Non-Western responses to terrorism最新文献

{"title":"India: Counterterrorism in India: An ad hoc response to an enduring and variable threat","authors":"Rashmi Singh","doi":"10.7228/MANCHESTER/9781526105813.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7228/MANCHESTER/9781526105813.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The unprecedented overlap between terrorism and insurgency in India represents a key challenge to formulating an understanding of terrorism and counter-terrorism (CT) in this region. This chapter discusses the emergence and evolution of key terrorist threats in the country to illustrate how terrorism in the subcontinent falls into two distinct categories, i.e. ‘pure terrorism’ as practiced by what are best described as ‘incorrigible terrorist groups’ and ‘hybrid threats’, a complex amalgamation of insurgency and terrorism utilised by what are essentially ‘corrigible’ groups. I then discuss how India’s inability to distinguish between these two very different threats results in what tends towards a lethal, kinetic response characteristic of counter-terrorism even as its language remains within a population-centric ‘hearts and minds’ framework more obviously associated with traditional counter-insurgency (COIN). This tendency to ‘act CT but speak COIN’ is a key reason both India’s CT and COIN strategies remain short-sighted, muddled and under-developed. However, newly emergent threats make it imperative that India urgently recalibrate and reconsider these responses.\u0000","PeriodicalId":308143,"journal":{"name":"Non-Western responses to terrorism","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133600174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Japan: Terrorism and counterterrorism in Japan","authors":"C. Aoi, Yee-Kuang Heng","doi":"10.7228/manchester/9781526105813.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9781526105813.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"Japan is unfortunately no stranger to terrorism. Indeed, within the past one hundred fifty years since the Meiji Restoration, the country has experienced political assassinations, kidnappings of innocent citizens, to strikes by apocalyptic millenarian sects. Japanese citizens too have been involved in conducting terrorist attacks, notably in affiliation with Middle Eastern groups. Yet, terrorism and counter-terrorism barely features on academic syllabi within leading Japanese universities. Nor was the term “terrorism” understood as a generic concept until recently in Japan. This chapter seeks to identify historical precedents that shape Japanese perception of terrorism; responses to historical terrorist groups such as the Red Army and Aum Shinri Kyo and the way Japanese authorities identify terrorist threat today, including that emanating from North Korea; the role of the police and the Japan Self Defence Force in resposing to terrorism; and Japan’s response to “global war on terrorism”","PeriodicalId":308143,"journal":{"name":"Non-Western responses to terrorism","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121201164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lebanon: Contending notions of terrorism in Lebanon: Politico-legal manoeuvres and political Islam","authors":"Bashir Saade","doi":"10.7228/manchester/9781526105813.003.0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9781526105813.003.0013","url":null,"abstract":"Explosions, armed actions, and other militant phenomena have been a recurrent feature of Lebanese politics. The divided political landscape across sects and party formations in the absence of a strong executive institutional mechanism in the aftermath of a protracted ‘civil’ war and a hashed-up cessation of hostilities in a turbulent regional environment has all contributed to a climate where violent acts are a way to conduct politics. As a result, the struggle over meaning and naming significantly shapes political struggles and the possibility for compromise in the Lebanon. Conflicting claims as to which acts are labeled terrorism, and how this war on words is integral to the different political struggles plaguing the country involving other regional state and non-state actors. This chapter will look at two important battles at managing claims of terrorism, one regarding the assassination of Prime Minister Rafic Hariri and the establishment of an international tribunal, and the other involving a Islamist targeted campaign waged by Hizbullah against “takfiri” groups such as Al Qaeda and ISIS.","PeriodicalId":308143,"journal":{"name":"Non-Western responses to terrorism","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132960742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"China: Xi Jinping, China’s legal reform and counterterrorism","authors":"Irene Chan","doi":"10.7228/manchester/9781526105813.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9781526105813.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"China’s responses in the past decade has been seen in the West as an attempt to jump on the bandwagon to justify Beijing’s long-term religious, cultural, political suppression of the Uighur community, both internationally and domestically. Uighur activists and human rights advocates have long decried the liberal use of the term “terrorist” by the Chinese authorities as well as their tendency to conflate ethnic, religious and violent activities. On the other hand, China has often criticized Western approaches to counter-terrorism and attempted to promote its own measures as a better alternative. This paper seeks to address the questions raised by such developments on China’s definition of terrorism and how China’s resistance/criticism of the US-led counter-terrorism campaign reshapes the domestic conceptualization of terrorism and the subsequent implementation of counter-measures.","PeriodicalId":308143,"journal":{"name":"Non-Western responses to terrorism","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131871537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Kenya: Counterterrorism in Kenya: Security aid, impunity and Muslim alienation","authors":"Jeremy Prestholdt","doi":"10.7228/MANCHESTER/9781526105813.003.0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7228/MANCHESTER/9781526105813.003.0016","url":null,"abstract":"Since the 1998 bombing of the US Embassy in Nairobi, the Government of Kenya’s response to terrorism has been multifaceted. Government efforts have primarily relied on civil authorities and the military, thus privileging the use of force over subtler means. The Kenyan Police have employed measures such as profiling, detention, and prosecution. The Kenyan military has conducted operations in Kenya and Somalia. These strategies have contributed to the apprehension of some terrorist suspects and checked Shabaab’s advance in Somalia. Yet, Kenya’s counterterrorism efforts have been hampered by limited coordination among agencies, the use of heavy-handed tactics, and insufficient engagement with civil society organizations. Two defining features of Kenyan counterterrorism efforts have emerged. First, counterterrorism in Kenya has clear sociocultural dimensions. Security forces have responded to the threat of terrorism by focusing intently on Kenya’s alienated Muslim communities both in the Somali-majority north and at the Swahili-speaking coast. As a result, the Government of Kenya’s response to terrorism reflects communal divisions and animosity within Kenyan society that precede contemporary counterterrorism. Second, Kenya’s invasion of neighboring Somalia created and blurred two fronts: one within Kenya and the other in southern Somalia. The actions of Kenyan policy-makers and al Shabaab therefore contributed to a more complete integration of the conflict in Somalia and internal tensions in Kenya..","PeriodicalId":308143,"journal":{"name":"Non-Western responses to terrorism","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114256439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Malaysia: Adapting to the dynamic changes of terrorist threats","authors":"Kamarulnizam Abdullah, Ridzuan Abdul Aziz","doi":"10.7228/MANCHESTER/9781526105813.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7228/MANCHESTER/9781526105813.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"Threats posed by the current religiously inspired terrorist groups leave Malaysia with no choice but to adapt to new strategies and approaches. Not only the threats have become more global in terms of networking and influences, but also the use of Islam to justify their attacks produces great challenges to the country and its security enforcement apparatus. At the macro level, Malaysia’s promotion on moderation and wasatiyah, as part of its counterterrorism campaign has been widely accepted by the international community. At home, the campaign of winning heart and mind continues to become an essential strategy of the government. Malaysia’s success in countering major terror threats since independence has also been credited to the role played by the police’s Special Branch (SB) Unit and the existence of preventive laws. Yet when those preventive laws were repealed, amid changing political climate and democracy in the country, the enforcement authorities particularly the police’s Special Branch are forced to re-strategize their intelligence gatherings and to learn vigorously the legal process. They are forced to be equipped with higher legal knowledge since the new laws required reasonable evidence to be presented during the trial, failure which could have be resulted in a dismissal of the charges. At the same time, the force is also upgrading its tactical skills and surveillance technology given the current terrorists’ adaptive capability with a loosely connected decentralized network.","PeriodicalId":308143,"journal":{"name":"Non-Western responses to terrorism","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126163432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nigeria: A vicious cycle: The growth of terrorism and counterterrorism in Nigeria, 1999–2016","authors":"J. Giroux, M. Nwankpa","doi":"10.7228/manchester/9781526105813.003.0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9781526105813.003.0017","url":null,"abstract":"Violence in Nigeria has a tendency to shape-shift - from violent crimes, such as kidnapping and robbery, to various expressions of political violence, such as terrorism and insurgency, as well as police and military brutality.  Indeed, because of this, it’s difficult to talk about one type of violence without appreciating not only how it relates to specific contextual conditions but also to other forms of violence, which often overlap each other. Since Nigeria returned to civilian rule in 1999 the term ‘terrorism’ has increasingly been a part of the national discourse on security. On the one hand, the government refers to countering terrorism within the framework of its national security agenda while on the other hand, insurgent movements, namely those that have emerged in the southern Niger Delta region as well as the northeast, have increasingly used terrorism as one of many tactics within their violent campaigns. Though one can certainly make the argument that terrorism in Nigeria has been a growing concern, particularly in the last decade, analysis tends to look at the phenomenon in isolation rather than considering how it is connected to other forms of violence, and more importantly, how state responses to organized violence drive non-state groups to adopt new tactics and escalate conflict. To fill this gap this article will look at how terrorism is understood and experienced in Nigeria and how its conceptualization shapes the practice of counter-terrorism. Our analysis will capture both international and domestic factors - including the impact of 9/11 and subsequent EU and US efforts to counter terrorism in Nigeria - as well domestic realities, namely the societal impact of Nigeria's 1999 transformation from long military to democratic rule as well as the more recent insurgencies in the Niger Delta (2005-2009) and in the northeast (2009-present). Combined, analyzing the domestic and international considerations over a 15-year time period will allow us to trace how the conceptualization of terrorism and practice of counter-terrorism has changed over time.","PeriodicalId":308143,"journal":{"name":"Non-Western responses to terrorism","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115816249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Brazil: When the shoe doesn’t fit: Brazilian approaches to terrorism and counterterrorism in the post-9/11 era","authors":"J. Lasmar","doi":"10.7228/manchester/9781526105813.003.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9781526105813.003.0009","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines how international terrorism has impacted Brazil in the post 9/11 era and transformed its counterterrorism policy. It begins by noting that Brazilian politicians have long suggested that terrorism is someone else’s problem and that the political and cultural choices that the government has made had somehow immunized it to the terrorist threat. This perception was durable despite the actual evidence of terrorist group operation inside the country. In the post 9/11 era, external pressure from the United States has forced counterterrorism on the agenda of the Brazilian state, but political deadlock has meant relatively little legislation criminalizing terrorist activity has been passed. The state also still lacks effective counterterrorism policies due a dearth of expertise on the subject, the lack of a consolidated strategy to guide institutional actions as well as the inexistence of a systemic legal framework to structure counter-terrorism policies. As a result, in terms of international cooperation, Brazil may be seen as an ‘involuntary defector’ from the international coalition against terrorist actors.","PeriodicalId":308143,"journal":{"name":"Non-Western responses to terrorism","volume":"180 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133747253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pakistan: Countering terrorism in Pakistan: Challenges, conundrum and resolution","authors":"Muhammad Feyyaz","doi":"10.7228/MANCHESTER/9781526105813.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7228/MANCHESTER/9781526105813.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"Pakistan has achieved significant success in countering terrorism without however, defeating it. The violence thus persists. Not only the countervailing policies have lacked a coherent vision underpinned by a balanced blend of soft and hard approaches, the ongoing mainly the military led effort has also been subverted by important actors in Pakistani state, politics and society. Apart from idiosyncratic national security landscape characterized by a complex set of geopolitical dynamics and foreign interventions, the conundrum resides in a multitude of conflicting viewpoints, policy attitudes and reactions against terrorism. Ironically, the extant terrorism and conflict literature has not systematically sought to understand the causes germinating this peculiar security setting of an important South Asian country which not only deprives critical input to research about non-western responses to terrorism but also hinders in developing objective understanding about sociopolitical conditions and constraints impacting such responses, at times leading to uninformed perceptions. This chapter helps to fill this void.","PeriodicalId":308143,"journal":{"name":"Non-Western responses to terrorism","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121834558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Colombia: The changing meaning of ‘terrorism’in Colombia: A matter of discourse","authors":"Oscar Palma","doi":"10.7228/MANCHESTER/9781526105813.003.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7228/MANCHESTER/9781526105813.003.0010","url":null,"abstract":"The use of the concept of terrorism in Colombia, especially regarding who is a terrorist, has changed through the years according to the discourse, making it difficult to understand the phenomenon as a single one. Understanding terrorism, and the responses that the Colombian state has created to address it, requires identifying how specific agents have been categorized as terrorists according to the context. This chapter argues that instead of being an objective and continuous reality through the history of Colombia’s conflicts, terrorism has appeared as a result of the construction of discourses that have positioned specific agents as terror organizations. This categorization is not a simple matter of semantics; it has brought relevant policy implications related to the forms in which the state has responded to violent actors.","PeriodicalId":308143,"journal":{"name":"Non-Western responses to terrorism","volume":"42 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131455810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}