Latin as the Language of Science and Learning最新文献_第3页

Latin as the Language of Science and Learning Pub Date : 2021-11-08 DOI: 10.1515/9783110745832-006

{"title":"5 The demarcation problem","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/9783110745832-006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110745832-006","url":null,"abstract":"§1 This chapter returns to the semantic web of terms related to science before modernity, coupling it with the problem of defining and demarcating science from similar human activities today. Chapter 3 has made clear that in Antiquity, science was not yet a clearly defined single concept – it bore several names – but that its principles were known and practised by some. One might say that the epicentre of what would be science for us today lay somewhere between ἐπιστήμη, φιλοσοφία, τέχνη, μάθημα, and ἱστορία. Although we do have a single name for ‘science’ from the twelfth century onward, science is, of course, still related to similar activities that mostly also go back to antique concepts. Viewed diachronically, this means that we can envisage a complicated and shifting web of concepts around what we tried to define as ‘science’ in the previous chapter. Today, the concept ‘science’ is related to and stands in some kind of contrast to activities such as religion, magic, philosophy, pseudo-science, and technology. It will be best not to look for a single criterion of demarcation to keep science apart from all these other activities, which is likely to be too wide or too strict. For instance, that of Popper uses falsifiability, which would seem to lead to the exclusion of much of even contemporary natural science. Today, the human activity most difficult to separate from science may well be what is variously called pseudo-, crackpot, or junk science. In contrast to the other concepts in figure 4, this one arose only after science had established itself as a crucially important category in life, one that had become worth imitating. Unfortunately, there is a lot of such junk science published these days. Gruenberger (1962) half-jokingly proposed an interesting measure for such ‘crackpotness’; the factors it takes into consideration are public verifiability, predictability, controlled experiments, Ockham’s Razor, fruitfulness, ability to communicate, humility, open-mindedness, Fulton non-sequitur paranoia, the ‘dollar complex’, and statistics compulsion. Each of these (or the lack of them) gets a score; the scores are then summed up. The higher the result, the more the author in question is a ‘crackpot scientist’. Occasionally, some established scholar or scientist makes fun of junk science tendencies in a field by deliberately publishing junk science that fits into a current mainstream narrative but is completely devoid of scientific content. The most famous example is Sokal (1996); more recently, a paper about ‘The Conceptual Pe-","PeriodicalId":321723,"journal":{"name":"Latin as the Language of Science and Learning","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125427070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

11 University science: An Aristotelian Revolution 大学科学:亚里士多德式的革命

Latin as the Language of Science and Learning Pub Date : 2021-11-08 DOI: 10.1515/9783110745832-012

引用次数: 0

8 Foundations of Roman science in Latin 罗马科学的拉丁文基础

Latin as the Language of Science and Learning Pub Date : 2021-11-08 DOI: 10.1515/9783110745832-009

引用次数: 0

Frontmatter

Latin as the Language of Science and Learning Pub Date : 2021-11-08 DOI: 10.1515/9783110745832-fm

引用次数: 0

14 The demise of Latin as language of science 14拉丁语作为科学语言的消亡

Latin as the Language of Science and Learning Pub Date : 2021-11-08 DOI: 10.1515/9783110745832-015

引用次数: 0

21 How are new scientific concepts expressed? 新的科学概念是如何表达的?

Latin as the Language of Science and Learning Pub Date : 2021-11-08 DOI: 10.1515/9783110745832-022

引用次数: 0

24 On the relation between science, culture, and language 论科学、文化和语言的关系

Latin as the Language of Science and Learning Pub Date : 2021-11-08 DOI: 10.1515/9783110745832-025

{"title":"24 On the relation between science, culture, and language","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/9783110745832-025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110745832-025","url":null,"abstract":"actuare, agibilis, appetibilitas, assumptibilis, campsorius, causali-tas, certitudinalis, cognoscibilitas, cognoscitivus, cointelligere, communicabilitas, concausa, condicionalis, condicionatus, condignativus, condignitas, condividere, connaturalitas, consi-liabilis, consiliativus, conspecialis, constrictivus, contiguatio, contrapassio, contrapassum, contumeliatio, contumeliativus, deratiocinari, deteriorativus, difformiter, dimensivus, dinoti-ca, discontinuare, discontinuatio, discontinuus, disputativus, divinativus, doctrinatio, executi-vus, exemplaritas, exercitivus, exigitivus, fontalitas, formalitas, gubernativus, habilitatio, ideare, ideatio, immediatio, immutativus, impotentialitas, improbabilitas, improcessibilis, in-communicabilitas, incompossibilis, incorporeitas, indisciplinabilis, individuare, individuatio, infiguratio, iniustificatio, inquisitive, intimativus, inventivus, iudicativus, iudicatorium, laesi-vus, latitatio, legispositivus, limpiditas, materialitas, meliorativus, nutrimentalis, oboedientia-lis, occasionare, partialitas, parvificentia, parvificus, parvipensio, per-vietas, postpraedicamentum, potentialitas, praeacceptio, praeconsiliatus, praedeterminatio, praevolatio, principativus, protestativus, quidditativus, regitivus, reminiscitivus, satisfactivus, speculabilis, sperativus, subactivus, subalternare, subauctoritas, sub-stantificator, substantivare, supersubstantialitas, tactivus, unitive, We review the history of CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeat) biol-ogy from its initial discovery through the elucidation of the CRISPR-Cas9 enzyme mechan-ism, which has set the stage for remarkable developments using this technology to modify, regulate, or mark genomic loci in a wide variety of cells and organisms from all three do-mains of life. These results highlight a new era in which genomic manipulation is no longer a bottleneck to experiments, paving the way toward fundamental discoveries in biology, with applications in all branches of biotechnology, as well as strategies for human therapeu-tics.","PeriodicalId":321723,"journal":{"name":"Latin as the Language of Science and Learning","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122244562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0