Volume 5: Biomedical and Biotechnology最新文献

{"title":"High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound Scattering at Mammal Vertebrae","authors":"D. Sanford, C. Schaal","doi":"10.1115/IMECE2020-24676","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2020-24676","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) is used clinically to heat cells therapeutically or to destroy them through heat or cavitation. In homogeneous media, the highest wave amplitudes occur at a predictable focal region. However, HIFU is generally not used in the proximity of bones due to wave absorption and scattering. Ultrasound is passed through the skull in some clinical trials, but the complex geometry of the spine poses a greater targeting challenge and currently prohibits therapeutic ultrasound treatments near the vertebral column. This paper presents a comprehensive experimental study involving shadowgraphy and hydrophone measurements to determine the spatial distribution of pressure amplitudes from induced HIFU waves near vertebrae. First, a bone-like composite plate that is partially obstructing the induced waves is shown to break the conical HIFU form into two regions. Wave images are captured using pulsed laser shadowgraphy, and hydrophone measurements over the same region are compared to the shadowgraphy intensity plots to validate the procedure. Next, shadowgraphy is performed for an individual, clean, ex-vivo feline vertebra. The results indicate that shadowgraphy can be used to determine energy deposition patterns and to determine heating at a specific location. The latter is confirmed through additional temperature measurements. Overall, these laboratory experiments may help determine the efficacy of warming specific nerve cells within mammal vertebrae without causing damage to adjacent tissue.","PeriodicalId":314012,"journal":{"name":"Volume 5: Biomedical and Biotechnology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129686876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Condition of Dynamic Stability for Self-Paced Treadmill Walking Based on Inverted Pendulum Model","authors":"Yuyang Qian, Kaiming Yang, Yu Zhu, Wen Wang, C. Wan","doi":"10.1115/IMECE2020-23461","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2020-23461","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 A self-paced treadmill automatically adjusts speed in real-time to match the user’s walking speed, presumably leading to a more nature gait than fixed-speed treadmill. However, previous study has proven that the acceleration applied to the subjects would influence the gait stability. In order to have insights on to which extent will the accelerations affect gait stability, simulation analysis based on conceptual model has been done in the current study. This paper utilized a non-inertial frame based spring-loaded inverted pendulum model to analysis the condition of stability during continuous self-paced treadmill walking. Simulations were done for 100 continuous self-paced treadmill walking at the normal walking speed. And 10ms impulse accelerations of different magnitudes with the range of (−1g, 1g) were applied at different gait events such as toe-off, foot-flat and heel-strike. The simulation results showed that the magnitude of the accelerations had significantly influence on continuous self-paced treadmill walking and directional-dependency was also found. However, no significantly difference was found when applying the impulse acceleration at different gait events.","PeriodicalId":314012,"journal":{"name":"Volume 5: Biomedical and Biotechnology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121149926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Initial Study Towards the Integrated Design of Bone Scaffolds Based on Cell Diffusion, Growth Factor Release and Tissue Regeneration","authors":"M. Şahin, A. Tabak, Gullu Kiziltas Sendur","doi":"10.1115/IMECE2020-23940","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2020-23940","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Three-dimensional (3D) porous tissue scaffolds combined with bioactive molecules and cells offer key advantages for bone repair mechanisms. A functional bone tissue scaffold should provide mechanical support with an adequate combination of porosity and permeability for nutrients, oxygen supply, waste removal, and growth factors release as well as controlled degradation. Although a vast amount of work exist to address these challenges, to the best of our knowledge, a design framework taking tissue differentiation, diffusion, and growth factor (GF) release into account in time-domain simultaneously does not exist. In this paper, we provide an initial effort to address such a need by laying down the foundations for a simulation framework incorporating these effects within a Finite Element Analysis (FEA) model in COMSOL Multiphysics® software. The effectiveness of the numerical model is demonstrated via preliminary mechano-biology analyses on a simulated 3D poroelastic bone scaffold. Initial time-dependent results demonstrate the suitability of this model for an optimization framework. More specifically, it is demonstrated that coupled Multiphysics equations of diffusion, GF release, and differentiation could provide valuable inputs for ideal bone scaffold systems for effective bone repair tasks in the future.","PeriodicalId":314012,"journal":{"name":"Volume 5: Biomedical and Biotechnology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115172043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Manufacturing Capability Index of 3D Printing Parts for Impact Applications","authors":"A. Schmitz","doi":"10.1115/IMECE2020-23123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2020-23123","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Three-dimensional (3D) printing with high-resolution stereolithography (SLA) has grown in popularity for creating personalized medical devices. 3D printing is now starting to expand to weight-bearing components, e.g. prosthetic feet, as data on the dynamic properties impact and fatigue is published in the literature. The next step towards using 3D printing in impact applications is to assess the capability of the high-resolution SLA process to manufacture components of uniform impact resistance. Because impact testing is destructive, a surrogate measure to check a part’s viability for resisting an impact load also needs to be established. Thirteen notched Izod specimens were printed on a Form2 SLA printer using the manufacturer’s clear V4, photocurable resin. Once all the specimens were printed, washed in isopropyl alcohol, and cured with ultraviolet light, the impact resistance was quantified using a pendulum impact tester in a notched Izod configuration. Then, the hardness of the specimens was quantified using a HBW 10/250 scale. The impact resistance of the clear, SLA polymer was 0.59 ± 0.14 ft-lb/in. With an upper standard limit of 0.53 ft-lb/in, the process capability index was 0.133. Impact resistance and Brinell hardness were not correlated with a Spearman coefficient of r = −0.108, p = 0.73. Since the process capability index was less than one, 3D printing with SLA polymers is not a viable manufacturing process for creating parts of consistent impact resistance. The current technology would lead to too many rejected parts. Also, Brinell hardness and impact strength were not related. Therefore, there is no non-destructive method to spot-check these components before use.","PeriodicalId":314012,"journal":{"name":"Volume 5: Biomedical and Biotechnology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122740153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Mechanism of Movement and Calculation of Blood Balance in the Flow Channel From the Left Atrium to the End of the Aorta","authors":"E. Talygin, G. Kiknadze, A. Gorodkov","doi":"10.1115/IMECE2020-23475","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2020-23475","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Today, there are a lot of works studying the mechanisms of formation and evolution of self-organizing tornado-like jets of viscous fluid. In these works, the exact solution of the Navier-Stokes equation for such a class of flows are obtained, the geometry of the generating surface for that flows is established and the necessary and sufficient conditions for the formation and evolution of such swirling jets are formulated. However, important aspects of the mechanics of such flows remain unclear — the structure of the boundary layer, the shape of streamlines in general form, the structure of such flows under a pulsating flow regime, and others.\u0000 After obtaining the exact solution, attempts were made to obtain relations for streamlines in the corresponding projections. However, due to computational complexity, streamlines were constructed only for regions far from the axis of the swirling flow evolution. In this work, an alternative method of calculating streamlines was used, which made it possible to obtain general relations for these lines at each point in space. Expressions for streamlines contain easily computed functions, which simplifies their practical use Based on the expressions for streamlines, expressions were formulated declaring the conservation of the mass of the swirling blood flow from the left atrium to the aorta and the balance of the medium was calculated.\u0000 The results of this work are of great theoretical and practical importance. On the one hand, the established expressions for streamlines allow a better study of the mechanisms of formation and evolution of swirling flows in the axial region. On the other hand, obtaining quantitative ratios for the balance of blood in the heart and aorta allows a more accurate study of the mechanics of blood circulation.","PeriodicalId":314012,"journal":{"name":"Volume 5: Biomedical and Biotechnology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122864995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How Does Physical Activity Affect Residual Limb Volume Change, Comfort and Gait Symmetry on Traumatic Transfemoral Amputees?","authors":"Sara Salazar-Salgado, F. Valencia, A. Uribe, Elizabeth Rendón-Vélez","doi":"10.1115/IMECE2020-23418","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2020-23418","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 There is a considerable amount of young adults who become amputees due to war and violence. For this population, a successful adaptation to their prosthesis depends on the socket fit, which in turn is caused by the volume change of the residual limb during the day. The literature reports several investigations on this topic, most of which use subjects walking on a treadmill to simulate their daily activity. However, this studies are focused on transtibial amputees and do not mention the relationship between this physical activity and other variables such as comfort, volume changes and gait. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to determine the effect of physical activity on the volume of the residual limb, the comfort and the symmetry of gait in traumatic transfemoral amputees.\u0000 Plaster positive molds of the residual limb, the comfort perception and the gait data of five individuals were obtained at the first time of the day and after three sessions of treadmill walking of 15, 30 and 45 minutes. The positive molds of each individual were scanned and then, the volume was calculated. The gait data was acquired using a marker-based motion capture system and processed to obtain spatio-temporal, kinematic and kinetic parameters, including the Gait Deviation Index (GDI). Based on the literature, specific points of the gait data were selected and the symmetry index was obtain for each of them. A short comfort test was used after each session of treadmill walking. Data was analyzed throughout the tests within each subject. Statistical analysis was performed for the volume and the gait variables to check for statistical significance.\u0000 After physical activity, a tendency towards residual limb volume decrease was found on almost all subjects, although it was not significant. The percentage of volume change obtained on almost all subjects are within the range considered “good socket fit” according to previous authors. Our results suggest that transfemoral amputees may have smaller volume changes than transtibial after treadmill walking. Significant difference was found on the symmetry index of “Swing phase” between the baseline and the 45-minute test. The values of gait symmetry on the gait parameters were consistent with previous findings regarding transfemoral amputees. The difference that arise may be due to the sample difference (cause of amputation, difference in prosthetic elements and use of walking aids). The lowest symmetry was noticed on the ankle kinematics. The comfort did not significantly change with the selected amount of physical activity.\u0000 In subsequent research, it is recommended to increase the intensity or time of physical activity and/or increase the number of participants. This results can help the understanding of how the socket/residual limb interface behaves which can improve the design and prescription of prosthetic components.","PeriodicalId":314012,"journal":{"name":"Volume 5: Biomedical and Biotechnology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129290855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Testing the Validity of the NIJ Clay Standard for Approving Body Armor With a Preliminary Insight Into Injury Correlation","authors":"Madelyn A. K. Eaton, K. Henderson, J. McMahon, R. Salzar","doi":"10.1115/IMECE2020-23886","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2020-23886","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Body armor is tested for efficacy using the NIJ’s clay standard. This standard is based on a 44 mm upper limit of back face deformation into the clay to prevent severe cases of behind armor blunt trauma (BABT). The NIJ clay standard has never been directly correlated with human injury, and it is previously unknown how 44 mm into clay translates to the response of a human torso. This study developed a method for reproducing BABT in a laboratory setting, and performed matched pair testing on the ballistics clay and a cadaveric specimen. Tests at a low, non-injurious speed and a high, injurious speed were performed at the NIJ specified clay temperature, along with two tests at a lower temperature representing exposure to a room temperature setting. It was found that for both speeds the displacement into the human thorax was greater than the displacement into the clay. The greatest displacement into the clay was only 5mm above the standard’s limit, and the same speed into the human model caused failure of the ribcage. Lowering the clay temperature by two degrees Celsius resulted in a passing clay displacement for the extremely injurious high speed test. This experimentation is sufficient in showing that the NIJ standard may not be valid for preventing serious BABT injuries in the wearers of body armor. Further testing is required to correlate clay displacements with human injury risk.","PeriodicalId":314012,"journal":{"name":"Volume 5: Biomedical and Biotechnology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127890840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimum Tick Collection Material and Design for Autonomous Tick Collection Robot","authors":"Caroline “Niki” Harrison Moretto, Janet Dong, Yesiliang Qiu","doi":"10.1115/IMECE2020-24142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2020-24142","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper discusses the design and testing material utilized to collect ticks from rugged terrain in remote areas via a mobile robot using a mast system, focusing on locating the ideal design and material to ensure maximum tick collection without impacting mobility. Drags are used to collect ticks from short grass, and flags, in the air along the side of the robot, are used to collect ticks from tall grass and shrubs. The design was tested in the field and a laboratory. Cotton and sponge cloth materials were evaluated, along with the shape of the material.\u0000 The optimum design uses strips of rough sponge cloth to collect ticks. The roughness and fibrous nature of the material increase the number of ticks collected and performed the best of all materials tested. Seams in the sponge cloth allow them to tear away from the robot, if they become tangled in brush, to prevent the robot from being incapacitated. The thickness and weight of the sponge cloth also discourage the material from knotting and entangling with the robot or the environment.\u0000 The flag attachment points are adjustable horizontally to allow the rearrangement of strips for optimum tick collection. Each strip is designed for independent removal to contain ticks easily and replace strips quickly.\u0000 Attaching sponge cloth flagging and dragging strips to a mobile robot for tick collection protects humans from a potential illness from bugs and insects carrying disease pathogens, injury from traveling across rough ground, and harm due to exposure to the elements; productivity is also increased. The collection strips should capture ticks despite adverse conditions, be easily interchangeable, and not hinder the tick collection and removal process.","PeriodicalId":314012,"journal":{"name":"Volume 5: Biomedical and Biotechnology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128791221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Additional Weight on Lyapunov Exponents for Human Squat Exercise","authors":"J. Galarza, D. Caruntu","doi":"10.1115/IMECE2020-23943","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2020-23943","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This work deals with the stability of the dynamics of human squat exercise. This is a common exercise. The focus of this investigation is to analyze the knee angle time series and calculate the divergence for different weight added in the exercise. Experiments are conducted and motion capture used for each of the cases. Then the Lyapunov exponents of the time series of the knee joint angle are determined. Matlab software package is used for all calculations. Results are compared with data available in the literature. This work provides insight on the level of stability for added weight on the human squat exercise. This gives an insight on the level of safety of this exercise as weight is added to the human subject.","PeriodicalId":314012,"journal":{"name":"Volume 5: Biomedical and Biotechnology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130487664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of Composite Polymer Coatings on the Insertion Force of Needle-Like Structure in Soft Materials","authors":"Kavi Patel, Long Zhu, S. T. R. Gidde, Fei Ren, P. Hutapea","doi":"10.1115/IMECE2020-24341","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2020-24341","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This study is aimed to evaluate the effects of coated surgical needles with composite polymers such as polydopamine (PDA), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), and carbon. The coated needle’s lubrication properties were measured using 3 DOF force sensors and 3D robot system by the repetitive insertion in soft tissue materials. Needle durability is a measure of needle sharpness after repeated passage through high stiffness tissue materials. The composite coatings were shown to reduce the insertion force by ∼49% and retraction forces by ∼46% when tested using a bovine kidney. The surface roughness and the lateral friction force of the needle are measured using the Atomic Force Microscope (AFM). The adhesion energy of the different coating on the needle will be measured using a nano-scratch method.","PeriodicalId":314012,"journal":{"name":"Volume 5: Biomedical and Biotechnology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116831168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}