Arab Journal of Forensic Sciences Forensic Medicine最新文献

{"title":"Anachronism in Fonts and Relative Dating of Computer Printed Documents: A Case Report","authors":"Loganathan Lingan","doi":"10.26735/QZJS3127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26735/QZJS3127","url":null,"abstract":"In the field of forensic document examination, identification of fonts and their dates of release may provide a lead as to the relative age of computer printouts. Hence, fonts in a printout can be used as a means of evaluation of an anachronism or chronological inconsistency. Therefore, an anachronism betrays the fabricated nature of the questioned documents. In the present case study, the traditional methodology of typescript matching coupled with an off-line digital tool were used in identifying pre-dated documents and disproving the genuineness of the documents in question. The procedure adopted for differentiation, identification and confirmation of font(s) and years of release of fonts for commercial use is discussed.Hence, in this case report it was safely concluded that the disputed agreement for sale could have been prepared on a later date than the purported date of execution i.e.1993 for the reason that the use of the “Comic Sans MS” font is an anachronism.","PeriodicalId":31692,"journal":{"name":"Arab Journal of Forensic Sciences Forensic Medicine","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75262475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Legal Background of Food Safety Violation Internationally and in Saudi Arabia","authors":"S. Alagha","doi":"10.26735/16586794.2019.036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26735/16586794.2019.036","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":31692,"journal":{"name":"Arab Journal of Forensic Sciences Forensic Medicine","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82468127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Language of Forensic Experts: A Commentary on the Sally Clark Case ]1999-2002","authors":"Huda M. A. Benyounis","doi":"10.26735/16586794.2019.017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26735/16586794.2019.017","url":null,"abstract":"According to the judge, jury and the public in the UK, Sally Clark murdered her two sons. The prosecution forensic expert had submitted his evidence using complex medical and scientific language that misled the jury. The defence expert failed to challenge him. A few years later, Mrs. Clark was proven innocent, as there was undisclosed evidence and the language of the prosecution forensic expert misled the jury. This paper raises some issues according to the Sally Clark case. It includes some discussions about the expert’s role in the adversarial system and also compares it with the inquisitorial system. It is an approach towards understanding whether the expert should stand in the witness box or not. This paper answers whether the decision in the Sally Clark would have taken a different direction, if it was dealt under the inquisitorial justice system or other experts’ systems. Although this case has helped to re-open many other cases, it has not encouraged the English criminal justice system to make any changes with the expert system (especially in complex forensic cases). It also affected experts who now think that testifying in court is a risk. This paper presents a new approach that, if considered, can protect the justice system from any miscarriages, the experts themselves from being blamed and the public who look at both as killers.","PeriodicalId":31692,"journal":{"name":"Arab Journal of Forensic Sciences Forensic Medicine","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83327067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Standard Practices and Guidelines in Forensic Entomology ","authors":"A. Mashaly, W. Kaakeh, M. Al-Khalifa, R. Alajmi, E. Shaalan, L. Al-Shareef, F. Boulkenafet, F. Al-Mekhlafi","doi":"10.26735/16586794.2019.023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26735/16586794.2019.023","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":31692,"journal":{"name":"Arab Journal of Forensic Sciences Forensic Medicine","volume":"144 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74149447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Guidelines for the Technical Examination of Crime Scenes and Physical Evidences: Key Definitions and Duties of Crime Scene Inspection Team Members ","authors":"Kadim M. Attiat, Hammad M. Al-Anzi, Assaad E. Nohra, A. M. Algarni, Salem K. Al-Deriee, Mohamed A. Ghayath, Jamil S. Jararwah","doi":"10.26735/16586794.2019.022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26735/16586794.2019.022","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":31692,"journal":{"name":"Arab Journal of Forensic Sciences Forensic Medicine","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91083530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interpretation of Evidence: The Key to Conveying Information to Court","authors":"M. D. Pian, P. Carresi, V. Causin","doi":"10.26735/16586794.2019.016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26735/16586794.2019.016","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The advent of new technologies such as DNA typing, the weight of scientific evidence in criminal trials of widespread publicity, and the proliferation of fictional and non-fictional works in popular media have contributed to making forensic science well known, although perhaps not as well understood, by the general public. One of the consequences of this popularisation of forensic science was a sharp change in the attitude of investigators, who increasingly tend to delegate to scientists the collection of information necessary to identify the perpetrator of the crime. However, the prominent focus on the search of biological traces or fingerprints, due to their high potential for the personal identification of the individuals present at the crime scene, somewhat fade the interest towards other kinds of evidence, such as trace evidence. This kind of evidence is in fact perceived by judges and lawyers as less informative, because they think that “all plastic items are the same”, i.e. that it is impossible to discriminate among mass produced items. The purpose of this paper is to stress that, with sound methods for interpreting evidence, it is possible to improve the communication between the scientist and the Court, and to show the real significance of the analytical results, in the context of the case. The analysis of the traces found on a knife used in a murder case were performed by optical microscopy, IR spectroscopy, and UV-visible spectroscopy. The interpretation of evidence was carried out according to a Bayesian approach. A description of the interpretation of evidence in a case in which fibres were the key evidence. It is shown that the key aspects for having a high value of the evidence are the circumstances of the case and the reconstruction of the events given by the prosecutor and by the defence, in addition of course to a sound analytical procedure. In other words, it is shown that in some cases the evidential value of fibres or other trace evidence can be very high, sometimes comparable to that of fingerprints or DNA: when properly interpreted, trace evidence can give key information for solving cases.","PeriodicalId":31692,"journal":{"name":"Arab Journal of Forensic Sciences Forensic Medicine","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87939733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Head Injury due to Cracker Blast","authors":"Gerard Pradeep Devnath, S. Sukumar, Shanmugam Kandasamy","doi":"10.26735/16586794.2019.014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26735/16586794.2019.014","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Death arising from fireworks is not an uncommon phenomenon in India. Deaths commonly arise during the manufacturing process and improper handling of chemicals for fireworks. Here, we would like to highlight a rare case in which a 12-year-old child sustained a head injury due to a cracker blast, which resulted in a depressed fracture over the vault of her skull. In this paper, we tried to emulate the same pattern of fracture on a human skull bone experimentally using the same type of cracker which caused the injury. This was done to give us an insight as to whether the cracker was powerful enough to produce a fracture and to rule out suspicion of blunt force trauma due to a weapon on the head. The subsequent explosion caused by the blast produced a distinctly similar pattern of fracture in comparison to the fracture observed in our case. The study also highlights the dangers of country-made crackers handled by children.","PeriodicalId":31692,"journal":{"name":"Arab Journal of Forensic Sciences Forensic Medicine","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74629217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Postmortem Sperm Retrieval and Assisted Reproduction: Issues without Solutions?","authors":"N. Tumram, R. Bardale","doi":"10.26735/16586794.2019.009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26735/16586794.2019.009","url":null,"abstract":"The issue of request for post-mortem sperm retrieval [PMSR] for reproductive purposes has gained momentum in the recent past in India and other countries. There are various methods for postmortem retrieval of sperm. Modern medicine has progressed to a stage where posthumous gamete retrieval with subsequent reproduction has become a possibility. However, very little has been discussed regarding guidelines orethical, social, and medical issues related to such a procedure. The procedure is a boon for families who might have become saddened by the untimely death of their son. The procedure can be useful for not only the spouse of married individuals but also to their parents. Also, such a procedure can be very helpful to the parents of their unmarried son, who was their sole support. However, there is no discussion of using such PMSR techniques in married as well as unmarried individuals if requested by close relatives. The present paper discusses the issues regarding PMSR in deceased individuals and the various issues that may arise.","PeriodicalId":31692,"journal":{"name":"Arab Journal of Forensic Sciences Forensic Medicine","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84031985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Criminal Violence in Libya: A Descriptive, Autopsy-Based Study of Deaths by Firearms in Tripoli","authors":"R. Kaka, Amal A. El. Mashali, Anwar M. El Arabi, Ahmed A. F. Siala","doi":"10.26735/16586794.2019.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26735/16586794.2019.006","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The uprisings in some Arab states during the past several years developed into armed conflicts. Therefore, the incidence of violent crimes has become more common with no reliable data on their patterns. The present study aimed to estimate the magnitude of that problem by studying the frequency and pattern of firearm deaths in Tripoli, Libya. A retrospective descriptive study of autopsy cases of firearm deaths was conducted. The data was retrieved from medico-legal reports of cases that were referred to the Forensic Medicine Department of the Judicial Expertise and Research Center, Ministry of justice, Tripoli, Libya during two years from the 1st of January 2014 to the end of December 2015. Structured data sheets were produced. Out of 4,342 unnatural deaths that were autopsied, 774 cases (17.82 %) were due to firearms. Males were commonly targeted. The mean age of victims was 31.7 ± 11 years with significant predominance in the middle age group. Incidence of firearm deaths in non-Libyans increased in 2015 to 8.5%. Homicidal cases represented 92.12% of cases. There was a significant relationship between manner of firing and sex (p ≤ 0.001). In 95.9% of cases, the firing was from a far range. Rifled weapons were used in 98.32% of cases. Head and neck were targeted in 30.8% of cases. There is a high incidence of illegal firearm use and firearm related deaths in Libya. Societal and international efforts are needed to decrease the illicit use and trafficking of such weapons.","PeriodicalId":31692,"journal":{"name":"Arab Journal of Forensic Sciences Forensic Medicine","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80577263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Potential Use of Touch DNA in Terrorism Cases: A Report of Four Cases","authors":"Noora R. Al Snan, Mohammed A. Ghayyath","doi":"10.26735/16586794.2019.013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26735/16586794.2019.013","url":null,"abstract":"The Kingdom of Bahrain is one of the few countries that has significant numbers of terrorist investigations, which has allowed our scientists to develop expertise in the forensic examination of post and pre-blast explosive exhibits. This paper presents a review of forensic investigations into improvised explosive device (IED) cases in the Kingdom of Bahrain from 2011. A total of four IED investigations were reviewed (i.e Directionally focused charges (DFC), Directional Focused Fragmentation Charge (DFFC) and Explosively formed penetrator/ projectiles (EFP). DNA recovery utilized different collection methods, such as swabbing, tape lifting, wiping and direct cutting of certain separated parts of the IEDs. Samples were extracted and purified with magnetic beads chemistry and quantified. Low copy DNA extracts were subjected to different concentration steps, and DNA extracts were amplified and processed for detection to obtain reliable results. Using the results of the study, we have developed the concept of Forensic DNA Intelligence, which involves the extraction of human cells deposited in low copy number in challenging areas within the evidence which can lead to significant results. This article will be very useful and informative to assist the forensic community in terrorism cases applications worldwide. Continued efforts must be made to re-evaluate standard operating protocols with empirical studies.","PeriodicalId":31692,"journal":{"name":"Arab Journal of Forensic Sciences Forensic Medicine","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79129917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}