth leadership roles. Analyzing the contours of these categories of “female leadership” and “youth leadership” help to understand the process by which young women continue to be marginalized in the field of power.","PeriodicalId":322036,"journal":{"name":"Mande Studies","volume":" 5","pages":"59 - 80"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141373302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epilogue: Gold Mining and State Power: The Violent Frontiers of New Social Formations","authors":"Patrick Royer","doi":"10.2979/mnd.2022.a908471","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/mnd.2022.a908471","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":322036,"journal":{"name":"Mande Studies","volume":"21 1","pages":"103 - 97"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139322727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Ritual Geology: Gold and Subterranean Knowledge in Savanna West Africa by Robyn d'Avignon (review)","authors":"Bruce Whitehouse","doi":"10.2979/mnd.2022.a908484","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/mnd.2022.a908484","url":null,"abstract":"The twenty-first century has seen an unprecedented boom in gold mining throughout West Africa, particularly in the expanses where Mande languages are spoken. As yet, however, scholarly monographs examining gold mining in these zones have remained rare. A Ritual Geology, the first book by anthropologist and historian Robyn d’Avignon, is therefore a most welcome addition to research on Africa generally, and more specifically on the Mande world. In its pages the author undertakes a wide-ranging exploration of gold mining, not only as a transnational activity but also as a social and cultural phenomenon with deep historical roots in the region. A Ritual Geology focuses on the relatively small-scale yet geographically extensive forms of gold extraction that Africans engage in without direct support from foreign mining firms or their massive inflows of capital. While Western discourse typically glosses these extraction types as “artisanal,” d’Avignon explains that this label, along with others such as “customary” and “illegal,” fits into a colonial binary that has long mischaracterized African mining techniques—and the knowledge on which they are based—as static, marginal, and primitive. Instead, the author uses the French term orpaillage, which carries less ethnocentric baggage, to designate the extraction activities she studies. Despite being banned by certain states during certain periods in West Africa, orpaillage has today—thanks to rising gold prices and an influx of new technologies—become an economic mainstay of rural communities in Senegal, Guinea, Mali, Burkina Faso, and Côte d’Ivoire. Never a marginal practice, orpaillage now contributes substantially to Africa’s record-setting gold exports, and West African states seek to formalize rather than criminalize this lucrative sector. In tracking the evolution of orpaillage in the region, d’Avignon treats this form of gold extraction on its own terms as both an art and a science resting on a dynamic body of knowledge and technology. Over the course of two millennia, this set of practices and cosmological engagements came to constitute the “ritual geology” of the book’s title, governing how, where, when, and by whom gold can be mined. Along with local customary authorities, miners engaging in orpaillage attribute the risks inherent in mining activity to powerful spirits and djinn deep within the earth. “Digging for gold is predicated on an exchange relationship with people and with the unseen world,” d’Avignon writes (41). The denizens of the unseen world require certain sacrifices to be made and certain taboos to be observed. For example, members of the garanke caste of leatherworkers have long been forbidden from working at mining sites in the region, and no mining activities are permitted on Mondays or after sundown.","PeriodicalId":322036,"journal":{"name":"Mande Studies","volume":"55 1","pages":"328 - 330"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139323349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rapports de genre dans la chaîne opératoire de l'or sur les sites aurifères du Sud-Ouest du Burkina Faso","authors":"Alizèta Ouédraogo","doi":"10.2979/mnd.2022.a908468","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/mnd.2022.a908468","url":null,"abstract":"RÉSUMÉ:Cet article examine le rôle et le statut des femmes dans les exploitations artisanales de l'or dans la région du Sud-Ouest burkinabè durant la période 2012–2021. Avant les années 2000 cette exploitation était de type alluvionnaire / éluvionnaire et n'était pratiquée que par les femmes de la région. En 2000, de nouvelles techniques d'exploitation des gisements filoniens ont nécessité la mise en place de hangars qui abritent le traitement du minerai et qui appartiennent généralement à des femmes. Celles-ci ont dû lutter pour maintenir leur présence dans la chaîne opératoire de l'or en utilisant divers types d'alliances avec les hommes orpailleurs et en investissant dans des activités de cette chaîne. Aujourd'hui, les nouvelles technologies de traitements du minerai, qui évitent l'utilisation du mercure, menacent de disparition les activités des femmes au sein des hangars.SUMMARY:This article examines the role and status of women in artisanal gold mining in the southwestern region of Burkina Faso in the period between 2012 and 2021. Until the 2000s, artisanal gold mining was alluvial/eluvial and was carried out by local women. In 2000 new techniques of exploitation of the lode deposits required the establishment of sheds, generally owned by women, in which the ore is processed. Women have strived to maintain their presence in the chain of operations by using various types of alliances with male gold miners, and by investing financial resources in the activities of the chain. Today new technologies for processing ore without mercury threaten the elimination of women's activities in the sheds.","PeriodicalId":322036,"journal":{"name":"Mande Studies","volume":"10 1","pages":"23 - 49"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139322706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"« L'or ne brille pas pour tous les Maliens » : gouvernance et politique minières au prisme du débat public et des mouvements de contestation","authors":"N’gna Traoré","doi":"10.2979/mnd.2022.a908469","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/mnd.2022.a908469","url":null,"abstract":"RÉSUMÉ:Au Mali, l'or occupe le premier rang des produits d'exportation grâce à la découverte d'importants gisements de minerais aurifères et à leur exploitation par des sociétés multinationales. Malgré la place qu'il occupe dans l'économie nationale, l'or n'a qu'une faible retombée économique et sociale pour les populations maliennes y compris celles des zones aurifères. Afin d'expliquer ce paradoxe, cet article s'intéresse aux réformes minières, à la gouvernance du secteur minier et aux changements politiques, ainsi qu'aux critiques et aux mouvements de contestation. Il fait la jonction entre une analyse anthropologique axée sur les défis liés à la Responsabilité Sociale des Entreprises (RSE), qui s'appuie sur les matériaux empiriques issus de nos recherches doctorales dans le cercle de Kadiolo au sud du Mali, et une approche analytique des sciences politiques basée sur des données documentaires consacrées aux mouvements de révolte en contexte électoral dans la zone aurifère de Kéniéba à l'ouest du pays. Il ressort de ces recherches que l'apport fiscal de l'or est important pour l'Etat et les communes abritant des sites aurifères, mais la gestion des ressources est l'objet de nombreuses critiques. D'autre part, les oppositions à la gouvernance aurifère et l'émergence d'une société civile minière née de ces résistances sont analysées par le biais de la sociologie des mouvements sociaux et du concept de « structure d'opportunités politiques ».ABSTRACT:Gold earns Mali more than its other exports. Although gold exports have benefitted Mali's national economy, the increased income has arguably been of little benefit to the Malian people, especially those who live in gold-producing areas. Using two different analytical approaches, this article shows how so-called reforms to the mining sector, its governance and policies, have led to local criticism and protest. The anthropological approach uses empirical information from my doctoral research in Kadiolo in southern Mali to underline the challenges of Corporate Social Responsibility initiatives. A political science approach is used to analyze documentary evidence on resistance expressed during campaigns and elections in the gold areas of Kenieba in western Mali. Although the earnings from gold are important for the Malian state and the communes with gold mines in them, these earnings do not always positively change local people's lives. Thus, the national policies of gold investment as well as communal use of resources are subject to public debate by local people, civil society, state representatives, and mining corporations. On the other hand, opposition to gold governance and the emergence of a mining civil society born of this resistance are analyzed through the sociology of social movements and the concept of \"political opportunity structure\".","PeriodicalId":322036,"journal":{"name":"Mande Studies","volume":"1 1","pages":"51 - 72"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139323014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Song as Archive: The Ethics of Collaboration & Poetics of Dozo Narrative in the Art of Dramane Coulibaly","authors":"Joseph Hellweg, Dramane Coulibaly, Drissa Kone","doi":"10.2979/mnd.2022.a908482","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/mnd.2022.a908482","url":null,"abstract":"Performance\bputs\bthe\bact\bof\bspeaking\bon\bdisplay—objectifies\bit,\blifts\bit\bto\ba\bdegree\b from its interactional setting and opens it to scrutiny by an audience. Performance heightens awareness of the act of speaking and licenses the audience to evaluate the skill and effectiveness of the performer’s accomplishment. By its very nature, then, performance potentiates decontextualization. (Bauman and Briggs 1990","PeriodicalId":322036,"journal":{"name":"Mande Studies","volume":"44 1","pages":"301 - 321"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139322812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mapping Senufo: Process, Collaboration, and Generous Thinking","authors":"Susan Elizabeth Gagliardi","doi":"10.2979/mnd.2022.a908479","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/mnd.2022.a908479","url":null,"abstract":"Mapping Senufo: Art, Evidence, and the Production of Knowledge—an in-progress, born-digital, collaborative publication project—began as a joint effort. Constantine Petridis, a museum-based scholar, and I, a university faculty member, sought to map geographic locations linked to individual objects classified as Senufo, one of the most celebrated styles of West African art since the early 1900s. Shortly after we started the project, Petridis and I recognized that the ambiguity of location data available for the objects challenged the precision favored by digital mapping programs. As the two of us generated more and more questions about data and mapping, we sought input from people with experience in different domains. The Mapping Senufo team now encompasses an array of people, including a data specialist, a software engineer, and a visual artist. The shape of the team continuously changes, depending on the questions we ask and the intellectual concerns of our team members, as well as our more immediate and longer-term aims. Here I reflect on dimensions of collaboration integral to the Mapping Senufo project. For Petridis and me, and for all members of the project team, collaboration has entailed constant negotiation, openness to shifting our","PeriodicalId":322036,"journal":{"name":"Mande Studies","volume":"7 1","pages":"251 - 263"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139323046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Du Wagadu au Kaabu : le puits, symbole de la fondation, légitimation et destitution du pouvoir au Sahel du VIIIe au XIXe siècles","authors":"M. Sané, M. Labonia","doi":"10.2979/mnd.2022.a908472","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/mnd.2022.a908472","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:We analyze representations of water in relation to wells among certain groups in the Mande area who are struggling with desertification. These representations span the period dating from the formation of the Wagadu-Ghana kingdom to its decline (eighth to thirteenth centuries), the settlement of Mande populations in the Senegambian area from the thirteenth century (under the domination of the Mali Empire), and the fall of the Kaabu kingdom in the nineteenth century. We demonstrate that during the migrations of Soninke and Manding populations from the Sahel the well as a symbol played as much a role in the constitution of power as in its destruction. Our historical and anthropological approach captures the multiple symbolic dimensions of the well, including those associated with the cult of the serpent.RÉSUMÉ:Nous analysons les représentations de l'eau relatives au puits au sein de certains groupes de l'aire mande aux prises avec la désertification. Celles-ci traversent une période allant depuis la formation du royaume de Wagadu-Ghana à son déclin (VIIIe–XIIIe siècles) jusqu'à l'établissement des populations du Mande dans l'espace sénégambien à partir du XIIIe siècle (sous la domination de l'Empire du Mali) et la chute du royaume de Kaabu survenue au XIXe siècle. Nous démontrons que lors des migrations des populations soninke et manding en provenance du Sahel, le puits est intervenu autant dans les instances constitutives du pouvoir que celles de sa destruction. L'approche historique et anthropologique saisit les multiples dimensions symboliques du puits dont celles associées au culte du serpent.","PeriodicalId":322036,"journal":{"name":"Mande Studies","volume":"82 3 1","pages":"106 - 130"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139322686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Introduction: Critical Collecting & Participatory Archiving: Alternative Visions for Managing Cultural Resources between Global South and North","authors":"Rosa de Jorio, Joseph Hellweg","doi":"10.2979/mnd.2022.a908478","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/mnd.2022.a908478","url":null,"abstract":"T his special feature explores various international, state-sponsored, private-sector, and independent initiatives that are creating, sustaining, and modifying archival collections. Such initiatives have developed during a period in West Africa in which widespread insecurity, political crises, transnational religious movements, and escalations of violence have shaped the contexts of collection and preservation efforts. In such circumstances, investments of time, effort, and resources in cultural curation have emerged as a promising path toward peace and reconciliation. The essays in this feature engage with this rapidly changing context while examining particular archival projects and emphasizing the importance of personal involvement and interpersonal collab-orations. Our contributors critically evaluate different collaborative approaches to collecting and accessing, as well as disseminating knowledge about, aspects of cultural heritage, while foregrounding an ethics of care. The contributions featured here originally appeared as papers in a double panel, “Archives, Collections, and Digital Media as Collaborative Possibilities,” held at the annual meeting of the African Studies Association in Philadelphia on Friday, November 18, 2022. 1 Four of us have agreed to expand and present our contributions here. Before introducing the feature’s contributions and contributors, we first situate our concerns within broader conversations on archiving and collecting in contemporary West Africa.","PeriodicalId":322036,"journal":{"name":"Mande Studies","volume":"14 1","pages":"244 - 249"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139322954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pluri-nuptialité et changement social à Bamako: Vers une polygamie durable?","authors":"Bruce Whitehouse","doi":"10.2979/mnd.2022.a908476","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/mnd.2022.a908476","url":null,"abstract":"RÉSUMÉ:Alors que des chercheurs occidentaux avaient autrefois prédit la disparition de la polygamie dans les villes africaines, cette forme de mariage s'est avérée résistante face à une croissance urbaine rapide et face aux changements sociaux. Cet article retrace les forces sociales qui sous-tendent la résilience de la polygamie moderne à Bamako (Mali) où une femme sur quatre se trouve dans un mariage polygame. Sur la base des données issues de recherches ethnographiques et d'enquêtes démographiques dans la ville de Bamako, cette étude met en avant trois catégories analytiques : la culture (y compris la religion musulmane), la démographie, et le droit postcolonial. Elle conclut que la polygamie restera une composante du système matrimonial à Bamako malgré les bouleversement liés à l'urbanisation et à la mondialisation.ABSTRACT:Although a previous generation of Western social scientists predicted polygamy's demise in African cities, this form of marriage has proven resilient in the face of rapid urban growth and sweeping social change. This article traces the various social forces underlying modern polygamy's resilience in Bamako, Mali, where one in four wives is in a polygamous marriage. Mustering data from ethnographic fieldwork and demographic surveys, it highlights three analytical categories and their relationship to marriage patterns: culture (including the Muslim religion), demography, and postcolonial law. It concludes that polygamy will remain a component of the marriage system in Bamako despite the disruptions stemming from urbanization and globalization.","PeriodicalId":322036,"journal":{"name":"Mande Studies","volume":"29 1","pages":"201 - 221"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139323354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}