Juliyantoro Ali Wafa, Tri Kustono Adi, Ahmad Hanapi, A. Fasya
{"title":"PENENTUAN KAPASITAS ANTIOKSIDAN DAN KANDUNGAN FENOLIK TOTAL EKSTRAK KASAR TERIPANG PASIR (Holothuriascabra) DARI PANTAI KENJERAN SURABAYA","authors":"Juliyantoro Ali Wafa, Tri Kustono Adi, Ahmad Hanapi, A. Fasya","doi":"10.18860/AL.V0I0.2901","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18860/AL.V0I0.2901","url":null,"abstract":"Kapasitas antioksidan dan fenolik total ekstrak teripang pasir ( Holothuriascabra ) dari Pantai Kenjeran, Surabaya telah dianalisis. Ekstrak kasar diperoleh dengan maserasi-partisi menggunakan metanol dan n -heksana. Penentuan kapasitas antioksidan dari kedua ekstrak kasar metanol dan n -heksana dilakukan menggunakan uji DPPH, sedangkan fenolik total menggunakan metode Folin-Ciocalteau. Uji reagen dan Kromatografi Lapisan Tipis (KLT) juga dilakukan untuk identifikasi awal dan pemisahan senyawa yang tidak diketahui dari ekstrak keduanya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak metanol dan n -heksana memiliki kapasitas antioksidan 78,92% dan 94,82%. Fenolik total ekstrak metanol dan n-heksan yang diperoleh sebesar 69,09 mg EAG/g sampel dan 58.01 mg EAG/g sampel. Identifikasi awal dari ekstrak kasar menunjukkan adanya senyawa triterpenoid pada ekstrak metanol dan senyawa saponin pada ekstrak n -heksana. KLT pada ekstrak metanol menggunakan n- butanol:NH 4 OH (4:1) diperoleh empat spot.","PeriodicalId":31035,"journal":{"name":"Alchemy Journal of Chemistry","volume":"1 1","pages":"76-83"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67619178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"THE STUDY OF ADSORPTION ON Cr(VI) IN NATURAL CLAY SURFACE MODIFIED WITH SURFACTANT CTAB (Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide)","authors":"M. Maksum, S. N. Khalifah, A. Prasetyo","doi":"10.18860/AL.V0I0.2899","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18860/AL.V0I0.2899","url":null,"abstract":"Clay is a mineral particles composed of silica - alumina base frame , has a layered structure and a hollowed space causing surface becomes very widespread and effective as an adsorbent . A dsorbent o f clay is very effective to adsorb cation for having negatively charged surfaces , but its ability to adsorb anion is very low , such as Cr( VI) formed in HCrO 4 - at pH 2 . This research has been conducted in the clay of activation process chemically with the variation of H 2 SO 4 0,5, 1,0 , 1,5 and 2,0 M and physically with the variation in the temperature of 200 , 300 , 400 °C as well as modifying the surface with the variation of CTAB surfactant 25 , 50, 75 , and 100 mM to enhance the adsorption of Cr( VI). The results of study showed that the treatment on the activation and modification of natural clay can increase the adsorption capacity of Cr( VI) is greater. Adsorption capacity ( Qe) before activating the natural clay is 0,0971 mg/g , while the Na - clay increased adsorption of Cr( VI) at 7,85 % as indicated by Qe = 0,1756 mg/g of natural clay . The use of 0,5 M H 2 SO 4 activation of adsorption increased by 21,44 % to the value of Qe = 0,3115 mg/g . The treatment of physically activation after activating the best chemical showed at a temperature of 200°C with an increase of 29,82 % adsorption of value Qe = 0,3953 mg/g . While modification to the clay treatment results in the best physical activation get CTAB 25 mM concentration with increased adsorption of 94,54 % with a value of Qe = 1,0425 mg/g .","PeriodicalId":31035,"journal":{"name":"Alchemy Journal of Chemistry","volume":"1 1","pages":"47-56"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67619350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Syaifullah Anwar, Eny Yulianti, Abdul Hakim, A. Fasya, Begum Fauziyah, Roihatul Mutiah
{"title":"Uji toksisitas ekstrak akuades (suhu kamar) dan akuades panas (70 oC) daun kelor (Moringa oleifera Lamk.) terhadap larva udang Artemia salina Leach","authors":"Syaifullah Anwar, Eny Yulianti, Abdul Hakim, A. Fasya, Begum Fauziyah, Roihatul Mutiah","doi":"10.18860/AL.V0I0.2900","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18860/AL.V0I0.2900","url":null,"abstract":"Kelor ( Moringa oleifera Lamk.) adalah tanaman yang kaya nutrisi. Kandungan nutrisi tersebar pada seluruh bagian tanaman kelor, mulai dari daun, kulit batang, bunga, buah (polong), sampai akarnya. Kelor ( Moringa oleifera Lamk.) mempunyai banyak manfaat, misalnya digunakan sebagai koagulan, nutrisi, vitamin, dan sebagai obat. Selama ini kelor di Indonesia hanya digunakan sebagai tanaman pagar dan sayuran dan masih jarang ada penelitian tentang bioaktivitas daun kelor dan pemanfaatannya sebagai antikanker. Penelitian ini mempelajari toksisitas ekstrak akuades (suhu kamar) dan akuades panas (70 o C) daun kelor ( Moringa oleifera Lamk.) terhadap larva udang Artemia salina Leach dengan menggunakan metode BSLT. Pemilihan pelarut akuades sangat menguntungkan karena ekonomis dan mudah diperoleh, sehingga mudah diaplikasikan oleh masyarakat.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak akuades (suhu kamar) dan akuades panas (70 o C) daun kelor memiliki tingkat toksisitas terhadap Artemia salina Leach yang ditunjukkan dengan nilai LC 50 kurang dari 1000 ppm. Ekstrak akuades panas (70 o C) memiliki toksisitas lebih baik dari pada ekstrak akuades (suhu kamar) karena dihasilkan nilai LC 50 berturut-turut 163,979 ppm dan 265,977 ppm. Kandungan golongan senyawa pada ekstrak akuades panas (70 o C) adalah alkaloid, flavonoid, tanin dan triterpenoid. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut bahwa daun kelor mempunyai potensi sebagai tanaman sediaan herbal yang nantinya bisa dimanfaatkan sebagai antibakteri dan antikanker.","PeriodicalId":31035,"journal":{"name":"Alchemy Journal of Chemistry","volume":"1 1","pages":"84-92"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67619464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"FERMENTASI TETES TEBU DARI PABRIK GULA PAGOTAN MADIUN MENGGUNAKAN Saccharomyces cerevisiae UNTUK MENGHASILKAN BIOETANOL DENGAN VARIASI pH DAN LAMA FERMENTASI","authors":"Fitri Hartina, Akyunul Jannah, Anik Maunatin","doi":"10.18860/AL.V0I0.2907","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18860/AL.V0I0.2907","url":null,"abstract":"Tetes tebu merupakan limbah pengolahan gula yang mengandung gula cukup tinggi sehingga sangat potensial dimanfaatkan sebagai media fermentasi. Fermentasi tetes tebu untuk menghasilkan bioetanol menjadi salah satu upaya megurangi jumlah limbah dan memenuhi kebutuhan Bahan Bakar Minyak (BBM) yang semakin meningkat. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh pH dan lama fermentasi terhadap produksi bioetanol dari tetes tebu (molase) dengan cara fermentasi menggunakan Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Penelitian ini meliputi proses fermentasi dan pemisahan bioetanol dari media fermentasi. Proses fermentasi dilakukan dengan variasi pH 4, 4,5, dan 5, sedangkan variasi lama fermentasi dilakukan selama 3, 4, 5, dan 6 hari. Bioetanol hasil fermentasi dipisahkan dari media fermentasi dengan metode destilasi fraksinasi dan untuk mengukur kadar bioetanol digunakan metode kromatografi gas. Data yang diperoleh pada setiap perlakuan dianalisis menggunakan analisis varians (ANOVA) dan dilanjutkan dengan uji Beda Nyata Terkecil (BNT) 5 %. Kadar bioetanol tertinggi diperoleh sebesar 7,76 %, nilai yield tertinggi 89,89 %, dan nilai efisiensi 78,62 %. Hasil analisis menggunakan uji ANOVA (α=5 %) menunjukkan bahwa pH dan lama fermentasi berpengaruh nyata terhadap kadar bioetanol hasil fermentasi. Uji BNT menyatakan bahwa perlakuan A 3 T 4 (pH 5 dan lama fermentasi 6 hari) dengan kadar bioetanol 7,76 % , nilai efisiensi 78,62 %, dan kadar gula sisa 5,52 % merupakan perlakuan yang berbeda nyata.","PeriodicalId":31035,"journal":{"name":"Alchemy Journal of Chemistry","volume":"1 1","pages":"93-100"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67619812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"EKSTRAKSI, UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN DAN IDENTIFIKASI GOLONGAN SENYAWA AKTIF ALGA MERAH Eucheuma spinosum DARI PERAIRAN BANYUWANGI","authors":"U. Mardiyah, A. Fasya, S. Amalia","doi":"10.18860/AL.V0I0.2895","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18860/AL.V0I0.2895","url":null,"abstract":"Pengujian aktivitas antioksidan dan identifikasi senyawa aktif ekstrak alga merah Eucheuma spinosum telah dilakukan. Ekstraksi senyawa aktif dilakukan dengan metode maserasi menggunakan metanol. Pemisahan metabolitnya dilakukan dengan proses hidrolisis dengan HCl 2 N, dilanjutkan dengan ekstraksi partisi menggunakan pelarut 1-butanol, etilasetat, kloroform, petroleum eterdan n-heksana. Pengujian aktivitas antioksidan menggunakan metode DPPH dengan menentukan nilai EC 50. Aktivitas antioksidan tertinggi pada fraksi petroleum eter, diikut ioleh fraksi kloroform, metanol, etilasetat, 1-butanol dan n-heksanadengan nilai EC 50 masing-masing 12,65 ppm, 19,23 ppm, 22,13 ppm, 41,94 ppm, 73,02 ppm dan 80,32 ppm. Kandungan golongan senyawa yang terdapat dalam ekstrak petroleum eter adalah flavonoid, triterpenoid, alkaloid dan asam askorbat.","PeriodicalId":31035,"journal":{"name":"Alchemy Journal of Chemistry","volume":"1 1","pages":"39-46"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67619450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"THE STUDY OF ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF ETHANOL FRACTION FROM BLACK CUMIN (Nigella sativa, L.)","authors":"D. Yuliani, E. K. Hayati, Tri Kustono Adi","doi":"10.18860/AL.V0I0.2897","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18860/AL.V0I0.2897","url":null,"abstract":"Black cumin (Nigella sativa, L.) is a plant with a lot of advantages. Many research have been conducted on this plant and most of them use nonpolar, such as petroleum ether and chloroform, as a solvent in extraction process. In this research, extraction of black cumin using ethanol was applied.Black cumin extraction started with maceration using ethanol p.a. and partition using chloroform (1:1). The antioxidant activity of ethanol fraction of black cumin was examined by DPPH method. To identify the composition, phytochemical screening, including test for terpenoid, flavonoid, saponin, tannin and alkaloid, was also conducted.The result showed that the scavenging ability on DPPH method was 22.483% with IC50 2743.59. Phytochemical screening on ethanol fraction showed the presence of flavonoid, tannin and alkaloid. The study concluded that polar fraction of black cumin has small antioxidant activity.","PeriodicalId":31035,"journal":{"name":"Alchemy Journal of Chemistry","volume":"1 1","pages":"8-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67619532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ahwalul Lailiyah, Tri Kustono Adi, Eriyanto Yusnawan
{"title":"KAPASITAS ANTIOKSIDAN DAN KANDUNGAN TOTAL SENYAWA FENOLIK EKSTRAK KASAR ALGA COKLAT Sargassum cristaefolium DARI PANTAI SUMENEP MADURA","authors":"Ahwalul Lailiyah, Tri Kustono Adi, Eriyanto Yusnawan","doi":"10.18860/AL.V0I0.2902","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18860/AL.V0I0.2902","url":null,"abstract":"Sumberdaya kelautan merupakan kekayaan alam yang memiliki peluang besar untuk dimanfaatkan. Salah satu sumber daya alam laut tersebut adalah alga. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kapasitas antioksidan dan kandungan fenolik total pada ekstrak alga coklat Sargassum cristaefolium dari pantai Sumenep Madura serta mengetahui golongan senyawa yang memiliki kapasitas antioksidan tertinggi. Ekstraksi alga coklat dilakukan dengan metode maserasi menggunakan dua variasi pelarut yakni metanol dan n-heksana. Kandungan fenolik total ekstrak kasar dalam alga coklat ditentukan menggunakan metode Folin-Ciocalteu, sedangkan kapasitas antioksidannya diukur menggunakan metode DPPH (1,1-difenil-2-pikrilhidrazil). Identifikasi golongan senyawa dilakukan dengan menggunakan uji reagen secara kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak kasar metanol memiliki kandungan fenolik total sebesar 74,63 mg GAE/g sampel, lebih tinggi daripada ekstrak kasar n-heksana (35,85 mg GAE/g sampel). Kapasitas antioksidan ekstrak kasar metanol sebesar 80,78 %, lebih besar dibandingkan dengan ekstrak n-heksana (74,98 %). Kedua ekstrak tersebut memiliki kapasitas antioksidan yang tergolong sedang, jika dibandingkan dengan antioksidan kuat, asam askorbat (99,26 %) dan BHT (99,09 %). Identifikasi golongan senyawa dengan menggunakan uji reagen pada alga coklat menunjukkan keberadaan senyawa golongan steroid di dalam ekstrak kasar metanol.","PeriodicalId":31035,"journal":{"name":"Alchemy Journal of Chemistry","volume":"1 1","pages":"18-30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67619242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"IDENTIFIKASI SENYAWA METABOLIT SEKUNDER EKSTRAK n-HEKSANA BATANG KESEMBUKAN (Paederia foetida Linn)","authors":"E. K. Hayati, Roihatul Muti’ah, Ifaridatul Chusna","doi":"10.18860/AL.V0I0.2903","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18860/AL.V0I0.2903","url":null,"abstract":"Tanaman kesembukan ( Paaderia foetida Linn) merupakan salah satu tanaman yang sering dimanfaatkan oleh masyarakat sebagai obat, sehingga dapat diketahui bahwa tanaman mempunyai aktivitas biologi, begitu juga dengan bagian batangnya. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kandungan golongan senyawa ekstrak heksanadengan metode Kromatografi Lapis Tipis (KLT).Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan mengekstraksi sampel dengan pelarut n-heksana.Golongan senyawa yang terkandung dalam ekstrak klorofom diidentifikasi dengan fitokimia dengan menggunakan reagen. Pemisahan golongan senyawanya digunakan kromatografi lapis tipis (KLT). Uji fitokimia menunjukkan ekstrak n-heksana mengandung steroid. Pemisahan dengan KLT menggunakan eluen n-heksana-etil asetat (8:2) menghasilkan 4 noda dengan nilai Rf berturut-turut 0,10; 0,35; 0,61; dan 0,68","PeriodicalId":31035,"journal":{"name":"Alchemy Journal of Chemistry","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67619331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"PREPARASI, MODIFIKASI DAN KARAKTERISASI KATALIS BIFUNGSIONAL Sn-H-ZEOLIT ALAM MALANG","authors":"Susi Nurul Khalifah, Nur Okta Erlina, Suci Amalia","doi":"10.18860/AL.V0I0.2888","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18860/AL.V0I0.2888","url":null,"abstract":"Telah dilakukan preparasi, modifikasi dan karakterisasi katalis Sn-H-Zeolit alam Malang. Zeolit alam diaktivasi dengan menggunakan larutan asam NH 4 NO 3 2 M sehingga dihasilkan H-Zeolit. Logam Sn diimpregnasikan pada sampel H-Zeolit menggunakan variasi konsentrasi SnCl 2 .2H 2 O 0,12: 0,24 dan 0,48 M. Metode yang digunakan adalah proses hidrotermal menggunakan suhu 90 °C selama 12 jam, kemudian dikalsinasi pada suhu 500 °C selama 4 jam. Karakterisasi katalis meliputi morfologi permukaan katalis menggunakan SEM-EDAX, analisis kesaman menggunakan adsorpsi ammonia, luas permukaan spesifik katalis menggunakan BET (NOVA-1200) serta kristalinitas katalis menggunakan XRD. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa distribusi logam terbaik pada pengemban zeolit adalah pada penggunaan konsentrasi logam SnCl 2 .2H 2 O 0,24 M. Nilai keasaman dari hasil variasi terbaik adalah 0,4682 mmol/g, sedangkan luas permukaan spesifiknya adalah sebesar 2,268 m 2 /g. Dari hasil karakterisasi XRD dapat diketahui bahwa proses modifikasi pada zeolit tidak menyebabkan perubahan struktur dan kristalinitas katalis.","PeriodicalId":31035,"journal":{"name":"Alchemy Journal of Chemistry","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67618768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"ISOLASI DAN KARAKTERISASI GELATIN DARI TULANG AYAM DENGAN METODE ASAM","authors":"Akyunul Jannah, Anik Maunatin, Arin Windayanti, Yuana Findianti, Zulfiatul Mufidah","doi":"10.18860/AL.V0I0.2904","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18860/AL.V0I0.2904","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study was to determine the quality of gelatin by using raw materials bone chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) and the Broiler chickens for differences in the concentration of acetic acid immersion process ( curing ).The method used in this study is the preparation and broiler chicken bones , isolation of gelatin with various concentration of acetic acid in the curing process , the process of hydrolysis , extraction temperature rise and gelatin with gelatin obtained include the characterization of protein , water , ash and metal. The results showed the highest yield of gelatin produced from Broiler chicken bone types with acetic acid concentration of 1 % , ie 3.25%. Gelatin highest protein content of 86.27 % of the types of Broiler chicken bone with acetic acid concentration of 1.5 %. Lowest ash content of 15.7 % gelatin from bone types Broiler chicken with 1 % acetic acid concentration , and from analysis using AAS contained Cu at 0.6 % (of the type of chicken bones, acetic acid concentration of 0.5 %) and Cu metal content of 1.1 % (of the type of Broiler chicken bones, acetic acid concentration of 1 %. highest moisture content of 0.17 % gelatin from bone types Kampung chicken with 1 % acetic acid concentration","PeriodicalId":31035,"journal":{"name":"Alchemy Journal of Chemistry","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67619385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}