Latin as the Language of Science and Learning最新文献_第2页

3 The wider semantic field of ‘science’ in the classical languages 古典语言中“科学”的更广泛的语义领域

Latin as the Language of Science and Learning Pub Date : 2021-11-08 DOI: 10.1515/9783110745832-004

{"title":"3 The wider semantic field of ‘science’ in the classical languages","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/9783110745832-004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110745832-004","url":null,"abstract":"§1 The insight that words are not atom-like entities that bear meaning by and in themselves without relation to others, but that they ought rather to be likened to Leibnizian monads that mirror all other monads in a large network, was first developed by Jost Trier. The German scholars Jost Trier and Walter Porzig address semantic fields as Sinnbezirke, Wortfelder, or Bedeutungsfelder and point out that semantics must take into account the structure of language. Indeed, there is usually semantic anisomorphism between languages, as few (if any) words cover exactly the same semantic ground in any two languages. A prime example of this are colour words, which cover a physically ‘objective’ radiation spectrum very differently in different languages. Such (admittedly not always so easily definable) ‘denotational fields’ are divided differently in different languages. There is no need to enter here into the (difficult) theoretical discussions about how exactly such fields should be conceived of and how they can be precisely defined; instead, semantic fields will be employed in this chapter simply to study terms for activities similar to those we call scientific today, and their names in Greek and Latin. The present chapter will thus take a look at the most important related terms in the ancient languages; chapter 5 will then seek to visualise a web of meaning between them.","PeriodicalId":321723,"journal":{"name":"Latin as the Language of Science and Learning","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129911052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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19 Conclusions on the Latin used in scientific texts 19关于科学文献中拉丁文使用的结论

Latin as the Language of Science and Learning Pub Date : 2021-11-08 DOI: 10.1515/9783110745832-020

{"title":"19 Conclusions on the Latin used in scientific texts","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/9783110745832-020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110745832-020","url":null,"abstract":"§1 The computational results from the previous chapter can now be compared with the observations about the language used in scientific communication assembled in part 2 of this book. Through its long and varied history, Latin has known many different styles and registers. In Antiquity, for instance, we can speak of Ciceronian, ‘bombastic’ (see chap. 8 §11), or Christian Latin. Besides many individual registers and styles, the Latin Middle Ages developed its own kind of Latin koine, which, though different from classical standards to some extent, still had its own relatively fixed and stable standards, first described in detail by Stotz (1996–2004). Its syntax and vocabulary have more in common with Late Antiquity with a good dose of Christian Latin, than with Classical Latin. In the Middle Ages, some special types of Latin, such as Hiberno-Latin or scholastic Latin, are easy to discern too. In early modern times, humanist Latin contrasts with more pragmatic Latin. Those are but a few examples. Approaches to science have also changed significantly in the two thousand years reviewed in part 2. We found seven epochs. In some of them, language and approaches seem to have remained quite constant (the time of the artes liberales, university science, Scientific Revolution); those in between were rather more diverse (Roman Antiquity, twelfth century, Renaissance). Some attempts to group scientific Latin texts on the basis of all the data we have so far encountered are now presented: based on the last and apparently most convincing PCA plot (§2), on Latin style (§3), and on Greek scientific models (§4). Typical example texts are then presented and analysed (§§5–6). The discussion of differences that are due to scientific topics is postponed to chapter 20 §8.","PeriodicalId":321723,"journal":{"name":"Latin as the Language of Science and Learning","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114560222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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Acknowledgements and practicalities 致谢和实用性

Latin as the Language of Science and Learning Pub Date : 2021-11-08 DOI: 10.1515/9783110745832-202

{"title":"Acknowledgements and practicalities","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/9783110745832-202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110745832-202","url":null,"abstract":"This book took a long time to come to fruition. Back in 2010, I started to contemplate the idea of studying the relationship between Latin and science, especially linguistically, a topic that had previously hardly been tackled at all. Over time I realised that such linguistic study cannot meaningfully be done without first studying the changing approaches to what science is during the long cultural dominance of Latin in Western Europe. This led to the first two parts of this book. At the time, there were no open tools for corpus linguistic studies of serious amounts of Latin text in existence, which is why I started the Corpus Corporum project (http://www.mlat.uzh.ch) in 2012 – an open full-text Latin repository able to process texts in the standard TEI xml format. It automatically lemmatises every Latin word and adds grammatical information such as parts of speech to it. A COST grant (IS1005) enabled me to initiate the project, and I thank the Chair of Mediaeval Latin in Zurich for supporting the ongoing running costs of Corpus Corporum. Its software was initially developed by Max Bänziger and is now being developed further by Jan Ctibor (University of Prague); the project is ongoing and by now collaborating with many other scholarly institutions. It has grown into the largest Latin text repository in existence, with more than 8,500 texts and 165 million words. Corpus Corporum provided much of the input data used in this book, especially in part 3. During this long time, I have studied, learned, taught, and worked at the Seminar for Mediaeval Latin of the University of Zurich (since 2014 part of the Department for Greek and Latin Philology). My warm thanks are due to these institutions and especially to my late teacher Peter Stotz, who read an early version of the book and suggested improvements, and to the current Chair of Mediaeval Latin, Carmen Cardelle de Hartmann; they both provided me with the ideal environment for such long-term in-depth studies – something that is becoming increasingly rare in today’s fast-paced university environment. This study was accepted as a habilitation thesis in Latin philology in 2021 at the University of Zurich. Further thanks are due to the reviewers – Martin Korenjak (Innsbruck) and a further anonymous reviewer of the habilitation commission – as well as to the commission itself, consisting of Carmen Cardelle de Hartmann, Ulrich Eigler, Philipp Sarasin, and Paul Widmer. The importance of institute research libraries where relevant literature about authors and works can be found together in one place – an institutional structure now regrettably to be abolished in Zurich – for writing a book like the present one can hardly be emphasised too much. I profited greatly from the existence of the Mediaeval Latin and classics libraries at the University of Zurich. There is still a long way to go before a fully digital world of scholarship might be able to provide similar aids in these fields. I have also re-","PeriodicalId":321723,"journal":{"name":"Latin as the Language of Science and Learning","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127864445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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18 Linguistic development studied in a general scientific corpus 在一般科学语料库中研究语言发展

Latin as the Language of Science and Learning Pub Date : 2021-11-08 DOI: 10.1515/9783110745832-019

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9 The age of the artes liberales 自由艺术的时代

Latin as the Language of Science and Learning Pub Date : 2021-11-08 DOI: 10.1515/9783110745832-010

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12 New approaches in the Renaissance 文艺复兴时期的12种新方法

Latin as the Language of Science and Learning Pub Date : 2021-11-08 DOI: 10.1515/9783110745832-013

Giorgio Vasari

{"title":"12 New approaches in the Renaissance","authors":"Giorgio Vasari","doi":"10.1515/9783110745832-013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110745832-013","url":null,"abstract":"§1 The term ‘Renaissance’, intended as a rebirth of Antiquity, was first used in art, although as late as the mid-sixteenth century, by Giorgio Vasari. Moreover, it was only Jacob Burckhardt’s epoch-making work Die Cultur der Renaissance in Italien (1860) that paved the way for the introduction of a completely new epoch in all facets of life emerging in fifteenth-century Italy, one that tried to renew and emulate Roman Antiquity. His approach has been much criticised in the past few decades; indeed, even the fact that many leading Renaissance men were members of the clergy should have alerted scholars to the fact that they did not intend to resurrect ancient Rome in all its facets, which would have included pagan religion. Even so, it does still make sense to have a new epoch begin in fifteenth century, as in this time many external parameters changed that were bound to influence people’s perception of themselves and their relation to the past. The most important of these were the immigration of Greeks to Italy (in 1453 Constantinople fell to the Ottomans); the invention of the printing press (Gutenberg from 1455), accelerating the circulation of new ideas decidedly; the new republican state forms in Italy, in which a new, flourishing literate middle class engaged in trade; and, in connection with this knowledge of foreign places, the reconquista of the Iberian peninsula (completed in 1492). This led to the age of discoveries: Bartolomeu Dias sailed around Africa in 1488, Columbus landed in the New World in 1492, Vasco da Gama reached India in 1498, and Fernão de Magalhães, finally, sailed around the world in 1522. The term ‘Renaissance humanism’ is used in order to emphasise the new picture of man emerging in this time. This entailed the possibility of forming man to true humanity by means of classical studies (and, in contrast to earlier similar attempts, outside the Church). Humanism was at its core a rhetorical and pedagogical movement, seeking to move away from ‘un-Latin’ and unrhetorical scholastic language and back to Ciceronian purity of language and thought. Many humanists were themselves teachers or wrote textbooks and translations intended to supplant the ‘barbarous’, ‘mediaeval’ material available. A high appreciation of Greek culture came as a by-product of emulating classical Roman erudition. The","PeriodicalId":321723,"journal":{"name":"Latin as the Language of Science and Learning","volume":"84 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122715574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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7 Greek science and its language in Antiquity 古代希腊科学及其语言

Latin as the Language of Science and Learning Pub Date : 2021-11-08 DOI: 10.1515/9783110745832-008

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16 From Latin to vernacular science 从拉丁语到方言科学

Latin as the Language of Science and Learning Pub Date : 2021-11-08 DOI: 10.1515/9783110745832-017

Lorenzo Valla

{"title":"16 From Latin to vernacular science","authors":"Lorenzo Valla","doi":"10.1515/9783110745832-017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110745832-017","url":null,"abstract":"§1 This concluding chapter of part 2 of this book considers how Latin’s rôle as the leading language of science and learning came to an end. Above (chap. 14), we have seen that the eighteenth century was crucial to ending Latin’s hegemony in science. First, the more general question is taken up of whether Latin is now finally dead (§1); Latin’s main advantage, its stability in time, is considered (§2); then the question of how the vernaculars had to adapt to become vehicles of science is briefly tackled (§§3–5); and finally, the general situation is evaluated (§6). The further development of vernacular science is outside the scope of this book; the linguistic changes to Latin will be the topic of part 3. Now, if even in scientific communication and in the Catholic Church, which may have been the two last bastions of Latin, Latin is practically no longer used today, we may wonder: is Latin now a truly dead language? It is definitely extinct as a language with native speakers who learn it from their parents. That ceased to be the case a long time ago. But does this mean that it is dead? Those native speakers developed their way of speaking, which produced the Romance languages. But rhetorical Classical Latin was not the language of everyday life, as even a cursory comparison between Cicero’s orations and his familiar letters shows. Thus, from very early on, literary Latin began to be disconnected from the spoken language. This situation can be seen as continuing until the nineteenth century, when Latin lost the most important position among school subjects. Among humanists from Lorenzo Valla to our own days, who only consider literature written by native speakers as of intrinsic value, this situation is completely misjudged. An entire genre of ‘antibarbarus’ literature meaning to purge Latin grew up over the centuries, culminating in Krebs’s Antibarbarus, which was last reworked by Joseph Hermann Schmalz and printed in Basle in 1905. For Krebs, Latin from Late Antiquity is already of questionable value because the spoken language had drifted away from the written one. The simple amount of scientific, philosophical, and other relevant Latin texts, which is much greater and was","PeriodicalId":321723,"journal":{"name":"Latin as the Language of Science and Learning","volume":"69 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130239905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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Appendix 2 附录2

Latin as the Language of Science and Learning Pub Date : 2021-11-08 DOI: 10.1515/9783110745832-028

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23 The reuse of Latin in the modern languages of science 拉丁语在现代科学语言中的重复使用

Latin as the Language of Science and Learning Pub Date : 2021-11-08 DOI: 10.1515/9783110745832-024

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