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Optics of Sunbeams 太阳光光学
Topical Meeting on Meteorological Optics Pub Date : 1987-03-01 DOI: 10.1364/JOSAA.4.000609
D. Lynch
{"title":"Optics of Sunbeams","authors":"D. Lynch","doi":"10.1364/JOSAA.4.000609","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAA.4.000609","url":null,"abstract":"Shadows of clouds on the atmosphere go by a variety of names: solar rays (sunbeams, sun drawing water) occur when the sun is above the horizon and crepuscular rays (Rays of Buddha, Ropes of Maui) occur when the sun is below the horizon. In this paper the observational properties of such rays are summarized and used as a guide for interpreting the theoretical analyses.","PeriodicalId":307652,"journal":{"name":"Topical Meeting on Meteorological Optics","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133227589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 10
Multiple Scattering Effects in Halo Phenomena. 晕现象中的多重散射效应。
Topical Meeting on Meteorological Optics Pub Date : 1987-03-01 DOI: 10.1364/JOSAA.4.000591
E. Tränkle, R. Greenler
{"title":"Multiple Scattering Effects in Halo Phenomena.","authors":"E. Tränkle, R. Greenler","doi":"10.1364/JOSAA.4.000591","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAA.4.000591","url":null,"abstract":"Halo phenomena comprise a surprisingly large variety of arcs and spots in the sky. Most of the observed phenomena are explained in the framework of geometrical optics by a single scattering of the sunrays at hexagonal ice crystals/1/. The repeated scattering of sunrays by two or three crystals is proposed to explain a few rarely observed phenomena like the cross in the sun region and the double structure of the subsun/2/. The trouble is that in most of these cases an alternative explanation can be given; i.e. the cross may be produced by diffraction scattering/3/.","PeriodicalId":307652,"journal":{"name":"Topical Meeting on Meteorological Optics","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124254149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 41
Laboratory Simulation of Inferior and Superior Mirages 优劣海市蜃楼的实验室模拟
Topical Meeting on Meteorological Optics Pub Date : 1987-03-01 DOI: 10.1364/JOSAA.4.000589
R. Greenler
{"title":"Laboratory Simulation of Inferior and Superior Mirages","authors":"R. Greenler","doi":"10.1364/JOSAA.4.000589","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAA.4.000589","url":null,"abstract":"Mirages come in a wide variety of forms. For simplicity we divide them into two classes. Over a region of space where the air temperature decreases with height (as over a hot road or heated desert floor) light rays follow curved paths that are concave upwards. Such paths yield an upright image of a distant scene that appears to be below its actual position and hence is called an inferior mirage. Where the air temperature increases with height (as when warm air flows over a cold body of water) light-ray paths are concave downward. An upright image of a distant scene, in this case, appears above its real position, which we indicate by calling it a superior mirage. Of course, more complicated mirage effects can be observed when we look through a layered atmosphere which has a positive temperature gradient at some elevations and a negative gradient at others. Such complicated mirages may not fit neatly into our two classes. I will not discuss the elementary theory of the mirages here. Two Scientific American articles1,2 describe new ways to understand mirage phenomena, and the classical treatment can be found in a variety of texts; for example, see references 3-6.","PeriodicalId":307652,"journal":{"name":"Topical Meeting on Meteorological Optics","volume":"134 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124643458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 19
Brightness of Rainbows and Halos 彩虹和光晕的亮度
Topical Meeting on Meteorological Optics Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1364/mo.1983.thb2
S. Gedzelman
{"title":"Brightness of Rainbows and Halos","authors":"S. Gedzelman","doi":"10.1364/mo.1983.thb2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/mo.1983.thb2","url":null,"abstract":"The principal geometric features of most atmospheric optical phenomena such as rainbows and halos can be explained merely by finding the angular distribution of light scattered by single particles. If, however, we wish to ex plain the brightness features of the various phenomena, the single particle approach is not sufficient since they are produced by clouds or swaths of particles. Thus their bright ness is highly dependent on the optical depth of the clouds (Gedzelman, 1980, 1982).","PeriodicalId":307652,"journal":{"name":"Topical Meeting on Meteorological Optics","volume":"94 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122196912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Polarization Properties of Light Pillars: Brewster Angle Effects 光柱的偏振特性:布鲁斯特角效应
Topical Meeting on Meteorological Optics Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1364/mo.1986.tha2
K. Sassen
{"title":"Polarization Properties of Light Pillars: Brewster Angle Effects","authors":"K. Sassen","doi":"10.1364/mo.1986.tha2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/mo.1986.tha2","url":null,"abstract":"Nocturnal light pillar displays are not uncommon during conditions of very light snowfall when temperatures are well below freezing.1 Like the related reflection phenomenon of the sun pillar,2 light pillar occurrences demonstrate the presence of ice crystals oriented with their reflecting faces very nearly parallel to the ground. Assemblages of simple plate crystals, with their large basal faces, constitute the best scattering medium for these displays, provided that their sizes correspond to those which display stable fall attitudes.3 Sun and light pillars, however, have quite different structures as a result of the reflection geometries from light sources positioned essentially at infinity, and locally.4 Moreover, light pillars are perhaps unique among atmospheric optical displays in that they are anthropogenic and, since the observer is actually located within the cloud of crystals, it is a simple matter to study the nature of the particles causing the display.","PeriodicalId":307652,"journal":{"name":"Topical Meeting on Meteorological Optics","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123214415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Terrestrial Images transmitted by the Novaya Zemlya Effect 由新地岛效应传送的陆地图像
Topical Meeting on Meteorological Optics Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1364/mo.1986.thb3
W. Lehn
{"title":"Terrestrial Images transmitted by the Novaya Zemlya Effect","authors":"W. Lehn","doi":"10.1364/mo.1986.thb3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/mo.1986.thb3","url":null,"abstract":"Superior mirages are seen when the temperature of a stably stratified atmosphere increases with elevation. A classification into three types has been suggested1: (i) strong nonuniform refraction over short ranges (haf gerdingar), (ii) mild uniform refraction over medium ranges, giving the earth a flat or saucer-shaped appearance (hillingar), and (iii) long range optical ducting beneath a thermocline (the Novaya Zemlya effect).","PeriodicalId":307652,"journal":{"name":"Topical Meeting on Meteorological Optics","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130998122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Catastrophe Optics of Atmospheric Twinkling and Reflections from Rippling Water 大气闪烁与波纹反射的突变光学
Topical Meeting on Meteorological Optics Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1364/mo.1986.thb1
M. Berry
{"title":"The Catastrophe Optics of Atmospheric Twinkling and Reflections from Rippling Water","authors":"M. Berry","doi":"10.1364/mo.1986.thb1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/mo.1986.thb1","url":null,"abstract":"What I aim to show is that a large and varied class of natural optical phenomena can be understood in a unified way with the aid of one concept: the caustic. This is an idea from geometrical optics but its usefulness is not restricted to that approximation.","PeriodicalId":307652,"journal":{"name":"Topical Meeting on Meteorological Optics","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115196571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Ice Crystals and Halos in Fairbanks, Alaska Ice Crystals and Halos at the South Pole 阿拉斯加费尔班克斯的冰晶和光晕南极的冰晶和光晕
Topical Meeting on Meteorological Optics Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1364/mo.1986.tha4
W. Tape
{"title":"Ice Crystals and Halos in Fairbanks, Alaska Ice Crystals and Halos at the South Pole","authors":"W. Tape","doi":"10.1364/mo.1986.tha4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/mo.1986.tha4","url":null,"abstract":"During low level halo displays ice crystals in the atmosphere were collected and photographed. The halos were also photographed. The observed crystal shapes are used as inputs for theoretical computer simulations of the halo displays. Input crystal orientations are chosen to produce halo simulations approximating the observed displays. Especially when the crystal samples are homogeneous, one can sometimes learn the falling modes of the crystals. Also, the observed crystals and halos provide a test of the simulation predictions.","PeriodicalId":307652,"journal":{"name":"Topical Meeting on Meteorological Optics","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124551105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Measurement of the phase function of natural snow crystals 天然雪晶相函数的测量
Topical Meeting on Meteorological Optics Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1364/mo.1983.fa6
L. W. Winchester
{"title":"Measurement of the phase function of natural snow crystals","authors":"L. W. Winchester","doi":"10.1364/mo.1983.fa6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/mo.1983.fa6","url":null,"abstract":"The degradation of contrast in a snowy atmosphere can be explained by examining the phase function of natural snow crystals. The phase function determines the apparent broadening of a source as the radiation is scattered in the atmosphere. Since the orientation of the snow crystals as well as their size and shape must be considered when calculating scattering, the phase functions of various types of snow crystals are needed in order to compute the transmission through a snowy atmosphere. The snow crystal phase functions are also of importance in problems involving radiative transfer in cloud atmospheres as high altitude clouds consist mainly of ice crystals.","PeriodicalId":307652,"journal":{"name":"Topical Meeting on Meteorological Optics","volume":"111 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128779826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Descartes, the Rainbow and the Mythical 10 000 Calculations 笛卡儿，彩虹和神话中的一万次计算
Topical Meeting on Meteorological Optics Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1364/mo.1983.thb3
Frank E. Barmore
{"title":"Descartes, the Rainbow and the Mythical 10 000 Calculations","authors":"Frank E. Barmore","doi":"10.1364/mo.1983.thb3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/mo.1983.thb3","url":null,"abstract":"I have noticed in several places the statements that Descartes calculated an enormous number of ray paths through a raindrop in explaining the rainbow1,2. The origin of this belief is unclear. A possible source may be the comment by Taylor3 in his physics text that Descartes \"…traced some ten thousand rays through a drop…\" in order to find the cause of the bow. However, Boyer4 notes that Grau5 made such a claim in the 19th century. Because this mistaken belief seems widespread it seems worthwhile to point it out yet again.","PeriodicalId":307652,"journal":{"name":"Topical Meeting on Meteorological Optics","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121460801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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