International Review of Psychiatry (Abingdon, England)最新文献

{"title":"The salience and symbolism of numbers across cultural beliefs and practice.","authors":"Oyedeji A Ayonrinde,&nbsp;Anthi Stefatos,&nbsp;Shadé Miller,&nbsp;Amanda Richer,&nbsp;Pallavi Nadkarni,&nbsp;Jennifer She,&nbsp;Ahmad Alghofaily,&nbsp;Nomusa Mngoma","doi":"10.1080/09540261.2020.1769289","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09540261.2020.1769289","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Numbers are ubiquitous to modern existence and have evolved with humanity over millenia. They structure, record and quantify human behaviour, spiritual belief systems and the evolution of innovation across all spheres of life. Furthermore, cultural identities and interpersonal expression often have numerical components to them for instance rites of passage, population demography and fiscal measures. The salience of numbers in both historical and contemporary cultural life arguably plays a role in individual psyches and the experience of distress or wellness. This paper illustrates the cultural relativism of numbers through superstition and foreboding to auspiciousness in different societies. As a short hand for the quantification of multiple phenomena in low literacy to high technology populations, rural and urban societies as well as traditional and evolving societies, numbers have and will continue to be core to all cultures as they have from prehistoric to contemporary times.</p>","PeriodicalId":306151,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Psychiatry (Abingdon, England)","volume":" ","pages":"179-188"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2021-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/09540261.2020.1769289","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38034372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electroshock ^*^†.","authors":"Ugo Cerletti,&nbsp;Lucio Bini","doi":"10.1080/09540261.2018.1436662","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09540261.2018.1436662","url":null,"abstract":"First, Dr Cerletti presents the reasons why convulsion treatment using Cardiazol has become one of the most widespread modern shock treatments for schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. The reasons are mostly practical, making it in many cases preferable to hypoglycaemic coma treatment: it involves less responsibility for the physician; much less medical assistance; a small number of sessions; and treatment is much cheaper. Having mentioned some more or less serious accidents (not actually frequent) which have occurred following massive rapid injections of Cardiazol, he recalls a rather serious problem: the patient’s dreadful feeling of annihilation between the injection and the onset of the epileptic seizure, which makes many patients reluctant to start the treatment. Moreover, after the post-seizure sleep, the Cardiazol remaining in circulation means that the patient remains in a state of psychomotor sub-agitation. For these reasons, Dr Cerletti began to do research aimed at finding simpler non-toxic ways of provoking epileptic convulsions. For several years, he did experimental research into different aspects of epilepsy in Genoa, using electricity to cause epileptic seizures in animals, particularly dogs. He used the common household electric current for a fraction of a second (alternating current at 125 V) by applying two electrodes: in the mouth and in the rectum (Viale method). In 1934, one of his pupils published the method and physiopathological results obtained from a large number of dogs (Chiauzzi, 1934). In 1935, he took up his experimental work again in Rome and, assisted by Dr L. Bini, an electrical engineering expert, he constructed a simple device which precisely regulated the voltage and timing of the electricity applied. He also adopted the method tried by other researchers (Pr evost, etc.), which passes the current through patient’s head. In this way, Dr Bini was able to experiment widely on a great number of dogs. When Cardiazol convulsive treatment appeared (Meduna, 1937; Sakel, 1935), it was immediately thought of using electricity for the same purpose. An important step forward towards this kind of application was made by doing a large number of experiments on pigs, using the simple device some abattoirs use to ‘stun’ animals before slaughter, with an epileptic-type shock induced by the common household electricity supply. In this way, they repeated the same experiments as those already done on dogs, but on larger animals, in order to test the minimum and maximum limits of current intensity and timing, in addition to the difficult problem of electrode application. It was, thus, possible to move on to trials involving humans and to determine the best conditions for obtaining an epileptic seizure. Special techniques are still being studied in order to obtain constant achievement of the best conditions and, above all, to eliminate any possible danger, given the variability between different individuals. Many experiments ","PeriodicalId":306151,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Psychiatry (Abingdon, England)","volume":" ","pages":"153-154"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2018-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/09540261.2018.1436662","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36095999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Italian psychiatry.","authors":"Dinesh Bhugra","doi":"10.1080/09540261.2018.1435761","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09540261.2018.1435761","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":306151,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Psychiatry (Abingdon, England)","volume":" ","pages":"117"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2018-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/09540261.2018.1435761","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36096000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modesty and the elderly ^*^†.","authors":"Bruno Callieri","doi":"10.1080/09540261.2018.1436655","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09540261.2018.1436655","url":null,"abstract":"The history of modesty (Duby, 1986) is rich and illuminating and it has taken many different forms in different eras of history and life. For example, modest behaviour predominated among the women ...","PeriodicalId":306151,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Psychiatry (Abingdon, England)","volume":" ","pages":"134-139"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2018-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/09540261.2018.1436655","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36096001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Time for psychiatry: schizophrenia as a core issue of the difficulties of psychiatry<sup/>.","authors":"Carlo Lorenzo Cazzullo","doi":"10.1080/09540261.2018.1436671","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09540261.2018.1436671","url":null,"abstract":"Time and space represent the basic coordinates of the system where all human experiences take place. As a necessary consequence of the science of the reality, the vast majority of mechanisms of verbal and written language are oriented to make these experiences communicable within these parameters, which become the limits and the boundaries of human life and of a person’s memory. The value of an individual or of a community is influenced by the relationships of temporal and spatial closeness or distance of similar or opposite, consonant or dissonant, experiences. The concept of ‘value’ itself changes according to these collocations in which the reference point is subject. Therefore, since what is estimated as ‘value’ is qualified and allowed only as an object of human evaluation, this subjectivity involves a wide range of meanings, in both a positive and negative senses. The way in which persons perceive the world is influenced by the way they speak about it, by the image of the world that returns to subjects through their verbal or written representation. For a long time philosophers, anthropologists, linguists, psychologists and psychiatrists have been interested in those aspects; their studies have now reached certain homogeneity, despite the variability of speculative or heuristic perspectives. Most of what people say is directly or indirectly based on the spatial and temporal perception of the situation they are in, and the nature of this inter-relation reveals the meaning of the individual or shared experience. It is very rare that an experience is limited to a single person. He wants to share its understandable characteristics—especially those that are apparently obscure—with those who have similar working, family or daily habits. The search for meaning is a shared activity, since it is realized through communication. The sense or the meaning of an experience can be perceptive, which is connected with the stimuli (i.e. with the facts), and semantic, which is connected with ideas, emotions or their interpretations. To understand the experiences of normal life or of pathological conditions, it is not only necessary to explore how the individual feels, but what he feels and why he feels in that specific way, in that period of life. Traditional psychiatry does not focus on these problems, but rather on facts, such as the external behaviours, rather than on reasons that provide an historical background to the individual experiences. Thus, descriptive psychiatry considers, for example, that ‘neurotic’ thoughts are quite close, although different, to normality, and explains ‘neurotic’ acts—i.e. the symptoms—as an expression of a communicative aim. Following the previous example, the split between neurotic ‘facts’ (the symptoms) and neurotic ‘ideas’ (psychopathology) can be listed as one of the ways to explain the actual crisis in psychiatry. When recent social events forced psychiatry to abandon the purely clinical and psychopathological dimension","PeriodicalId":306151,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Psychiatry (Abingdon, England)","volume":" ","pages":"165-168"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2018-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/09540261.2018.1436671","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36095997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Controversial aspects of community psychiatry: the Italian experience<sup/>.","authors":"Mariano Bassi","doi":"10.1080/09540261.2018.1436648","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09540261.2018.1436648","url":null,"abstract":"In Italy, health services are provided to 60 million inhabitants by the National Health System (Sistema Sanitario Nazionale SSN), established by Law no. 833 (1978) and with a similar structure to the British NHS system. This structure gives all Italian citizens access to health treatment without any limits, via the health boards, each one of which is responsible for treatment of the residents in a certain geographical area. Access to the health services is normally free of charge, although it is also possible to make citizens pay extra charges for some specific diagnostic or therapeutic services. Law no. 833 (1978) followed Law no. 180 (1978), which proposed a radical reform of mental health treatment in Italy and established four fundamental principles:","PeriodicalId":306151,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Psychiatry (Abingdon, England)","volume":" ","pages":"129-133"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2018-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/09540261.2018.1436648","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36095996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is it psychiatry or the psychiatrist that is changing? Outcome of the psychiatrist's evolution<sup/>.","authors":"Romolo Rossi","doi":"10.1080/09540261.2018.1436667","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09540261.2018.1436667","url":null,"abstract":"When there is a discussion about changes in psychiatry, it becomes evident at once that the discussion is actually about changes in the role of the psychiatrist. Psychiatry is a discipline related to complex overlapping principles and methodologies deriving from different fields, that sometimes cannot be superimposed, and above all it is a discipline that is mostly operational, classical and connected to operating in the sense of understanding and of intervening. Without this dimension, psychiatry loses much of its meaning and becomes useless. What derives from this is that psychiatry does not exist per se independently of who makes use of it, like mathematics or, albeit with greater limitations, biology, and even neurology. The consequence is that it is not psychiatry that changes, but the psychiatrist, linking his own destiny and the destiny of the discipline he is creating in the cultural, social, economic and artistic contexts that surround him. Throughout this essay, Rossi has used Psychiatrists as a masculine/male and we have left this status as such. We must, therefore, resign ourselves to not possessing a scientific discipline inside an ivory tower, but to be perching on a flexible structure buffeted by every wind. So it is the psychiatrist who changes. In any case, despite all attempts to ennoble psychiatry by giving it a long history, making it originate from mediaeval demonology, from the Malleus Maleficarum, or from Theophrastus, or even more anciently from Athenian tragedy, it does not actually originate from all of this. Man’s tragic awareness originates with Greek tragedy and introspection with Theophrastus, while mediaeval demonology gave rise to the connection between the emotions and what is unknown and obscure. The modern discipline of psychiatry as we intend it nowadays originated in 19th century literature with de Balzac, as noted previously on the Psychopathology of Minkowski. If asked what made me choose de Balzac from the vast range of 19th century literature, there are several reasons why he seems to me the most suitable author to represent this beginning. In any case, despite what is commonly believed, modern psychiatry did not originate in Germany, but in France. Whoever is patient enough to re-read the marvellous descriptions in the 19th century Annales M edico Psychologique, from Magnan to Morel, De Cl erambault and Cotard, will perceive de Balzac’s expertise in these clinical cases, with his painstaking but wide-ranging descriptions of the states of mind or life experiences of the petit bourgeoisie of his day, perhaps of all modern day people. His descriptions are more suitable than those of the Russian novelists, although they were masters in describing unusual, exceptional and grandiose situations. Feodor Karamazov is certainly not the p ere Goriot inside all of us. The descriptions of the French psychiatrists can be read like novellas or novels. McEwan succeeds in constructing an ambiguous narrative by linking his","PeriodicalId":306151,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Psychiatry (Abingdon, England)","volume":" ","pages":"155-164"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2018-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/09540261.2018.1436667","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36095994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The legacy of Italian psychiatry.","authors":"Andrea Fiorillo,&nbsp;Antonio Ventriglio","doi":"10.1080/09540261.2018.1435771","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09540261.2018.1435771","url":null,"abstract":"The General Assembly of the World Psychiatric Association had approved, in the Action Plan of the WPA 2014–2017 (Bhugra, 2017), that, in order to foster communication, papers from other languages should also be translated into English. We were delighted at the invitation to put together a volume of papers originally written in Italian. However, we were concerned that, due to the enormous contribution Italian psychiatrists have made over decades to the development and flourishing of psychiatry worldwide, it would have been impossible to provide a complete picture of the state of Italian psychiatry. Moreover, the task was made even more difficult by the fact that several historical Italian papers have already been translated and published in English language by the WPA in 2002 within the ‘Anthology of Italian Psychiatric Texts’ (Maj & Ferro, 2002). We have decided to sub-divide the contribution of Italian psychiatry into five main themes. From the perspective of social psychiatry, we cannot ignore the contributions of Cesare Lombroso (1835–1909) (Carr a & Barale, 2004), who, in spite of all the criticisms, is considered the father of criminology, and who contributed significantly to the scientific study of madness, and of Franco Basaglia. The experience by Basaglia and his collaborators at the asylums in Gorizia and Trieste led to the closing down of all asylums in the country (Basaglia & Ongaro, 2004), and to the promulgation in 1978 of the 180 law, which is now well-known almost everywhere in the world. More recently, the work of Michele Tansella (Thornicroft, 2017) and his coworkers at the University of Verona has highlighted the importance of the assessment of psychiatric treatments and outcomes, and has proposed an alternative model of mental healthcare (Amaddeo & Tansella, 2011). A second theme is that of psychotherapy. In particular, Silvano Arieti, Carlo Perris, and Vittorio Guidano gained international recognition of their work on psychoanalysis (the former) and cognitive-behavioural therapy (the other two). Their books have been translated into several languages and represent the basis of many psychotherapeutic approaches being used globally for managing severe mental disorders (Arieti, 1974; Guidano, 1987; Perris, 1989). The third theme is that of the contribution of Italian psychiatry to our understanding of the clinical characterization of many mental disorders, in particular bipolar disorder (e.g. Koukopoulos and Maj) (Koukopoulos, Minnai, & M€ uller-Oerlinghausen, 1985; Maj, Arena, Lovero, Pirozzi, & Kemali, 1985) and major depression (e.g. Cassano) (Cassano et al., 1988). Italian psychiatrists recently have proposed the need to improve psychiatric diagnoses. In particular, Maj (2013) has recently discussed the importance of the ‘clinical judgement’ for the diagnosis of depressive disorders in the presence of bereavement. The fourth theme is that of phenomenological psychopathology in clinical practice, which has been highlighted by ","PeriodicalId":306151,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Psychiatry (Abingdon, England)","volume":" ","pages":"118-119"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2018-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/09540261.2018.1435771","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36095998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Leo Kanner and autism: a 75-year perspective.","authors":"James Harris","doi":"10.1080/09540261.2018.1455646","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09540261.2018.1455646","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In 1943, Leo Kanner published the first systematic description of early infantile autism. He concluded that this was a neurodevelopmental disorder and that 'these children have come into the world with an innate inability to form the usual, biologically provided contact with people'. Moreover, his astute descriptions of parental behavior in his first publications were prescient and underlie later recognition of the importance of genetics. Our understanding has grown over the ensuing years with revisions in diagnostic classification, recognition of the broader autism phenotype in families, appreciation of the importance of developmental models, advances in genetic methodology, better understanding of the relationship to intellectual deficits, recognition of syndromic autism in neurogenetic sydromes, advances in neuroimaging, and advances in animal models, both mutant mouse models and transgenic non human primate models. Kanner recognized diagnostic heterogeneity and opined that the children had not read those diagnostic manuals and did not easily fall into clear cut categories. Such heterogeneity continues to confound our diagnostic efforts. Always an advocate for children, when reviewing the DSM III criteria in 1980, Kanner emphasized that no matter how well developed our criteria each child must be treated as a unique person.</p>","PeriodicalId":306151,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Psychiatry (Abingdon, England)","volume":" ","pages":"3-17"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2018-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/09540261.2018.1455646","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39985487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Complexities of CYP2D6 gene analysis and interpretation.","authors":"Andrea Gaedigk","doi":"10.3109/09540261.2013.825581","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/09540261.2013.825581","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) plays an important role in the metabolism and bioactivation of about 25% of clinically used drugs including many antidepressants, antipsychotics and opioids. CYP2D6 activity is highly variably ranging from no activity in so-called poor metabolizers to ultrarapid metabolism at the other end of the extreme of the activity distribution. A large portion of this variability can be explained by the highly polymorphic nature of the CYP2D6 gene locus for which > 100 variants and subvariants identified to date. Allele frequencies vary markedly between ethnic groups; some have exclusively or predominantly only been observed in certain populations. Pharmacogenetic testing holds the promise of individualizing drug therapy by identifying patients with CYP2D6 diplotypes that puts them at an increased risk of experiencing dose-related adverse events or therapeutic failure. Inferring a patient's CYP2D6 metabolic capacity, or phenotype, however, is a challenging task due to the complexity of the CYP2D6 gene locus. Allelic variation includes SNPs, small insertions and deletions, gene copy number variation and rearrangements with CYP2D7, a highly related non-functional gene. This review provides a summary of the intricacies of CYP2D6 variation and genotype analysis, knowledge that is invaluable for the translation of genotype into clinically useful information.</p>","PeriodicalId":306151,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Psychiatry (Abingdon, England)","volume":" ","pages":"534-53"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2013-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3109/09540261.2013.825581","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40260653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}