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Are Revolving Loan Funds A Better Way To Finance Rural Development 循环贷款基金是资助农村发展的更好方式吗
Agricultural Information Bulletins Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.22004/AG.ECON.33713
J. J. Mikesell, G. B. Wallace
{"title":"Are Revolving Loan Funds A Better Way To Finance Rural Development","authors":"J. J. Mikesell, G. B. Wallace","doi":"10.22004/AG.ECON.33713","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22004/AG.ECON.33713","url":null,"abstract":"Revolving loan funds (RLF's) operate, in principle, by issuing new loans as old loans are repaid. Although best suited to increasing credit access for viable firms that lack alternative funding sources, many RLF's are assisting local businesses in need of capital but financially nonviable. Two major problems arise when RLF's are used to transfer this kind of public subsidy to failing businesses: (1) RLF's require periodic refunding to avoid continued erosion of their capital base and (2) in lending money to high-risk borrowers, RLF's experience high loss rates.","PeriodicalId":320670,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Information Bulletins","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127845974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
U.S. Organic Farming Emerges in the 1990s: Adoption of Certified Systems 美国有机农业兴起于20世纪90年代:认证体系的采用
Agricultural Information Bulletins Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.22004/AG.ECON.33777
C. Greene
{"title":"U.S. Organic Farming Emerges in the 1990s: Adoption of Certified Systems","authors":"C. Greene","doi":"10.22004/AG.ECON.33777","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22004/AG.ECON.33777","url":null,"abstract":"Farmers have been developing organic farming systems in the United States for decades. State and private institutions also began emerging during this period to set organic farming standards and provide third-party verification of label claims, and legislation requiring national standards was passed in the 1990s. More U.S. producers are considering organic farming systems in order to lower input costs, conserve nonrenewable resources, capture high-value markets, and boost farm income. Organic farming systems rely on practices such as cultural and biological pest management, and virtually prohibit synthetic chemicals in crop production and antibiotics or hormones in livestock production. This report updates U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) estimates of land farmed with organic practices during 1992-94 with 1997 estimates, and provides new State- and crop-level detail.","PeriodicalId":320670,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Information Bulletins","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130613364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 41
Exploring Food Purchase Behavior of Low-Income Households: How Do They Economize? 探讨低收入家庭的食品购买行为:他们是如何节约的?
Agricultural Information Bulletins Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.22004/AG.ECON.33711
Ephraim S. Leibtag, P. Kaufman
{"title":"Exploring Food Purchase Behavior of Low-Income Households: How Do They Economize?","authors":"Ephraim S. Leibtag, P. Kaufman","doi":"10.22004/AG.ECON.33711","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22004/AG.ECON.33711","url":null,"abstract":"This report compares food purchases by U.S. households of different income levels and finds that low-income shoppers spend less on food purchases despite some evidence that they face generally higher purchase prices. Households can economize on food spending by purchasing more discounted products, favoring private-label (generic) products over brand, pursuing volume discounts, or settling for a less expensive product (for example, less lean beef within a product class. A 1998 sample of food store purchase data shows that low-income households adhere to these practices when possible, but that the typically smaller size of food stores in urban and rural locations may sometimes preclude them from doing so.","PeriodicalId":320670,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Information Bulletins","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114832043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 107
Farm Resource Regions 农业资源区域
Agricultural Information Bulletins Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.22004/AG.ECON.33625
R. Heimlich
{"title":"Farm Resource Regions","authors":"R. Heimlich","doi":"10.22004/AG.ECON.33625","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22004/AG.ECON.33625","url":null,"abstract":"ERS recently constructed a new set of regions depicting geographic specialization in production of U.S. farm commodities. ERS will use the new regions to display results of its analyses in a broad array of venues from briefings to publications, our web site, and journal articles. This pamphlet introduces the new ERS Farm Resource Regions, explains their origin and rationale, and serves as a reference for our clients.","PeriodicalId":320670,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Information Bulletins","volume":"178 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133589249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 102
Fruit and Vegetable Consumption: Looking Ahead to 2020 蔬果消费:展望2020年
Agricultural Information Bulletins Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.22004/AG.ECON.33611
B. Lin
{"title":"Fruit and Vegetable Consumption: Looking Ahead to 2020","authors":"B. Lin","doi":"10.22004/AG.ECON.33611","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22004/AG.ECON.33611","url":null,"abstract":"Rising income, higher educational attainment, improved diet and health knowledge, more frequent eating out, and a growing population that will become older and more diverse in race and ethnicity are all shaping U.S. agricultural consumption. These effects are analyzed using data from the 1994-96 and 1998 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals. We then project the consumption of 25 food groups and 22 commodity groups, including various fruit and vegetable groups, to 2020.","PeriodicalId":320670,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Information Bulletins","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122882658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 17
Characteristics and Risk Management Needs of Limited-Resource and Socially Disadvantaged Farmers 资源有限和社会弱势农民的特点和风险管理需求
Agricultural Information Bulletins Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.22004/AG.ECON.33622
R. Dismukes, J. Harwood, S. Bentley
{"title":"Characteristics and Risk Management Needs of Limited-Resource and Socially Disadvantaged Farmers","authors":"R. Dismukes, J. Harwood, S. Bentley","doi":"10.22004/AG.ECON.33622","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22004/AG.ECON.33622","url":null,"abstract":"Small U.S. farms and those run by socially disadvantaged minority operators tend not to purchase insurance or to participate in insurance-type programs operated by USDA. This report traces the lack of use of such risk management measures to several characteristics of such farmers, who include females, blacks, American Indians, Asian/Pacific Islanders, and operators of Spanish origin. These farmers tend, more than the typical U.S. farm, to raise livestock rather than crops, and there are no government-sponsored insurance-type programs for livestock.","PeriodicalId":320670,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Information Bulletins","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128366604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 20
THE SEED INDUSTRY IN U.S. AGRICULTURE: AN EXPLORATION OF DATA AND INFORMATION ON CROP SEED MARKETS, REGULATION, INDUSTRY STRUCTURE, AND RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 美国农业中的种业:对作物种子市场、监管、产业结构和研发的数据和信息的探索
Agricultural Information Bulletins Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.22004/AG.ECON.33671
J. Fernandez-Cornejo
{"title":"THE SEED INDUSTRY IN U.S. AGRICULTURE: AN EXPLORATION OF DATA AND INFORMATION ON CROP SEED MARKETS, REGULATION, INDUSTRY STRUCTURE, AND RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT","authors":"J. Fernandez-Cornejo","doi":"10.22004/AG.ECON.33671","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22004/AG.ECON.33671","url":null,"abstract":"The unprecedented growth in crop yields and agricultural total factor productivity over the past 70 years owes much to a series of biological innovations embodied in seeds, beginning with the development of hybrid crops in the United States in the early part of the 20 th century, continuing with the adoption of high-yielding varieties during the Green Revolution of the 1960s and 1970s, and more recently, modern biotechnology. Throughout this period, the seed industry evolved, as small businesses gave way to larger enterprises that integrated plant breeding, production, conditioning, and marketing functions. The industry was further shaped by widespread mergers and acquisitions in the latter part of the century, rapid growth in private research and development (R&D), shifting roles of public and private R&D, and a “coming of age” of agricultural biotechnology.","PeriodicalId":320670,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Information Bulletins","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123760850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 160
Consumer Acceptance of Irradiated Meat and Poultry Products 消费者对辐照肉类及家禽产品的接受程度
Agricultural Information Bulletins Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.22004/AG.ECON.33616
P. Frenzen, T. A. Majchrowicz, J. Buzby, Beth Imhoff
{"title":"Consumer Acceptance of Irradiated Meat and Poultry Products","authors":"P. Frenzen, T. A. Majchrowicz, J. Buzby, Beth Imhoff","doi":"10.22004/AG.ECON.33616","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22004/AG.ECON.33616","url":null,"abstract":"The Federal Government began allowing food manufacturers to irradiate raw meat and meat products to control pathogenic microorganisms in February 2000. Consumer acceptance of irradiated foods could affect public health because many foodborne illnesses occur when consumers handle or eat meat or poultry contaminated by microbial pathogens. However, food manufacturers have been slow to adopt irradiation, partly because of the perception that relatively few consumers are willing to buy irradiated foods. A recent survey by the Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet) confirmed this perception: only half of the adult residents of the FoodNet sites were willing to buy irradiated ground beef or chicken, and only a fourth were willing to pay a premium for these products, which cost more to produce than comparable nonirradiated products. These findings suggest that the impact of food irradiation on public health will be limited unless consumer preferences change, perhaps in response to educational messages about the safety and benefits of food irradiation.","PeriodicalId":320670,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Information Bulletins","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124952271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 48
STRUCTURE OF THE GLOBAL MARKETS FOR MEAT 全球肉类市场的结构
Agricultural Information Bulletins Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.22004/AG.ECON.33701
J. Dyck, K. Nelson
{"title":"STRUCTURE OF THE GLOBAL MARKETS FOR MEAT","authors":"J. Dyck, K. Nelson","doi":"10.22004/AG.ECON.33701","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22004/AG.ECON.33701","url":null,"abstract":"Meat trade flows among countries and world regions are determined largely by differences among countries in their resource base, their preferences for meat types and cuts, the extent and character of barriers to trade, and the industry structure. Future growth of meat trade depends on further liberalization of protectionist barriers, eradication of animal diseases, economic development, and population growth. Trade growth is likely to feature greater complexity in trade patterns, with more countries engaging in trade, and with an increased tendency for individual countries to import and export meat cuts and offal from the same animal species.","PeriodicalId":320670,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Information Bulletins","volume":"4 5","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120811602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 50
LOW-INCOME HOUSEHOLDS' EXPENDITURES ON FRUITS AND VEGETABLES 低收入家庭在水果和蔬菜上的支出
Agricultural Information Bulletins Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.22004/AG.ECON.34041
N. Blisard, H. Stewart, Dean Jolliffe
{"title":"LOW-INCOME HOUSEHOLDS' EXPENDITURES ON FRUITS AND VEGETABLES","authors":"N. Blisard, H. Stewart, Dean Jolliffe","doi":"10.22004/AG.ECON.34041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22004/AG.ECON.34041","url":null,"abstract":"Both public and private organizations have noted that Americans generally eat less fruits and vegetables than is recommended in the Food Guide Pyramid. For example, the Produce for Better Health Foundation found that only 38 percent of Americans consume the recommended number of servings of vegetables, while only 23 percent consume the recommended number of servings of fruit. Even more troubling, low-income households eat even less fruits and vegetables than higher income households.","PeriodicalId":320670,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Information Bulletins","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123442192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 127
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