{"title":"COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF NATURAL AND MIXED CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER MODELS FOR CIRCUIT BOARD ARRAYS","authors":"P. Teertstra, J. Culham, M. Yovanovich","doi":"10.1142/S0960313197000105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/S0960313197000105","url":null,"abstract":"A review of the currently available models and correlations for natural and mixed convection heat transfer in vertical, uniformly heated parallel plate channels is presented. These results have been widely used for the thermal analysis of arrays of printed circuit boards contained in typical microelectronics and telecommunications equipment. This chronological presentation will begin with the well known work of Elenbaas1 and describe the subsequent research for natural and mixed convection cooled isothermal and isoflux flat plate channels. All available heat transfer models will be presented and compared with numerical and empirical results from the current literature. In addition, the effects of many of the simplifying assumptions used in these models and correlations will be evaluated based on research presented by a number of authors.","PeriodicalId":309904,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Electronics Manufacturing","volume":"131 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129460833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A comparative study of forced and natural convection flow in a channel with discrete heated modules in turbulent regime","authors":"P. Deb, B. Basu, P. Majumdar","doi":"10.1142/S0960313197000129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/S0960313197000129","url":null,"abstract":"The present study compares the fluid and thermal behavior of the developing flow over distributed heated modules along the lower wall of a rectangular channel for forced and natural convection flow. The time-averaged mass, momentum and energy equations along with the k - e equations for turbulent closure are solved. A special explicit method, namely MAC (Marker and Cell) is used to solve those governing equations. In the present paper, a comparative study of the distribution of Nusselt number and pressure drop on the lower wall of the channel in forced and natural convection cases is reported. The results apply for fluid flow with Re = 5000 and Gr = 25 × 1012. The detailed analysis is presented through streamline, turbulent kinetic energy contour, pressure contour, and temperature contour.","PeriodicalId":309904,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Electronics Manufacturing","volume":"110 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115738009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"ON IMPROVING THE PERFORMANCE OF HARD DISK DRIVE FINAL ASSEMBLY VIA KNOWLEDGE INTENSIVE SIMULATION","authors":"Zhenying Zhao, Robert de Souza, Boon Khai. Koh","doi":"10.1142/S0960313197000142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/S0960313197000142","url":null,"abstract":"Traditional simulation studies focus almost exclusively on representing stochastic systems using random dynamics and/or precise dynamics. However, between these polar states lies the concept of muddy dynamics. This paper presents a case including the full spectrum of these dynamics enhanced by intensive knowledge. A case is argued that increased accuracy of simulation results is achievable with this novel approach. This is tried out on a case study in the final assembly sector in hard disk drive industry.","PeriodicalId":309904,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Electronics Manufacturing","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122499319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"APPLICATION OF DIELECTRIC BINARY MIXTURES IN ELECTRONIC COOLING — NUCLEATE POOL BOILING REGIME","authors":"T. Lee","doi":"10.1142/S0960313197000117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/S0960313197000117","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents experimental results on nucleate pool boiling in dielectric mixtures. A silicon thermal test chip was immersed in a pool filled with perfluoropolyether binary mixtures. Two pure liquids, D80 and HT110, were mixed by volume as 0%, 20%, 50%, 80%, and 100%. All experiments were performed under 50°C subcooling at one atmospheric pressure. The results indicated that nucleate boiling curves were close to each other among pure liquids and mixtures. As more less-volatile liquid (HT110) was added, the mixture boiling curve shifted to the left and merged with that of the pure liquids. The boiling heat transfer coefficient increased linearly with rising heat flux. At all heat flux levels, the boiling heat transfer coefficient decreased as more less-volatile liquid was added and reached a minimum value at the 20/80% mixture of D80/HT110. The perfluoropolyether binary mixtures showed deterioration in heat transfer coefficient similar to the hydrocarbon mixtures. The measured values were always less than the ideal heat transfer coefficients obtained from a linear interpolation of values corresponding to the single components. The degree of degradation in heat transfer coefficient decreased as the heat flux increased for a given composition. The maximum heat transfer degradation did not occur at the same liquid composition for different heat flux levels: it occurred at the 50/50% mixture for two lower heat fluxes, and at the 20/80% mixture of D80/HT110 for two higher heat fluxes. Prediction of vapor mole fraction was also pursued. The results indicated that the maximum mole fraction difference between vapor and liquid phases existed at the 50/50% mixture. This particular composition did not always reflect the occurrence of the maximum heat transfer degradation, as it was reported in the hydrocarbon mixtures. Experimental data were tested with two empirical correlations with good agreement.","PeriodicalId":309904,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Electronics Manufacturing","volume":"07 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128994805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A NOVEL CIRCUIT FABRICATION TECHNIQUE USING OFFSET LITHOGRAPHY","authors":"B. Ramsey, P. Evans, D. Harrison","doi":"10.1142/S0960313197000075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/S0960313197000075","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reports the progress in the development of a novel fabrication technique for thin-film electronic circuit boards. The application of this work is in substitutes for resin-laminate circuit boards fabricated by photo-resist and etching processes. Circuit tracks are formed on paper-like substrates by depositing films of a metal-loaded ink via a standard lithographic printing process. Whilst developed primarily for low cost applications, Conductive Lithographic Films (CLFs) have now been successfully demonstrated in a range of telephone plant, microprocessor and microwave stripline applications.","PeriodicalId":309904,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Electronics Manufacturing","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132483114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"REWORK OF BGA COMPONENTS","authors":"C. Chung, K. Srihari, A. Primavera","doi":"10.1142/S0960313197000051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/S0960313197000051","url":null,"abstract":"Area array packages are being increasingly used in the surface mount printed circuit board assembly domain due to their unique characteristics and high process yields. Several researchers have indicated that the process defects associated with the ball grid array components on printed circuit board assemblies are dramatically lower than those experienced with traditional leaded components. However, there are a number of other reasons to remove and replace components including package defects, engineering changes that are required after a number of components have been assembled, device or system upgrades, misregistration, wrong component orientation, etc. The rework of ball grid array components is a challenging task since the solder joints are hidden from view and cannot be readily accessed. Traditional approaches to rework that are applied to peripheral leaded or leadless components might not be applicable to ball grid array components. This paper provides a detailed discussion of the rework process for ball grid arrays. Topics that are addressed include the characterization of the rework system, nozzle design, the component removal process, the need for site redressing and the technique to be used, solder and flux application, and the component replacement process. A comprehensive set of process-related recommendations is provided for the rework of ball grid arrays.","PeriodicalId":309904,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Electronics Manufacturing","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133598441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"ANALYSIS OF NATURAL RESTING ASPECTS OF COMPLEX PARTS","authors":"B. Ngoi, L. Lim, J. T. Ee","doi":"10.1142/S0960313197000038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/S0960313197000038","url":null,"abstract":"This paper verifies the existing hypotheses which predict that the natural resting aspects of small engineering parts on soft and hard surfaces are able to predict the orientation of parts on the track of a vibratory bowl at different vibrating amplitude levels. Most of the existing hypotheses developed were verified using the \"drop test\" method in which parts were repeatedly dropped from certain height to a surface in order to analyze the natural resting behavior of these parts. This paper describes an attempt to conduct accurate experiments in the laboratory to examine the probabilities of feed orientation of T-shaped components of different aspect ratios by varying the amplitude levels and surface textures of the vibratory bowl. The experimental results were compared with the predictions of the hypotheses postulated firstly by Ngoi et al.1 and secondly by Ngoi et al.2 The experimental results were found to agree well with those predicted by the hypotheses. Moreover, it is also observed that the vibrating amplitude of the vibratory bowl does not significantly affect the orientation of the parts.","PeriodicalId":309904,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Electronics Manufacturing","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127882099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"IN SITU STUDY OF SOLDER PASTE BEHAVIOR DURING REFLOW USING THE HOT-STAGE ENVIRONMENTAL SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE","authors":"M. Natishan, J. C. Powell, K. Beatty","doi":"10.1142/S096031319700004X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/S096031319700004X","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":309904,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Electronics Manufacturing","volume":"72 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134194156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS AND RECYCLING/DISASSEMBLY EFFORTS IN THE ELECTRONICS INDUSTRY","authors":"Leanne K. Moyer, S. Gupta","doi":"10.1142/S0960313197000026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/S0960313197000026","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reviews the problems that many electronics manufacturers are facing in a society of rules and regulations that are becoming increasingly environmentally conscious. The effect of electronics assembly, disassembly, and disposal on the environment is reviewed, and the potential hazards of continuing the present trends in electronics parts disposal is discussed. The paper contains a comprehensive survey of previous works related to environmentally conscious manufacturing practices, recycling, and the complexities of disassembly in the electronics industry. Interest in this area has intensified in recent years due to an increased awareness of the problem in a world of high technology where electronic products dominate. Industrial applications of recycling programs are presented and existing methodologies and evaluation systems are discussed. In order to promote and support this new environmental ethic in electronics assembly and disassembly, the need for improved methods of electronics reuse, minimi...","PeriodicalId":309904,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Electronics Manufacturing","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123970577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"TECHNOLOGY TRENDS IN ELECTRONICS AND PHOTONICS, THEIR MODELING AND EFFECT ON MANUFACTURING AND ASSEMBLY","authors":"David J. Williams, P. J. Palmer, T. Edwards","doi":"10.1142/S0960313197000087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/S0960313197000087","url":null,"abstract":"This paper briefly reviews the technology trends in digital electronics, mixed signal electronics and photonics as an alternative to electronics. These trends are examined in order to determine their impact on the embodiment and manufacture of electronics and related products to determine key areas for future work in packaging, assembly and manufacturing technology. The paper also includes novel mathematical models that allow the effects on underlying manufacturing technology trends to be explored, including the effects of the application of ASICs.","PeriodicalId":309904,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Electronics Manufacturing","volume":"2012 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129174035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}