Environmental Impact Assessment Review最新文献

{"title":"Centralized environmental management: Strengthening enforcement at jurisdictional boundaries","authors":"Zifu Liu ,&nbsp;Xiaoxiao Shen ,&nbsp;Fan Xia ,&nbsp;Bing Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.eiar.2026.108328","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eiar.2026.108328","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Decentralized environmental management often leads to local protectionism and inconsistent policy enforcement, resulting in strategic regulatory behavior and a failure to address interjurisdictional externalities. This study examines whether centralizing environmental governance helps mitigate these problems, using a vertical management system reform of environmental governance agencies below the province level in Jiangsu Province, China. We analyze the reform's impact by comparing changes in environmental enforcement at jurisdictional borders with those in inland areas. Leveraging novel, geocoded firm-level panel data on environmental inspections, we find that the centralization reform has strengthened enforcement at jurisdictional borders, increasing environmental warnings and penalties on border firms by 10.5 % ∼ 13.4 % relative to inland firms. Our findings suggest that centralizing environmental management improves environmental outcomes by curbing local governments' free-riding behavior and strengthening enforcement efforts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":309,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Impact Assessment Review","volume":"118 ","pages":"Article 108328"},"PeriodicalIF":11.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145920766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of the impact of establishing national key ecological function zones on land resource allocation","authors":"Nan Deng ,&nbsp;Yaobin Liu ,&nbsp;Shuoshuo Li ,&nbsp;Yaxin Tan ,&nbsp;Guoen Wei","doi":"10.1016/j.eiar.2026.108335","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eiar.2026.108335","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Effective utilization of land resources is a global priority and a critical pathway toward achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). As the world's most populous developing country, China faces severe challenges from the encroachment of ecological land driven by rapid urbanization and industrialization. The establishment of National Key Ecological Function Zones (NKEFZs) plays a pivotal role in optimizing land resource allocation (LRA) as a spatial regulatory instrument. Drawing on panel data from 1998 Chinese counties spanning 2007 to 2022, this study examines the impact of NKEFZs on LRA, with particular attention to incremental control and stock optimization. The findings show that establishing NKEFZs effectively improves LRA. It increases land-increment control (LIC) by 0.56% and enhances land-stock optimization (LSO) by 5.37%. These effects operate mainly through adjustments in local governments' land-supply strategies and firms' land-use demand. The policy effects are especially pronounced in central and western regions, economically less active areas, regions with stronger regulatory enforcement, and zones designated for water and soil conservation. Moreover, we find that government growth competition weakens the policy's impact on LIC, while a higher level of marketization enhances its effectiveness. Overall, the study offers policy insights for promoting more intensive and efficient land use within NKEFZs and for better coordinating environmental protection with economic development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":309,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Impact Assessment Review","volume":"118 ","pages":"Article 108335"},"PeriodicalIF":11.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145920774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A combined territorial life cycle assessment and ecosystem services valuation to analyse the environmental performance of coastal planning scenarios: Insights from a case study in southern France","authors":"Katia Philippot ,&nbsp;Hélène Rey-Valette ,&nbsp;Jérôme Lavoie ,&nbsp;Cécile Bulle ,&nbsp;Jean Michel Salles ,&nbsp;Rutger de Wit ,&nbsp;Valérie Derolez ,&nbsp;Nicole Lautrédou-Audouy ,&nbsp;Carmen Cordonnier ,&nbsp;Eléonore Loiseau","doi":"10.1016/j.eiar.2025.108256","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eiar.2025.108256","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A territory, which is a geographical area qualified by a legal affiliation or by a natural or cultural feature, presents an appropriate scale for establishing responsibilities and initiating sustainable development actions. At the same time, globalization implies constant interaction of territories with the rest of the world. The management of territorial projects therefore requires a revised set of environmental assessment tools that consider local and global issues with a multi-scale perspective. The environmental benefits of land use policies can, however, remain hidden behind global approaches such as life cycle assessment (LCA), which are generally product-oriented and tend to ignore ecosystem services (ES). This paper aims to propose new decision-making tools for land use planning based on the joint use of ecosystem services assessment (ESA) and territorial Life Cycle Assessment (T-LCA). Within the T-LCA framework, two main types of indicators were quantified. On the one hand, the services provided by land planning scenarios were computed by the ESA by considering provisioning, cultural and regulation ES. On the other hand, environmental impacts were characterized using the Impact World+ Life Cycle Impacts Assessment (LCIA) method.</div><div>Two contrasting scenarios and a business as usual scenario (BAU) were studied and compared as a proof of concept. Scenario 1 focused on productive economy by maintaining and diversifying the shellfish farming sector, which is a strong component of the area's social identity. Scenario 2 favoured the development of tourism. Overall, the results indicated that environmental damages varied only slightly between scenarios, with tourism activities (i.e., transport and accommodation) emerging as the primary contributors. In contrast, there were very different profiles in terms of socio-economic benefits depending on the scenario. Provisioning ES were very high in scenario 1, while scenario 2 led to a clear increase in cultural ES. This research emphasizes the importance of developing integrated assessment approaches when creating local planning policies, in order to identify potential trade-offs between environmental impacts and benefits, and local and global issues.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":309,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Impact Assessment Review","volume":"118 ","pages":"Article 108256"},"PeriodicalIF":11.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145464689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A decision-making model for more sustainable municipal solid waste management","authors":"Arno P. Clasen,&nbsp;Feni Agostinho,&nbsp;Cecília M.V.B. Almeida,&nbsp;Biagio F. Giannetti","doi":"10.1016/j.eiar.2025.108258","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eiar.2025.108258","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The increasing volume of municipal solid waste (MSW) globally requires sustainable management strategies, especially in resource-constrained regions where landfilling remains predominant due to economic limitations. This study proposes a decision-support model focused on sustainability to guide the choice of technological routes for MSW management, comparing a conventional sanitary landfill with an integrated and innovative biorefinery (2IB), positioned at the top of the waste management hierarchy. The evaluation includes a diagnosis phase, which addressed only the treatment plants, and a simulation phase, which incorporated transportation distances and variations in MSW composition. Both phases were based on the five-sector sustainability model (5SEnSU), here applied for the first time to MSW management systems. Results focused on treatment showed that 2IB performs approximately 15 times better in terms of the sustainability synthetic indicator of the system (SSIS: 0.53) compared to sanitary landfill (SSIS: 8.12). Results from simulations revealed that 2IB remains the more sustainable option for additional transport distances up to 11,000 km/day and for any combination of organic and inorganic waste fraction. The study concludes that the adoption of 2IB should be prioritized in MSW public policies, particularly through intermunicipal consortia, which can facilitate implementation. This study contributes scientifically by assessing, for the first time using the 5SEnSU, the sustainability of an innovative biorefinery for MSW. Practically, it delivers a replicable and adaptable model to help local governments make informed, sustainability-based decisions. It further offers clear operational threshold, on transport distance and waste composition, that can be readily applied in real-world planning and policy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":309,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Impact Assessment Review","volume":"118 ","pages":"Article 108258"},"PeriodicalIF":11.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145518524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A decade of disruption: The threat of international events to global economic and environmental sustainability","authors":"Dengcheng Han ,&nbsp;David Z. Zhu ,&nbsp;Guohe Huang ,&nbsp;Sichen Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.eiar.2025.108322","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eiar.2025.108322","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sustainable development worldwide has been seriously influenced by the disturbance of global supply chains resulting from dynamic international events such as tariff disputes, global epidemics, and regional trade agreements. Amidst efforts to advance global sustainability, events like the COVID-19 pandemic, the Russia-Ukraine conflict, and the Sino-US trade war have reshaped the landscape. Thus, the interactive impacts of multiple events on the achievements of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) selected from economic-environmental perspectives (EESDGs, including 13 targets across 10 goals) will be assessed in this study. The alteration of global supply chains among countries and the challenge of regional economy and environment will be emphasized, deepening the understanding of the mechanism behind EESDG changes. Our results suggest that the global pandemic has the weakest negative effect on national EESDG performance (∼1 %), while trade and energy restrictions between the European Union and Russia lead to a much larger reduction (∼7 %). Continued China–United States trade frictions are associated with decreases by ∼4 % for the United States and ∼ 2 % for China. In contrast, the regional trading agreement appears to generate positive effects (2.5–3.6 %). When all four events occur together, the most affected country experiences an overall reduction by ∼5 %. By delivering a comprehensive analysis of both the barriers and potential pathways forward, this study provides valuable insights into seeking effective policies to foster a more sustainable future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":309,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Impact Assessment Review","volume":"118 ","pages":"Article 108322"},"PeriodicalIF":11.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145921144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multivariate environmental and social life cycle assessment of circular recycled-plastic voided slabs for data-driven sustainable construction","authors":"Antonio J. Sánchez-Garrido ,&nbsp;Ignacio J. Navarro ,&nbsp;Víctor Yepes","doi":"10.1016/j.eiar.2025.108297","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eiar.2025.108297","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The construction sector is a major contributor to climate change and resource depletion, responsible for over 36 % of global final energy use and nearly half of all raw material consumption. Addressing structural systems' environmental and social sustainability is a critical challenge for the transition toward a circular and low-carbon built environment. Among structural elements, floor slabs are particularly critical due to their intensive use of concrete and steel. This study develops an integrated, data-driven framework that combines multivariate structural modeling with environmental and social life cycle assessment (<em>E</em>-LCA and S-LCA), explicitly describing the methodological approach before results are introduced. Leveraging empirical data from 67 real buildings, the framework generates robust pre-dimensioning guidelines that support early-stage decision-making in sustainable construction. Results demonstrate substantial material and impact reductions: concrete and steel use decrease by 23–33 % and up to 29 %, respectively, leading to average endpoint environmental impact reductions of 25 % and global warming potential decreases of 24 %, reaching 30 % for six-meter spans. S-LCA highlights social risk reductions up to 20 % in the Workers and Local Community categories, reflecting safer and more socially responsible construction practices. By integrating advanced multivariate modeling with comprehensive life cycle assessment, this research delivers a decision-oriented tool that accelerates the adoption of circular, low-carbon construction systems. The revised abstract also highlights the policy and management implications: the findings provide actionable insights for engineers, regulators, and policymakers, supporting the development of building codes, resource-efficient design guidelines, and climate-aligned strategies for the construction sector. Ultimately, this work promotes a resilient and sustainable built environment, advancing circular economy principles and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":309,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Impact Assessment Review","volume":"118 ","pages":"Article 108297"},"PeriodicalIF":11.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145680827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of China's urban green space in synergistically mitigating PM2.5-attributed health impact and climate change","authors":"Yang Guan ,&nbsp;Nannan Zhang ,&nbsp;Yan Wang ,&nbsp;Wentao Lu ,&nbsp;Bin Li ,&nbsp;Changbo Qin","doi":"10.1016/j.eiar.2025.108298","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eiar.2025.108298","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Urban green space (UGS) serves to mitigate ambient pollutant concentrations through adsorption and dispersion effects while providing carbon sequestration via photosynthesis, contributing synergistically to urban climate and air quality improvement. This study quantifies this synergistic role by evaluating the UGS-attributed reduction in PM_2.5-related health impacts, the UGS-produced carbon sequestration, and the socioeconomic value of these co-benefits, using Chinese cities as a case study. From 2008 to 2022, UGS collectively prevented an estimated 179.34 thousand PM_2.5-related premature deaths and sequestered 349.81 million tCO₂e, corresponding to socioeconomic values of 694.69 and 314.94 billion CNY, respectively. Driven by urbanization and the expansion of UGS in China, UGS-attributed health benefits and carbon sequestration have shown steady growth over the past 15 years. Furthermore, this study evaluates the UGS investment-benefit ratio, environmental Gini coefficient, and offsetting rate (relative to city-level PM_2.5-related health impacts and CO₂ emissions), revealing inequalities in UGS-related environmental investment, benefits, and responsibilities across cities. The identification of associated socioeconomic factors indicated that urbanization progress exerted a complex influence on the capacity of UGS to deliver environmental health and climate co-benefits. As an integral component of urban green infrastructure and a product of urbanization, the UGS helps offset negative environmental impacts arising from urban development and construction to a certain extent. A comprehensive and system-wide evaluation of UGS-derived co-benefits can inform UGS spatial planning and support green urbanization, Beautiful China development, and achieving Sustainable Development Goal 11.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":309,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Impact Assessment Review","volume":"118 ","pages":"Article 108298"},"PeriodicalIF":11.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145680833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Individual mobility and heat exposure: Distinguishing residence-based and mobility-based assessments","authors":"Heng Wu,&nbsp;Yong Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.eiar.2025.108292","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eiar.2025.108292","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Human mobility is essential for accurately estimating individual heat exposure, yet most assessments still rely on residence-based measures that neglect daily movements. How mobility patterns influence heat exposure across different urban contexts remains underexplored. This study used mobile phone signaling data to capture individual mobility and employed a numerical model to simulate mean radiant temperature. Residence-based exposure (RBE) and mobility-based exposure (MBE) to heat were estimated in Chongqing and Chengdu, and the differences between the two were examined. Interpretable machine learning was then applied to explore the nonlinear effects of mobility indicators on estimated differences (|MBE–RBE|). Estimated results show that RBE can both overestimate and underestimate heat exposure, leading to biases relative to MBE. These differences were larger in Chongqing, reflecting its more complex mobility patterns. In Chongqing, human flows were more dispersed toward scattered subcenters, increasing exposure, whereas in Chengdu, flows concentrated toward a few employment centers, reducing exposure. Machine learning analysis revealed that mobility indicators substantially influenced the estimated differences. Out-of-home duration had a positive effect once exceeding 6 h, stabilizing beyond 12 h. Travel frequency exerted a positive effect within an effective range from 2 to 4 trips, particularly in Chongqing. Radius of gyration showed a positive effect beyond 3 km, with diminishing marginal effects after 10 km, especially in Chengdu. These findings highlight the methodological importance of incorporating mobility into heat-related assessments and provide evidence for designing targeted planning and adaptation strategies to reduce urban heat risks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":309,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Impact Assessment Review","volume":"118 ","pages":"Article 108292"},"PeriodicalIF":11.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145681529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmental sustainability of green roofs in urban areas","authors":"Débora Pons Fiorentin ,&nbsp;Sandra Rafael ,&nbsp;Paula Quinteiro","doi":"10.1016/j.eiar.2025.108270","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eiar.2025.108270","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Developing urban areas without considering green spaces enhances cities' vulnerabilities to the effects of climate change. To deal with such challenges, the European Union has promoted integration between buildings and Nature-based Solutions (NBS). Green roofs are a type of NBS and have been identified as a key strategy to enhance urban resilience. Although green roofs are seen as an environmentally friendly strategy to address the environmental challenges faced in urban areas, there is still limited evidence regarding the green roofs' potential environmental impacts throughout their life cycle. This paper addresses this literature gap by comparing the environmental impacts of green roofs and conventional flat roofs, through the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology in a cradle-to-grave approach. Five scenarios were assessed based on the functional unit of 1 square meter of the roof with a 40-year lifespan: i) two extensive green roofs, ii) two intensive green roofs, and iii) one conventional flat roof. The results showed that the performance of extensive green roofs is better than that of intensive ones, mainly due to the type of vegetation that intensive green roofs hold, and consequently, mainly due to the higher material and watering requirements of intensive green roofs. When comparing the conventional flat roof with the green roof, the conventional flat roof performs better in all impact categories under study, mainly due to the additional technical layers required for green roof construction. In all scenarios, the materials stage is the hotspot for all impact categories, except for freshwater and marine eutrophication for the green roof scenarios, where the end-of-life stage is the hotspot. Sensitivity analyses results indicate that the environmental impacts are not sensitive to the content of organic matter in the substrate. However, the end-of-life of the substrate layer materials has a great impact on the outcomes for some impact categories. The findings of this study suggest that improving waste management strategy may enhance the environmental performance of green roofs compared to conventional flat roofs. Future research should explore the multifaceted potential benefits of green roofs, addressing their social, economic, and environmental aspects, considering optimizing buildings' thermal performance and strengthening urban resilience under specific climatic and economic realities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":309,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Impact Assessment Review","volume":"118 ","pages":"Article 108270"},"PeriodicalIF":11.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145615026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CO2 emissions mitigation potential from inter-provincial trade restructuring and technology diffusion in China: A multi-regional Leontief optimization method","authors":"Yizhong Wang ,&nbsp;Ye Hang ,&nbsp;Qunwei Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.eiar.2025.108239","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.eiar.2025.108239","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A national unified market in China can promote inter-provincial trade restructuring and technology diffusion, which can contribute to CO₂ reduction. However, existing studies paid insufficient attention to quantifying the CO₂ emissions mitigation potential (CMP) of trade restructuring and technology diffusion. Therefore, this paper constructs a multi-regional Leontief input-output optimization model to accurately quantify the CMP. Further, this paper analyzes its composition from three perspectives: emission subject, driving factor, and industrial chain. The results indicate that the distribution of the CMP was uneven among emission subjects (regions and sectors) in China. Besides, due to the increasing demand for low-carbon products, the prevailing viewpoint that the more emissions, the greater the CMP, must be reconsidered. At the factor level, the CMP was concentrated on two technology-related factors. However, the CMP of trade restructuring was low, which may be related to the high degree of industrial regional agglomeration. The industrial chains associated with the construction sector, services sector, and equipment manufacturing sectors were the key to tapping the CMP. Moreover, the CMP distribution structures of various regions from the industrial chain perspective were converging, while those of various sectors were becoming increasingly different.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":309,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Impact Assessment Review","volume":"118 ","pages":"Article 108239"},"PeriodicalIF":11.2,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145464639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}