Animal Behavior and Cognition最新文献

{"title":"Small Mirrors Do the Trick: A Simple, but Effective Method to Study Mirror Self-Recognition in Chimpanzees","authors":"Kathrin S. Kopp, S. Ebel, R. Wittig, D. Haun, Catherine Crockford","doi":"10.26451/abc.08.03.05.2021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26451/abc.08.03.05.2021","url":null,"abstract":"Mirror self-recognition (MSR) is considered an indicator of self-awareness. Standardized mirror tests reveal compelling evidence for MSR in a few non-human species, including all great apes. However, substantial inter-individual variation of MSR within species resulted in an ongoing methodological controversy, questioning the appropriateness of standard MSR tests for cross-species comparisons. Lack of motivation, in particular, is discussed as one possible cause for false negative results. Here, we compare the spontaneous behavioral response of 47 zoo-housed chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) to (i) standard body-sized, stationary mirrors and (ii) small, portable hand mirrors. We predicted that the monopolizability and maneuverability of small mirrors increase the chances of identifying MSR across a larger proportion of individuals. Chimpanzees both revealed a substantially higher frequency of general mirror-related behaviors and engaged in significantly more and longer behaviors specifically indicating MSR when provided with small mirrors compared to a large mirror. Handheld mirrors provide a more sensitive measure for MSR within and likely between primate species than the traditional large mirrors, and thereby are a potentially valuable tool for studying self-awareness across species.","PeriodicalId":31700,"journal":{"name":"Animal Behavior and Cognition","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83260626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Testing the Relationship Between Looking Time and Choice Preference in Long-tailed Macaques","authors":"V. Wilson, C. Kade, J. Fischer","doi":"10.26451/abc.08.03.03.2021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26451/abc.08.03.03.2021","url":null,"abstract":"Visual bias in social cognition studies is often interpreted to indicate preference, yet it is difficult to elucidate whether this translates to social preference. Moreover, visual bias is often framed in terms of surprise or recognition. It is thus important to examine whether an interpretation of preference is warranted in looking time studies. Here, using touchscreen training, we examined (1) looking time to non-social images in an image viewing task, and (2) preference of non-social images in a paired choice task, in captive long-tailed macaques, Macaca fascicularis. In a touchscreen test phase, we examined (3) looking time to social images in a viewing task, and (4) preference of social images in a paired choice task. Finally, we examined (5) looking time to social images in a non-test environment. For social content, the monkeys did not exhibit clear preferences for any category (conspecific/heterospecific, in-group/outgroup, kin/non-kin, young/old) in the explicit choice paradigm, nor did they differentiate between images in the viewing tasks, thus hampering our interpretation of the data. Post-hoc analysis of the training data however revealed a visual bias towards images of food and objects over landscapes in the viewing task. Similarly, across choice-task training sessions, food and object images were chosen more frequently than landscapes. This suggests that the monkeys’ gaze may indeed indicate preference, but this only became apparent for non-social stimuli. Why these monkeys had no biases in the social domain remains enigmatic. To better answer questions about attention to social stimuli, we encourage future research to examine behavioral measures alongside looking time.","PeriodicalId":31700,"journal":{"name":"Animal Behavior and Cognition","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87734372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Signal Competition in Dynamic Visual Environments: Relative Conspicuousness of Social Displays in the Jacky Dragon (Amphibolurus muricatus)","authors":"K. Woo","doi":"10.26451/abc.08.03.07.2021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26451/abc.08.03.07.2021","url":null,"abstract":"Selection for conspicuousness has been an important force on visual signal design. Although signal efficacy has been extensively studied in acoustic systems, few studies have examined this attribute in dynamic visual signals. Here, I simulated signal competition between Jacky lizards (Amphibolurus muricatus) by presenting the motor patterns (tail-flick, push-up body rock, and slow arm wave) in isolation that are typically used in social communication. Phase 1 used four digital video playback systems to present simultaneous animated display combinations on opposing monitors to a subject that was situated in the middle, and measured orientation towards the monitors and latency to respond. Phase 2 maintained the same set-up and simultaneous display combinations, but tested signal conspicuousness across three levels of visual noise (calm, typical, and windy) simulated by the movement of windblown vegetation in the background. The results suggest that the most conspicuous visual display is the tail-flick, followed by the push-up body rock, and the slow arm wave is the least conspicuous. Moreover, this relationship is robust across the full range of environmental wind conditions. No significant side biases in orientation to displays were detected, which suggested no lateralization in perceptual processes. Jacky lizard display motor patterns which address distinct functional requirements: the tail flick is an ideal alerting component, with high efficacy over a range of signaling conditions. The push-up body rock, which is used only in aggressive displays, has a more restricted range, and the submissive slow arm wave is likely designed to appease nearby dominant males.","PeriodicalId":31700,"journal":{"name":"Animal Behavior and Cognition","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90677054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wolf Use of Humanmade Objects During Pup-rearing","authors":"D. Ausband","doi":"10.26451/abc.08.03.06.2021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26451/abc.08.03.06.2021","url":null,"abstract":"Some animals use humanmade objects for building and constructing nests or shelter and even for play. Gray wolves (Canis lupus) gather and use humanmade objects discovered in their natural environment. Gathering humanmade objects is a peculiar behavior particularly when there is no immediately apparent benefit to survival or reproduction. I opportunistically documented 46 different types of humanmade objects with plastic bottles and aluminum cans being the most common items found at wolf pup-rearing sites. Many objects were made of materials that appeared suitable to alleviate pain in teething pups. For some objects, however, it was not immediately obvious that they would alleviate teething pain due to their unpliable material. Additionally, such objects were quite rare in wolves’ natural environment although it was not uncommon to find them at pup-rearing sites. Rare humanmade objects may provide a novelty that stimulates pups more than common objects. I hypothesize that objects used by wolf pups 1) alleviate pain from teething, and 2) provide adults respite from energetic pups. The latter is an important distinction because it implies the benefit of object play is to the adults and not the pups per se. Gathering novel objects that occupy energetic and hungry pups may influence the overall ability of social carnivores to leave young unattended while they hunt, to rest upon their return, and ultimately rear young successfully.","PeriodicalId":31700,"journal":{"name":"Animal Behavior and Cognition","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87175094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance-based Social Comparisons in Humans and Long-tailed Macaques","authors":"Stefanie Keupp, Farhan Abedin, Lena Jeanson, C. Kade, Josefine Kalbitz, R. Titchener, T. Mussweiler, T. Bugnyar, J. Fischer","doi":"10.26451/abc.08.03.02.2021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26451/abc.08.03.02.2021","url":null,"abstract":"Social comparisons are a fundamental feature of human thinking and affect self-evaluations and task performance. Little is known about the evolutionary origins of social comparison processes, however. Previous studies that investigated performance-based social comparisons in nonhuman primates yielded mixed results. We report three experiments that aimed (a) to explore how the task type may contribute to performance in monkeys, and (b) how a competitive set-up affects monkeys compared to humans. In a co-action touchscreen task, monkeys were neither influenced by nor interested in the performance of the partner. This may indicate that the experimental set-up was not sufficiently relevant to trigger social comparisons. In a novel co-action foraging task, monkeys increased their feeding speed in competitive and co-active conditions, but not in relation to the degree of competition. In an analogue of the foraging task, human participants were affected by partner performance and experimental context, indicating that the task is suitable to elicit social comparisons in humans. Our studies indicate that specifics of task and experimental setting are relevant to draw the monkeys’ attention to a co-actor and that, in line with previous research, a competitive element was crucial. We highlight the need to explore what constitutes “relevant” social comparison situations for monkeys as well as nonhuman animals in general, and point out factors that we think are crucial in this respect (e.g., task type, physical closeness, and the species’ ecology). We discuss that early forms of social comparisons evolved in purely competitive environments with increasing social tolerance and cooperative motivations allowing for more fine-grained processing of social information. Competition driven effects on task performance might constitute the foundation for the more elaborate social comparison processes found in humans, which may involve context-dependent information processing and metacognitive monitoring.","PeriodicalId":31700,"journal":{"name":"Animal Behavior and Cognition","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81037617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bottlenose Dolphin Calf Initiated Pectoral Fin Contact Exchanges with Mother, Other Kin, and Non-Kin","authors":"K. Dudzinski, C. Ribic, H. Hill, Teri T. Bolton","doi":"10.26451/abc.08.03.04.2021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26451/abc.08.03.04.2021","url":null,"abstract":"For dolphins, the strongest bond documented is typically that between a mother and her pre-weaned offspring, but outside of the maternal relationship, our knowledge of calf behavior is limited. We examined how 23 bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) calves (11 females and 12 males from 9 matrilines) initiated pectoral fin contact (PFC) exchanges with their mothers and kin (n = 362) versus with non-kin (n = 950). Calves initiated PFC exchanges with preferred partners (primarily their mothers) over individuals who were simply available to them. For calves with mothers as their only kin available, there was a difference in how they shared PFC with non-kin adults versus non-kin young. A calf was twice as likely to initiate PFC with an adult (mother or adult non-kin) as with another young dolphin. Male and female calves were different in how they initiated PFC with kin and non-kin, which supports previous research that identified a sex difference in calf behavior. These results support the observation that kin and non-kin dolphins share PFC differently. It is also likely that kin (mothers and calves, siblings, etc.) use other forms of contact to share information and potentially develop their relationships. Understanding all types of tactile contact would facilitate a more detailed understanding of how touch might be used by dolphins when relationships are established and maintained.","PeriodicalId":31700,"journal":{"name":"Animal Behavior and Cognition","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90161171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Ape Lottery: Chimpanzees Fail To Consider Spatial Information When Drawing Statistical Inferences","authors":"J. Eckert, H. Rakoczy, S. Duguid, E. Herrmann, J. Call","doi":"10.26451/ABC.08.03.01.2021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26451/ABC.08.03.01.2021","url":null,"abstract":"Humans and nonhuman great apes share a sense for intuitive statistics, making intuitive probability judgments based on proportional information. This ability is of tremendous importance, in particular for predicting the outcome of events using prior information and for inferring general regularities from limited numbers of observations. Already in infancy, humans functionally integrate intuitive statistics with other cognitive domains, rendering this type of reasoning a powerful tool to make rational decisions in a variety of contexts. Recent research suggests that chimpanzees are capable of one type of such cross-domain integration: The integration of statistical and social information. Here, we investigated whether apes can also integrate physical information into their statistical inferences. We tested 14 sanctuary-living chimpanzees in a new task setup consisting of two “gumball machine”-apparatuses that were filled with different combinations of preferred and non-preferred food items. In four test conditions, subjects decided which of two apparatuses they wanted to operate to receive a random sample, while we varied both the proportional composition of the food items as well as their spatial configuration above and below a barrier. To receive the more favorable sample, apes needed to integrate proportional and spatial information. Chimpanzees succeeded in conditions in which we provided them either with proportional information or spatial information, but they failed to correctly integrate both types of information when they were in conflict. Whether these limitations in chimpanzees' performance reflect true limits of cognitive competence or merely performance limitations due to accessory task demands is still an open question.","PeriodicalId":31700,"journal":{"name":"Animal Behavior and Cognition","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77652463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The early bonobo gets the juice? The evolutionary roots of pre-crastination in bonobos (Pan paniscus)","authors":"Natalie Schwob, Amanda Epping, J. Taglialatela, D. Weiss","doi":"10.31234/osf.io/b8mv9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/b8mv9","url":null,"abstract":"This paper is to appear in Animal Behavior and Cognition. ----- Pre-crastination refers to the propensity to initiate tasks at the earliest possible moment. Research with human adults has found that some individuals consistently chose to transport a nearby object a further distance rather than delay initiation of the transport to select an object closer to the target. This phenomenon has never been tested in animals using analogous methods. Consequently, we tested bonobos – the species most closely related to humans - using two versions of a comparable transport task. Overall, we found that all five bonobos tended to select the first object they encountered to transport to the goal. Unlike humans, the bonobos sometimes transported both available objects. Two of the five bonobos consistently pre-crastinated, a similar proportion to that found in human experiments. However, if the pre-crastination choice was non-functional, the bonobos chose the motorically efficient choice. In sum, our findings provide an existence proof for pre-crastination tendencies in some bonobos, akin to the distribution of this trait in humans. We discuss the possibility that the pre-crastination choice represents an automatic response triggered by the affordances of the objects encountered.","PeriodicalId":31700,"journal":{"name":"Animal Behavior and Cognition","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89489641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ManyDogs 1: A Multi-Lab Replication Study of Dogs' Pointing Comprehension","authors":"ManyDogs Project, Julia Espinosa, J. Stevens, Daniela Alberghina, Harley E. E. Alway, Jessica D. Barela, Michael J Bogese, Emily E. Bray, D. Buchsbaum, Sarah-Elizabeth Byosiere, Molly Byrne, C. Cavalli, Leah M. Chaudoir, Courtney Collins-Pisano, Hunter J. DeBoer, Laura E. L. C. Douglas, S. Dror, M. V. Dzik, Beverly Ferguson, Laura Fisher, Hannah C. Fitzpatrick, M. Freeman, Shayla N. Frinton, Maeve K. Glover, Gitanjali E. Gnanadesikan, Joshua E. P. Goacher, Marta Golańska, C. A. Guran, Elizabeth Hare, Brian Hare, Mia Hickey, Daniel J. Horschler, L. Huber, Hoi-Lam Jim, Angie M. Johnston, Juliane Kaminski, Debbie M. Kelly, V. Kuhlmeier, Lily Lassiter, Lucia Lazarowski, Jennifer Leighton-Birch, E. MacLean, Kamila Maliszewska, Vito Marra, Lane I. Montgomery, Madison S. Murray, Emma K. Nelson, L. Ostojić, Shennai G. Palermo, Anya E. Parks Russell, Madeline H. Pelgrim, Sarita D. Pellowe, Anna Reinholz, Laura A. Rial, Emily M. Richards, Miriam A. Ross, Liza G. Rothkoff, Hannah Salomons, Joelle K. Sanger, Laurie R","doi":"10.31234/osf.io/f86jq","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/f86jq","url":null,"abstract":"To promote collaboration across canine science, address reproducibility issues, and advance open science practices within animal cognition, we have launched the ManyDogs consortium, modeled on similar ManyX projects in other fields. We aimed to create a collaborative network that (a) uses large, diverse samples to investigate and replicate findings, (b) promotes open science practices of preregistering hypotheses, methods, and analysis plans, (c) investigates the influence of differences across populations and breeds, and (d) examines how different research methods and testing environments influence the robustness of results. Our first study combines a phenomenon that appears to be highly robust, dogs’ ability to follow human pointing, with a question that remains controversial: do dogs interpret pointing as an informative gesture, as an imperative command, or as a simple associative cue? We collected preliminary data (N = 61) from a single laboratory on two conditions of a 2-alternative object choice task: (1) Ostensive (experimenter pointed to a baited cup after making eye-contact and saying the dog’s name); (2) Non-ostensive (experimenter pointed to a baited cup without making eye-contact or saying the dog’s name). Dogs followed the ostensive point, but not the non-ostensive point, significantly more often than expected by chance. Preliminary results also provided suggestive evidence for variability in point-following across dog breeds. The next phase is the global participation stage of the project. We propose to replicate this protocol in a large and diverse sample of research sites, simultaneously assessing replicability between labs and further investigating the question of dogs’ point-following comprehension.","PeriodicalId":31700,"journal":{"name":"Animal Behavior and Cognition","volume":"112 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72981172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Information Processing and Quality Choice: The Case of Organic Milk","authors":"Michael DeDad, Volodymyr Lugovskyy, E. Melo, Alexandre Skiba","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3874890","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3874890","url":null,"abstract":"Analyzing differences in the quality of information-intensive goods may require information processing from consumers. Focusing on the differences between organic and conventional milk, we propose analyzing such markets using a tractable micro-founded discrete choice framework with Rational Inattention, non-homothetic preferences, and heterogeneous consumers. We predict theoretically and confirm empirically that consumers with higher efficiency of information processing (EIP) choose higher quality goods than those with lower EIP; however, this does not hold for poorer consumers for whom budget constraints are binding. Similarly, choosing higher quality increases with income, but the effect is weak without sufficiently high EIP.","PeriodicalId":31700,"journal":{"name":"Animal Behavior and Cognition","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89199824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}