Tropical Journal of Medical Research最新文献

{"title":"Menace of human lip bite in South-South Nigeria","authors":"A. Nwashindi, Benjamin I. Akhiwu, R. Agbara, E. Idowu, H. Akhiwu, A. Afolabi","doi":"10.4103/1119-0388.198104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/1119-0388.198104","url":null,"abstract":"Background: In general, human bite injuries in the maxillofacial region can be self-inflicted or originating from another person′s teeth. Lip injuries have the potential for infection and gross disfigurement. Bites on the face also present as a surgical challenge, especially if there is partial or total loss of important structure(s) of the face like the ears, the eyelids, the nose, the lips. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective study of patients with human bites to the lip. One hundred and two patients with human bites on the lip who presented at the Maxillofacial Unit of University of Uyo Teaching Hospital were involved in the study. Information obtained on the patients includes age, gender, time of presentation after the injuries, nature and circumstances of injuries and treatment offered to the patients were noted. Results: A total of 102 patients were seen in the study. The victims and offenders were mainly males, while male to female ratio among the offenders was 1:2. Upper lip was more affected than lower lip, while more patients lost one-third of the lip. The majority of the patients (46%) presented within 24 h of attack. The majority of them were treated with prophylactic antibiotic and primary repair. Conclusion: Human bites of the face are still common in our society. According to Lackmans′ classification, the majority of injuries were Class 111. The injury cuts across all age groups, more in lower lip. Minimal debridement and primary closure are effective when patients present early.","PeriodicalId":307187,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Journal of Medical Research","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122224651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correlation between bone histomorphometry and bone strength","authors":"M. Jindal, O. Lakhwani, S. Kapoor, R. Chandoke, Omkar Kaur, B. Arora, Keerty Garg","doi":"10.4103/1119-0388.198107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/1119-0388.198107","url":null,"abstract":"Context: The structural and mechanical characteristics of bone have been extensively studied to understand the functional adaptations associated with the properties of biological material. While measures of apparent density used as an estimate of mechanical properties do not account for the structural organization of the trabecular bone, thus rendering this scalar measure inadequate for predicting the material properties. Structurally bone can be divided into macro- and micro-structure. Whereas macrostructure can be understood in terms of its mass, shape, and density of the bone, microstructure is related to bony trabecular meshwork. Thus, the evaluation of bone microstructure plays an important role in defining material properties of bone including the bone strength. Aim: This study uses histomorphometric parameters and compares the same with compression strength of cancellous bone. Materials and Methods: Static histomorphometric parameters such as trabecular number, trabecular thickness, trabecular separation, and bone volume were calculated using 40 cubical specimens obtained from femoral heads of patients who underwent hip replacement procedures. These cubes were subjected to uniaxial compression test and yield point at failure calculated and results compared with histomorphometric indices. Discussion and Conclusions: We found the best correlation between bone volume microstructural parameter and uniaxial compression strength. The order of significance was bone volume (Spearman correlation 0.9652) > trabecular number (Spearman correlation 0.7646) > trabecular separation (Spearman correlation 0.7541) > trabecular thickness (Spearman correlation 0.6726). We concluded that microstructural parameters are valid predictors of bone strength and hence, noninvasive in vivo imaging modalities need to be developed which use these parameters to assess the risk of fracture.","PeriodicalId":307187,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Journal of Medical Research","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123188411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gender differences in the occurrences and pattern of adverse drug reactions in psychiatric patients: A prospective observational study","authors":"Jisha M. Lucca, M. Ramesh, D. Ram","doi":"10.4103/1119-0388.198134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/1119-0388.198134","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The female gender appears to suffer from more adverse drug reactions (ADRs) than the male gender. There are lacunae in epidemiologic studies analyzing gender-based differences in the ADR risks of patient with mental illness. Aim: The aim of this study was to establish a drug risk stratification adjusted to age, number of prescriptions, and drug classes with respect to gender differences. Setting: Prospective study was conducted in mental Health Department of a Tertiary Care Hospital over a period of 2 years. Materials and Methods: Patients of either sex or age prescribed with at least one psychotropic agent were included and monitored for ADRs. Results: A total of 775 ADRs were identified from 426 patients giving an overall incidence rate of 35.5%. Incidence of ADRs in male and females were 33.6% and 45.9%, respectively (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 1.6, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.26-2.05, P < 0.001). Female gender was found to be a significant risk factor in age Group 1 (adjusted OR, 1.55, 95% CI: 1.19-2.02, P = 0.001) and Group 2 (adjusted OR, 2.90, 95% CI: 1.01-8.28, P = 0.047). Furthermore, female patients receiving more drugs are at high risk of developing ADRs than the male [OR, 1.72, 95% CI: 1.14-2.72, P = 0.011 for Group 1 and OR, 1.83, 95% CI: 1.12-2.97, P = 0.015 for Group 2]. Conclusion: The incidence rate of ADRs is much higher (45.9) in females than the males with mental illness. To heighten drug safety for females, the complex interaction between pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacogenetics needs further research.","PeriodicalId":307187,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Journal of Medical Research","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126026398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Computed tomography evaluation of head and neck cancers at the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital","authors":"Onwuchekwa Regina Chinwe, Madukaife Victoria Obianuju, Ibekwe Matilda Uju","doi":"10.4103/1119-0388.198112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/1119-0388.198112","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: To evaluate the pattern of head and neck tumours on computed tomography, defining its characteristics and the extent of spread. Introduction: Head and neck cancers (HNC) are not uncommon in Nigeria. Head and neck cancers constitute 5-50% of all cancers globally and 5-8% of total body cancers in Europe and America. In Nigeria head and neck cancer constitutes 6.2% of all cancers in the southern part of the Country. Most patients presented late for diagnosis and treatment and consequently the prognosis in our environment is poor. Computed Tomography and MRI are revolutionary tools for radiologic diagnosis and determination of the extent of treatment and the progress of the disease. Materials and Methods: This is a hospital based retrospective study which comprised all the histologically confirmed cases of malignant head and neck tumours seen at the computed tomography suite in radiology department of University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital (UPTH) over a 6 year period (2008-2014). All the patients were examined by the Ear Nose and Throat surgeon and occasionally by a Dentist. The age, sex, clinical presentation, location and extent of lesion involvement with contiguous structures were analysed statistically using SPSS 14.0 window evaluation version. Results: 27 cases of histologically confirmed malignant tumours of the head and neck region were included in the study. Of the 27 malignant cases, there were 15 males and 12 females giving male/female ratio of 1.3:1. The age range was 3 years to 76 years. Mean age was 43 years and the mode was 35 years. The most frequent site of lesion is the nasopharynx which constituted 37% of all the cases; and the commonest presentation was epistaxis. Conclusion: Majority of the patients presented late for diagnosis and treatment as they all had marked spread of the malignancy into the surrounding tissue. Computed tomography enables pre-treatment assessment and staging of the tumour, as it is invaluable in defining the extent of the tumour and contiguous organ involvement.","PeriodicalId":307187,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Journal of Medical Research","volume":"67 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126305264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of tumor necrosis factor alpha, insulin, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance among obese participants living in Calabar, Nigeria","authors":"A. Elochukwu, U. Opara, N. Chinyere, O. Jeremiah, O. Chukwuma","doi":"10.4103/1119-0388.198120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/1119-0388.198120","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: Several studies in different population indicate that inflammation may be the link between obesity and insulin resistance (IR). However, this relationship has not been adequately explored in our population and among Africans with increasing high rate of obesity and IR. This study aims to evaluate the association among obesity markers, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and markers of IR in obese and nonobese adults living in Calabar, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: A total of 160 participants were recruited for the study: 110 obese participants and 50 nonobese control participants. Anthropometric parameters and blood pressure were measured; body mass index, waist-hip ratio and homeostasis model assessment of IR (HOMA-IR) were calculated for all the participants recruited in this study. Fasting plasma glucose was determined using glucose oxidase method; TNF-α and insulin were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: The mean values of TNF-α, insulin, fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and HOMA-IR were significantly higher in obese participants compared to the nonobese control group (P = 0.01). Insulin and HOMA-IR were significantly higher in Class III group compared to the Class I group. A significant positive correlation was observed between obesity markers and markers of IR among the obese participants. There was also a positive correlation between systolic blood pressure and HOMA-IR (r = 0.258) among the obese participants. Conclusion: Findings from the study suggest that obesity is a strong predictor of IR which in turn predicted cardiovascular risk factors such as high blood pressure.","PeriodicalId":307187,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Journal of Medical Research","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125706941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ebola virus disease in the light of epidemiological triad","authors":"G. Kaur, S. Sachdeva, D. Jha, Anika Sulania","doi":"10.4103/1119-0388.198096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/1119-0388.198096","url":null,"abstract":"Ebola virus disease (EVD) is one of the most virulent pathogens among viral hemorrhagic fevers affecting economically deprived countries of the world with reported case fatality rates of up to 90% due to multiorgan failure and severe bleeding complications. The most recent outbreak of 2014 has set the alarm bell ringing across the globe for increased focus, funding, research, and development toward the control and management of this emerging viral communicable disease that has a potential pandemic threat. This manuscript review and update current knowledge with regard to epidemiology of EVD problem statement, historical perspective, agent, host, environment, reservoir of infection, routes of transmission, pathogenesis, clinical features, laboratory diagnosis, management, and control. The review was undertaken using the key words epidemiology, public health, outbreak control of Ebola virus, EVD, emerging disease, and/or pandemic disease through medical search engines and abstracting databases such as Pubmed, Google Scholar, and websites of international health agencies such as the World Health Organization (WHO) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).","PeriodicalId":307187,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Journal of Medical Research","volume":"91 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133574671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determinants of exclusive breastfeeding among lactating women in sub-Himalayan region","authors":"A. Kaushal, Mita Singh, Pankaj Sharma, V. Chander, S. Raina","doi":"10.4103/1119-0388.198128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/1119-0388.198128","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Trend of faltering growth in children begins in the critical period of first 2 years of life, and a major cause is due to faulty feeding practices. Breastfeeding is one of the most important determinants of child survival, birth spacing, and prevention of childhood infections. Aim: To determine factors influencing exclusive breastfeeding (EBF). Methodology: The Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey technique with thirty clusters proposed by the World Health Organization was used for the purpose of this study. Results: EBF was reported by 48.1% (101/210) of mothers. Among the 55% who initiated breastfeed in an hour of birth, 56.5% were EBF as compared to 43.5% were non-EBF and this difference was statistically significant (P - 0.01). As the education status of mothers increased from primary to matriculate the proportion of EBF decreased. Conclusions: Poor feeding practices are present across all socioeconomic groups, and a significant difference was observed with the age of mother, education status of both parents, occupation of father, and time of initiation of breastfeeding.","PeriodicalId":307187,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Journal of Medical Research","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127594423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rheumatoid arthritis among autoimmune diagnosed patients: A pilot study at Africa′s third largest hospital","authors":"Richmond Owusu Ampofo, C. Osei-Sarpong, B. Botwe","doi":"10.4103/1119-0388.185425","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/1119-0388.185425","url":null,"abstract":"Context: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is one of the leading causes of disability worldwide. Its etiology remains a generational challenge that keeps evolving with time. Epidemiological studies on this disease have been conducted in several countries around the globe. Unfortunately, little research has been done on RA in Africa. Due to this, RA is given low priority in medical research and often neglected in Africa. Aims: This pilot study aimed at estimating RA prevalence in a representative proportion of autoimmune diagnosed patients within Ghanaian population attending the rheumatology clinic of Korle Bu Teaching Hospital (KBTH). Setting and Design: This is a pilot and cross-sectional study conducted at the KBTH. Methods: Patients attending the rheumatology clinic of the KBTH were the subjects for this cross-sectional study. Data acquisition involved questionnaire usage and review of medical records. Statistical Analysis Used: Chi-square cross tabulation on SPSS 16 and frequency charts in Microsoft Excel were used to analyze outcomes. Results: Most patients (n = 153 out of 225) were diagnosed RA. These RA diagnosed patients (n = 133/87%) were often seropositive for RF. The female gender (n = 131/85.62%) was diagnosed mostly. The disease peaked among 51-60 years age group and economically active patients (n = 118/77%). Among all the ethnic groups, the Akans were the most RA diagnosed tribe (n = 78/153). Conclusion: RA is indeed a chronic disease that has its signs and symptoms not well known among patients. It exists at a high prevalence among the Ghanaian population attending the rheumatology clinic.","PeriodicalId":307187,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Journal of Medical Research","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127490071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Can axillary temperature reliably screen for fever in under - five children?","authors":"K. Odinaka, E. Nwolisa, Iheakaram Chinekwu Alfreda, I. Amamilo","doi":"10.4103/1119-0388.185444","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/1119-0388.185444","url":null,"abstract":"Background: In most developing countries, the body temperature of children is routinely measured through the axilla because it is convenient. However, concerns have been raised concerning the reliability of axillary temperature in screening for fever especially in under five children. Objective: This study was carried out to determine the reliability of axillary temperature in screening for fever in under five children. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out at the Paediatric Department of Federal Medical Centre, Owerri, Imo State. Eligible children were consecutively recruited. Rectal and axillary temperatures were taken simultaneously in each eligible child with a mercury-in-glass thermometer. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 20. Results: A total of 156 children were recruited and the children were aged 1 day to 59 months. There were 81 males and 75 females. There was a positive correlation between rectal and axillary temperature. Using the rectal temperature as gold standard, the sensitivity and specificity of axillary temperature was 88.6% and 89.6% respectively. Conclusion: The high sensitivity and strong positive correlation between axillary and rectal temperatures show that the axillary temperature can reliably screen for fever.","PeriodicalId":307187,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Journal of Medical Research","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115584227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Factors determining sanitation information-seeking behavior: A literature review","authors":"Oluwaseun O Fagbemiro, I. Ademuyiwa, O. Soyemi, Adedamola O. Ojo","doi":"10.4103/1119-0388.185424","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/1119-0388.185424","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reviewed various assessments by different authors on sanitation information-seeking behavior of people in various areas and setting. Databases were used in the search for relevant academic published articles including Google Scholar and Google search engine. Articles for the review were drawn from peer-reviewed journals. Moreover, conference papers and research by recognized independent institutions. This review showed that factors determining sanitation-seeking behavior could be seen in various contexts: Economical, environmental, technological, and psychosocial. Therefore, the effective utilization of sanitation information will depend on social structures, level of education, cultural beliefs and practices, economic, government, and environmental conditions. Sanitation is the hygienic means of promoting health through prevention of human contact with hazards of waste as well as the treatment and proper disposal of sewage and wastewater. Strategic policy formation in the society should be based on information relating to sanitation, cleanliness, health promoting, and information-seeking behavior.","PeriodicalId":307187,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Journal of Medical Research","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134382620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}