International Journal of Enteric Pathogens最新文献

{"title":"COVID-19 and Down Syndrome: Why Individuals With Down Syndrome Are More Susceptible to Severe COVID-19 Infection?","authors":"Fatemeh Sameni, Bahareh Hajikhani, Saba Sayyari, M. Dadashi","doi":"10.34172/ijep.2022.4497","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ijep.2022.4497","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":31016,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Enteric Pathogens","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78718966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli in Diarrheic Neonatal Dairy Calves: Matching Small Intestinal and Fecal Isolates in Terms of Isolation Rates and Antimicrobial Resistance","authors":"Ramin Moradi, W. Grünberg, Ali Mirshahi, M. Askari Badouei, K. Sharifi","doi":"10.34172/ijep.2022.5509","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ijep.2022.5509","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Shiga toxin-producing strains have been considered remarkable diarrheagenic agents and foodborne pathogens. Several studies have mentioned the role of some Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains in diarrhea and dysentery in calves. Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) have also been isolated from diarrheic calves. Generally, the culture and antibiogram results obtained from fecal samples are used to select antibiotics to treat calf diarrhea. However, the value of such a sampling method has not been evaluated yet. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the clinical utility of fecal sample cultures for isolating STEC and EPEC in calf diarrhea by comparing them with small intestine samples. Materials and Methods: The small intestine and fecal samples were simultaneously collected from 35 diarrheic calves. Small intestine samples were collected under the ultrasonographic guide. A total of 70 confirmed E. coli isolates were screened by the multiplex polymerase chain reaction to detect genes encoding Shiga toxin1 (stx1), Shiga toxin2 (stx2), intimin (eae), and hemolysin (E-hly). We also compared the presence of class 1 and 2 integrons and antimicrobial resistance properties in the STEC and EPEC isolates recovered from the small intestine and fecal samples. Finally, the presence of important STEC/EPEC serogroups, including O26, O103, O111, O113, O145, and O157 in isolates from both samples, was determined as well. Results: STEC strains were detected in 25.7%, and 20% of E. coli isolates obtained from the small intestine and fecal samples, respectively. The stx1 was the sole Shiga toxin subtype detected among STEC in intestinal and fecal isolates. EPEC was detected only in one and two E. coli isolates from the small intestine and fecal samples, respectively. Conclusion: A numerically higher prevalence of STEC was observed in the small intestine compared to fecal samples; there was no significant difference in the frequencies of STEC and EPEC isolates between the small intestine and fecal samples. The results indicated that the fecal sample, as a non-invasive and practical method, could be used for isolating STEC and EPEC in calf diarrhea. The antibiogram showed the presence of a high degree of multi-drug resistance among the isolates.","PeriodicalId":31016,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Enteric Pathogens","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82387065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detection of Autotransporter Genes and Evaluation of the Relationship Between the Autotransporters and Biofilm Formation in Uropathogenic Escherichia Coli Isolated From Urinary Tract Infections","authors":"M. A. Asadi Karam, M. Habibi","doi":"10.34172/ijep.2022.5511","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ijep.2022.5511","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) are among the pathogens causing urinary tract infections (UTIs). UPEC strains utilize autotransporter (AT) proteins for pathogenesis, especially the development of biofilm in the urinary tract. Objective: There is no general data about the frequency of ATs among the UPECs, thus we decided to assess the frequency and AT patterns in patients with UPEC recovered from UTI, as well as to find the possible correlation between the ATs and biofilm. Materials and Methods: Totally, 200 Escherichia coli were recovered from the urine of outpatients and inpatients with UTIs in Iran. Biofilm production was assessed by a phenotypic method. Extraction of DNA was done using the boiling method, and the extracted products were used for polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Amplification of AT genes was done by PCR with an optimized program in a thermal cycler apparatus. Then, the amplified genes were evaluated by electrophoresis. Results: Among the UPEC isolates, 63.5% and 36.5% were isolated from cystitis and pyelonephritis patients, respectively. In addition, the majority of UPECs (66.5%) were associated with hospitalized patients. Totally, 92% of isolates produced biofilm, of which 53.5%, 21.5%, and 17% were weak, moderate, and strong biofilm producers, respectively. Among investigated ATs, the most frequent genes were upaH (89%), upaB (87%), upaG (79%), vat (78%), sat (69%), upaC (67%), and ag43 (37%). There were 37 AT patterns among UPECs, and pattern 1 with the presence of all AT genes was the most common. It was found that the prevalence of upaB and upaG was significantly higher among the cystitis isolates compared to pyelonephritis isolates. Further, no significant difference was observed between the AT genes, except for upaC (P=0.003), and the intensity of biofilm formation in UPEC isolates. Conclusion: According to the high prevalence of AT genes among UPECs isolated from inpatients and outpatients, these factors can be ideal vaccine candidates for designing effective vaccines against the isolates. Evaluation of the efficacy of these ATs against UPECs is under investigation.","PeriodicalId":31016,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Enteric Pathogens","volume":"460 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76693070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-drug Resistant Escherichia Coli from Poultry: A Potential Source of Antimicrobial Resistance Spread in Poultry Farm Environment","authors":"I. C. Ugwu, Francis Wilson, C. Ugwu","doi":"10.34172/ijep.2022.4483","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ijep.2022.4483","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Escherichia coli is known to inhabit the gastrointestinal tract of poultry and other animals. E. coli infection can cause major economic losses in poultry production. The development of resistance to the commonly used antimicrobials in the treatment of such infection can be a setback in the poultry sector. Objective: This study was carried out to determine the antibiotic resistance profile of E. coli isolated from chickens in Imo State, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: Twelve poultry farms were selected across the 3 senatorial zones of the state using purposive random sampling. A total of 120 cloacal samples were collected from chickens using sterile swabs. The samples were streaked onto MacConkey agar (MCA) and incubated at 37o C overnight. Pink colonies on the MCA were streaked onto eosin-methylene blue agar, incubated for 24 hours at 37o C, and confirmed by indole, methyl red, Voges-Proskauer, and citrate (IMVIC) tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was carried out using disc diffusion technique, and the inhibition zone diameter was measured and recorded as resistant or susceptible. Results: Twenty isolates out of the 120 samples were identified as E. coli. Twenty isolates were highly resistant to 5 antibiotics out of 10 antibiotics used. Antibiotic resistance patterns were as follows: amoxicillin (AMP) (95%), cephalothin (CEP) (90%), nalidixic acid (NA) (85%), trimethoprim (SXT) (85%), cefoperazone (PEF) (80%), ampicillin (AMP) (70%) ofloxacin (OFX) (15%), ciprofloxacin (CIP) (10%), gentamicin (CN) (10%), and streptomycin (S) (10%). Sixteen resistance patterns were recorded with AMC-SXT-AMP-CEP-NA-PEF being the most prevalent. Conclusion: This study shows that multi-drug resistant E. coli strains are present in poultry farms in Imo State.","PeriodicalId":31016,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Enteric Pathogens","volume":"79 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87177900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detection of Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter jejuni in Fecal Samples From Domestics and Livestock Employees","authors":"Somayeh Yaslianifard, Zahrasadat Shahtaheri, M. Qorbani, Mahnaz Tavakoli, M. Mohammadzadeh","doi":"10.34172/ijep.2022.5498","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ijep.2022.5498","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli are two zoonotic pathogens that commonly colonize the digestive tract of animal sources, including poultry, dogs, cats, and other various domestic farm animals. Colonization can lead to acute bacterial gastroenteritis in humans after close contact with animals or through the consumption of contaminated food or water. Objective: The present study aimed to detect and identify these bacteria in the fecal samples of domestic and livestock employees. Materials and Methods: A total of 96 samples were collected, including 48 sheep faces and 48 livestock workers’ stool samples. DNA was extracted from the samples, and the presence of Campylobacter species was investigated by the polymerase chain reaction due to the detection of specific marker genes. Results: Based on the PCR on hippuricase gene (hipO) and aspartokinase gene (asp), C. jejuni was found in 7 (7.3%) and C. coli in 4 (4.2%) of 96 isolates. Analysis of nucleotide sequences of PCR amolicons showed the genetic similarity of isolates from a common livestock center. Conclusion: Direct animal-to-human contamination seems unlikely. However, the contamination of farm water sources and sheep products with Campylobacter species can be a potential risk to human health.","PeriodicalId":31016,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Enteric Pathogens","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83554837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Posterior Duodenal Perforation as COVID-19 Complication","authors":"Faranak Olamaeian, A. Tayebi, Behrad Seyedesfahani, Fatemeh Afrashteh, M. Abbasi","doi":"10.34172/ijep.2021.31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ijep.2021.31","url":null,"abstract":"Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) is known for its respiratory symptoms, cough, and fever. Gastrointestinal symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, and vomiting are also observed in COVID-19. Gastrointestinal bleeding, peptic ulceration, and peptic ulcer perforation have also been reported in several COVID-19 cases. This paper describes a 76-year-old woman presented with dyspnea and generalized abdominal pain. According to symptoms and imaging results, peritonitis was considered, and an emergency laparotomy was performed for the patient. A posterior duodenal ulcer was detected during surgery. The patient died after two days of operation.","PeriodicalId":31016,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Enteric Pathogens","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74463753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"COVID-19 Vaccination in Pregnant Women: A Review Study","authors":"N. Changizi, Nahid Farrokhzad, M. Vigeh, Raheleh Moradi, M. Bagheri, L. Sahebi","doi":"10.34172/ijep.2021.28","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ijep.2021.28","url":null,"abstract":"Background: After launching coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination programs, healthcare workers and the general population were worried about the efficacy and safety of vaccines in mothers and fetuses due to insufficient data. During the phases of clinical trial and mass vaccinations, many unplanned pregnancies occurred in vaccinated women, which helped to investigate protection rates of vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and their side effects. Objective: This review study had two main objectives, including finding original articles about vaccinated pregnant women and collecting suggestions/recommendations in published documents, including the effectiveness, benefits, side effects, and instructions for vaccination of pregnant women. Materials and Methods: The web-based literature was extensively searched to retrieve the related documents. Due to the emerging nature of evidence, rapid onset of the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak, and recent vaccination programs, no limitation was applied regarding inclusion criteria and the study type. Results: Sixteen documents were selected for full text reading. Due to the significant benefits of vaccines (mostly mRNA types), such as the reduced risk of disease severity, premature labor, and virus transmission, vaccination of pregnant women has been recommended by the Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunization as well as several other organizations. Conclusion: the consequences of SARS-CoV-2 disease during pregnancy seem to outweigh the known side effects of the vaccination.","PeriodicalId":31016,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Enteric Pathogens","volume":"60 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82072243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gut Microbiota in Breast Cancer Patients Differs From That of Colon Cancer Patients and Healthy Individuals: A Gut-Tumor Axis","authors":"N. Pakravan, A. Abbasi, S. Hatami, Nasrin Sehati, A. Elahi","doi":"10.34172/ijep.2021.25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ijep.2021.25","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The gut microbiota influences human health and disease. Alterations in gut microbiota may have pathological consequences. Scientific knowledge about gut microbiota can facilitate predicting the likelihood of certain intestinal and/or extra-intestinal diseases. There are six main phyla in gut including Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, and Fusobacteria, among which Proteobacteria and Fusobacteria are associated with colon cancer. Association of the gut microbiota pattern with colon cancer is conceivable because of their close proximity. Accordingly, breast tissue microbiota has been associated with breast tumor. Objective: This study aimed to identify the gut microbiota pattern in breast cancer, therefore, the six phyla in fecal sample from patients with breast cancer were investigated and compared with those from healthy individuals and colon cancer patients. Methods: Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed on DNA extracted from fecal samples based on variable region of 16S ribosomal DNA gene of the six main phyla in the gut. Results: Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes levels in breast cancer patients were higher than those in colon cancer patients and healthy individuals. Inversely, Actinobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, Proteobacteria, and Fusobacteria levels in breast cancer were lower than those in colon cancer patients and healthy individuals. Conclusion: Taking into account the decreased level of oncogenic microbiota in fecal sample from breast cancer patients compared to the level of that from colon cancer or healthy cases as well as the presence of oncogenic microbiota in breast tumor, some bacteria may have translocated from gut to breast tissue in some circumstances which likely contribute to the breast tumorigenesis (gut-tumor axis). Migration of the bacteria from gastrointestinal tract to tumor may have occurred in a similar fashion to that of the bacteria from gastrointestinal to fetus. It is worth mentioning that tumor and fetus are immune privileged sites.","PeriodicalId":31016,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Enteric Pathogens","volume":"96 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76813550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Jurisprudential Ruling on the Use of WiFi Internet in Public Places Due to its Definite or Possible Damages to the Function of the Intestines and Other Organs","authors":"A. Almasi, Morteza Agha Mohammadi","doi":"10.34172/ijep.2021.29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ijep.2021.29","url":null,"abstract":"WiFi is one of the new technologies that has gained an important place in human life today. However, over the recent years, scientists have consistently warned about the adverse effects of this technology on guts and other parts of the human body and called for stricter rules for its use. The present article, using the achievements of biotechnology and declarations of medical experts, attempts to examine the jurisprudential aspects of the use of WiFi in places with a dense population such as residential complexes, schools, and offices, which could harm oneself and many others. The purpose of this study is to encourage communities to use healthy, low-risk, and favorite WiFi. This article examines the problem using a descriptive-analytical method. First, the damages raised for WiFi are stated and then its jurisprudential aspects are examined based on religious and rational arguments. The jurisprudential aspects of the issue have been examined separately under the two assumptions of the certainty of the threats mentioned for WiFi and their probability. Based on our results, in case of certainty of the harms mentioned for WiFi, based on jurisprudential evidence, it can be considered as an Islamic legal Fatwa, hence it is haram to use it in some cases. If these harms are conjectural, the intellect will apply the ruling of impermissibility. However, the mentioned disadvantages and threats are attributed to the continuous and long-term use of this technology. Therefore, considering the benefits of using WiFi on the one hand and its disadvantages, on the other hand, the managed and controlled use of this technology could be permitted.","PeriodicalId":31016,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Enteric Pathogens","volume":"137 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89313984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular Identification of Cryptosporidiosis and Helicobacter pylori Infection and Delayed Growth in Children","authors":"A. Ibrahim, Wael S. Rihan, Mahmoud E. Gadalla","doi":"10.34172/ijep.2021.26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ijep.2021.26","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Children are more susceptible to a wide range of infections. Objectives: The focus of this research was to investigate the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), Cryptosporidium spp., and co-infection, as well as the magnitude of these infections and anthropometric indicators in diarrheic Egyptian children. Methods: A total of 152 diarrheic children, ranging in age from a few months to 12 years were considered as the study samples. All feces samples were examined under a microscope for parasites and molecularly for H. pylori and Cryptosporidium spp. A restriction enzyme was used to digest Cryptosporidium polymerase chain reaction products to determine the genotype. Results: Stool examinations revealed that 42 (27.6%) participants were infected with one or more parasites. Cryptosporidium 18 (11.8%), E. histolytica complex 12 (7.9%), and Giardia 9 (5.9%) were the most common parasites. The most frequent Cryptosporidium species was Cryptosporidium hominis (83%), whereas H. pylori was found in 45 (29.6%) patients. The prevalence of Cryptosporidium and H. pylori was unaffected by gender, age, socioeconomic status, or nutrition (P < 0.05). Only head circumference (P > 0.05) was observed to be linked with infection. Conclusion: The incidence of Cryptosporidium and H. pylori in diarrheic children may be of public health concern and negatively affects anthropometric indicators.","PeriodicalId":31016,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Enteric Pathogens","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82479255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}