Particle DetectorsPub Date : 2020-06-30DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198858362.003.0016
H. Kolanoski, N. Wermes
{"title":"Detectors for cosmic particles, neutrinos and exotic matter","authors":"H. Kolanoski, N. Wermes","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198858362.003.0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198858362.003.0016","url":null,"abstract":"Astroparticle physics deals with the investigation of cosmic radiation using similar detection methods as in particle physics, however, mostly with quite different detector arrangements. In this chapter the detection principles for the different radiation types with cosmic origin are presented, this includes charged particles, gamma radiation, neutrinos and possibly existing Dark Matter. In the case of neutrinos also experiments at accelerators and reactors are included. Examples, which are typical for the different areas, are given for detectors and their properties. For cosmic ray detection apparatuses are deployed above the atmosphere with balloons or satellites or on the ground using the atmosphere as calorimeter in which high-energy cosmic rays develop showers or in underground areas including in water and ice.","PeriodicalId":321351,"journal":{"name":"Particle Detectors","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129048802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Particle DetectorsPub Date : 2020-06-30DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198858362.003.0009
H. Kolanoski, N. Wermes
{"title":"Track reconstruction and momentum measurement","authors":"H. Kolanoski, N. Wermes","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198858362.003.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198858362.003.0009","url":null,"abstract":"The reconstruction of a charged particle’s trajectory in a magnetic field allows us to determine the momentum vector, that is both the particle’s momentum and its direction. This chapter begins with the description of typical magnetic field configurations and the parametrisation of particle trajectories in homogeneous magnetic fields. For different detector configurations a detailed discussion of the reconstruction of particle trajectories from the measured points. Special attention is given to the achievable resolutions of position, direction, momentum and impact parameter, including newly derived formulas for the effects of multiple scattering.","PeriodicalId":321351,"journal":{"name":"Particle Detectors","volume":"134 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116570518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Particle DetectorsPub Date : 2020-06-30DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198858362.003.0012
H. Kolanoski, N. Wermes
{"title":"Transition radiation detectors","authors":"H. Kolanoski, N. Wermes","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198858362.003.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198858362.003.0012","url":null,"abstract":"The rearrangement of the electromagnetic field of a charged particle at a transition between media with different electric permittivity leads to the emission of electromagnetic radiation, so-called transition radiation. The chapter begins with the description of the characteristics of the radiation at a boundary, such as angular distribution, energy spectrum, dependence on the Lorentz factor γ and photon yield. Then it is shown that a sufficient photon yield can only be achieved with a large number of transitions which is usually accomplished with stacks of thin foils. The interference phenomena and their dependence on the coherence conditions, parametrised by the ‘formation length’ are explained in detail. The explanation includes also threshold and saturation effects on the measurement of the Lorentz factor γ. Finally, typical transition radiation detectors are presented.","PeriodicalId":321351,"journal":{"name":"Particle Detectors","volume":"135 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122491968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Particle DetectorsPub Date : 2020-06-30DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198858362.003.0005
H. Kolanoski, N. Wermes
{"title":"Signal formation by moving charges","authors":"H. Kolanoski, N. Wermes","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198858362.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198858362.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"Normally modern detectors are read out electronically. The signals that are induced on the detector electrodes are generated by the movement of charges relative to the electrodes. The general principle for the calculation of the signals is introduced on the basis of the Shockley-Ramo theorem applying the concept of weighting fields to an arbitrary number of electrodes in field volumes with and without space charge. Examples of the time development of signals are calculated for electrode arrangements with plate and cylinder geometry and for electrodes with strip or pixel segmentation.","PeriodicalId":321351,"journal":{"name":"Particle Detectors","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124214447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Particle DetectorsPub Date : 2020-06-30DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198858362.003.0006
H. Kolanoski, N. Wermes
{"title":"Non-electronic detectors","authors":"H. Kolanoski, N. Wermes","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198858362.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198858362.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter presents the non-electronic detector types cloud chamber, bubble chamber and photoemulsions with which the trajectories of ionizing particles can be made visible. Of these ‘classical’ detectors cloud and bubble chambers have today no or at most only minor relevance in research because of their relatively cumbersome data acquisition. However, photoemulsions–despite their laborious data analysis–are still employed in modern experiments when it comes to achieving position resolutions in the micrometer regime. Therefore deployment and analysis of photoemulsions are described in some more detail. Cloud chambers are today only used for demonstration purposes to make radioactivity and cosmic radiation visible. Bubble chamber pictures are frequently drawn on to display reaction chains and event topologies.","PeriodicalId":321351,"journal":{"name":"Particle Detectors","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130470179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Particle DetectorsPub Date : 2020-06-30DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198858362.003.0007
H. Kolanoski, N. Wermes
{"title":"Gas-filled detectors","authors":"H. Kolanoski, N. Wermes","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198858362.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198858362.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"Detectors that record charged particles through their ionisation of gases are found in many experiments of nuclear and particle physics. By conversion of the charges created along a track into electrical signals, particle trajectories can be measured with these detectors in large volumes, also inside magnetic fields. The operation principles of gaseous detectors are explained, which include charge generation, gas amplification, operation modes and gas mixtures. Different detector types are described in some detail, starting with ionisation chambers without gas amplification, proceeding to those with gas amplification like spark and streamer chambers, parallel plate arrangements, multi-wire proportional chambers, chambers with microstructured electrodes, drift chambers, and ending with time-projection chambers. The chapter closes with an overview of aging effects in gaseous detectors which cause negative alterations of the detector performance.","PeriodicalId":321351,"journal":{"name":"Particle Detectors","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131886058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：