Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences最新文献

{"title":"Improving mechanical properties of laminated biocomposites for artificial lower limb socket","authors":"Adel Mahmood Bash, T. Othman, J. K. Oleiwi","doi":"10.25130/tjes.30.3.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25130/tjes.30.3.2","url":null,"abstract":"People need artificial limbs for many reasons, such as illness, injury, or a gene problem. However, these limbs must be changed often because the human body changes as it gains or loses weight. This study examines whether plant fibers could be used instead of metal to make sockets for lower limb prosthetics using a vacuum bagging process. The laminates were formed using woven ramie fiber, bamboo fiber, carbon fiber, glass fiber, Kevlar fiber, and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene UHMWPE fiber. Several mechanical tests, such as impact, maximum shear stress, and flexural tests, were done to investigate the effect of different ways of stacking the fibers on certain mechanical and physical properties. The goal was to find out how changing the orientation and distribution of the fibers affected the composite's properties and how it worked. The outcomes of the tests were evaluated and analyzed to identify the optimal stacking pattern that would yield the desired properties for the composite material. The present investigation demonstrated that the incorporation of diverse reinforcing agents into composite materials exerted a significant influence on their mechanical strength. The composite's properties, such as flexibility, stress tolerance, and toughness upon fracture, improved proportionally with the increasing addition of these materials. The sample with the lamination of (2 perlon + 2 ramie + 2 carbon + 2 ramie + 2 perlon) fiber layers has shown a good impact strength of 81 KJ/m2, a maximum shear stress of 6.07 MPa, and a fracture strength of 174.1 MPa. Novel findings regarding the effect of altering the orientation and distribution of these fibers on the composite's properties could develop more effective prosthetic materials.","PeriodicalId":30589,"journal":{"name":"Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45014837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Energy-Efficient Massive MIMO Network","authors":"Israa Hilme, A. Abdulkafi","doi":"10.25130/tjes.30.3.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25130/tjes.30.3.1","url":null,"abstract":"Massive Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (Massive MIMO) is widely regarded as a highly promising technology for the forthcoming generation of wireless systems. The massive MIMO implementation involves the integration of a substantial number of antenna elements into base stations (BSs) to enhance spectral efficiency (SE) and energy efficiency (EE). The energy efficiency (EE) of base stations (BSs) has become an increasingly important issue for telecommunications network operators due to the need to take care of profitability while simultaneously minimizing their detrimental effects on the environment and addressing economic challenges faced by wireless communication operators. In this paper, the EE of massive MIMO networks and the relationship between EE, SE, and other parameters like bandwidth (B), number of antennas (M), circuit power, and number of users’ equipment (K) are discussed and investigated. For a fixed circuit power (PFIX), simulation results showed that the EE could be increased by about 1.12 as the number of antennas was doubled. The findings in this work also indicated an almost linear relationship between maximum EE and optimal SE, with a massive increase in the number of antennas when the power consumed by each antenna (PBS) was included in circuit power. In addition, when considering the power consumed per user’s equipment (PUE) impact, the SE increased with the ratio (M/K), in which SE showed a cubic relationship against M/K. On the other hand, the EE increased with M/K ratio until M/K reached a specific value. The maximum EE (and hence optimum SE) was achieved by massive MIMO, where the number of antennas was three times the number of users. However, EE started degrading after this value, as the number of antennas was considered larger than the users’ and consumed more energy, resulting in EE degradation.","PeriodicalId":30589,"journal":{"name":"Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47155939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental Design of Oxidative Desulfurization of Kerosene Through Response Surface Methodology (RSM)","authors":"A. Jarullah, Hamin J. Mohammed","doi":"10.25130/tjes.30.2.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25130/tjes.30.2.14","url":null,"abstract":"Sulfur compound content in fuels is one of the most undesirable pollutions regarding standard environmental regulations that demand to reduce sulfur concentration limit to 5-10% in fuels. Hence, kerosene’s oxidative desulfurization (ODS) as a model fuel (sulfur content 1158ppm) with air as an oxidant is studied. The goal of the study is to use two different synthesized nanosilica-supported catalysts, CuO/SiO2 (CAT-1) and CuO/TiO2-SiO2 (CAT-2), for the ODS of kerosene. Thirty-two experimental runs were designed via Central Composite Design (CCD) to select the experiments that will be utilized most efficiently. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for statistical analysis to determine the models’ significance. The Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to determine the optimum conditions and parameters significantly affecting the response. Temperature and time are two variables studied due to their impact on oxidative desulfurization. The actual results of sulfur conversion in kerosene from lab experiments were 87% with a sulfur content of 153.3ppm and 99.22% with a sulfur content of 8.9ppm by CAT-1 and CAT-2, respectively, at conditions of 140°C and 100min. The predicted results from experimental design were 86.66% and 99.8% by CAT-1 and CAT-2 at conditions of 140°C and 100min, showing errors less than 3.1% and 1.2% for CAT-1 and CAT-2, respectively, from ANOVA. The optimal parameters of ODS were determined through the sulfur conversion maximization by numerical optimization via ANOVA. The results showed that the maximum conversion by CAT-1 was 99.5% at 140 min and 180°C, and by CAT-2 was 99.7% at 100.1 min and 140.1°C. Also, the rate data were fitted with an empirical kinetic model. The results showed that CAT-1 and CAT-2 activation energies were Ea= 28.2 kJ/mol and Ea= 38.7 kJ/mol, respectively.","PeriodicalId":30589,"journal":{"name":"Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46905770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental Investigation on the Fatigue Behavior on Honeycomb Sandwich Composite Panels","authors":"Ahmed Ali Khalid, F. A. Abdulla, Mushtaq Al-Sharify","doi":"10.25130/tjes.30.2.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25130/tjes.30.2.13","url":null,"abstract":"This paper aims to study the dynamic behaviors of particular sandwich panels manufactured using three specifications of aluminum honeycomb core with fiberglass or aluminum face-sheet materials. Three groups of panels were designed and manufactured, each including three different sorts of samples, all fabricated with the same thickness. A cantilever fatigue test was conducted on specimens, and the results were collected and presented in curves to detect the factors that affect the panel's endurance. The finding showed that the specimens with aluminum skin had more probability of face-sheet/core delamination. Samples of fiberglass covers showed face-sheets cracks or cores cracks more than delamination failure, while samples of epoxy-filled cores experienced the specimen’s global crack. Generally, specimens with aluminum covers and epoxy-filled cores resisted fatigue load more than other specimens. The larger honeycomb cell-size specimens showed more probability to face-sheet/core delamination failures than samples with smaller cell-size cores.","PeriodicalId":30589,"journal":{"name":"Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48765476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Generalized Procedure for Determining the Collision-Free Trajectory for a Robotic Arm","authors":"Yasser Mohammad Al-Sharo, Amer Tahseen Abu-Jassar, S. Sotnik, Vyacheslav Lyashenko","doi":"10.25130/tjes.30.2.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25130/tjes.30.2.15","url":null,"abstract":"Robotic systems play an important role in the development and modernization processes of production, facilitation of labor, and human life. The robotic manipulators are outstanding among such systems. Such robots can be used for various spheres of their application. In this case, there is the manipulator’s effective control problem in the working area, of which there may be various obstacles. Therefore, a procedure is required to find the optimal path for moving the robotic arm. To develop such a procedure, the literature was reviewed, and the structural diagram of the control system of such a robot and its components was summarized. It proposed a mathematical formalization of the search for the optimal path to move the robot arm, an algorithm based on a modified method of navigation graphs, to realize the more natural movement of the robot arm. Experimental studies were conducted with different numbers of objects on the path of robot arm movement, which were combined into groups. The temporal results of this process are presented in a diagram.","PeriodicalId":30589,"journal":{"name":"Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42130814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seepage Quantity Analysis Beneath Concrete Dams with Various Sheet Piles using Different Numerical Models","authors":"Taban K. Hamad, J. Suleimany, Tara H. Aurahman","doi":"10.25130/tjes.30.2.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25130/tjes.30.2.12","url":null,"abstract":"Seepage is a dangerous phenomenon under hydraulic structures and the main cause of failure and damage to dams when neglected and not processed. This study evaluates the numerical effects of the sheet piles' quantity, depth, and spacing beneath a concrete dam with isotropic and homogenous foundations on the seepage rate, pressure head, and exit gradient. The solutions were obtained using SEEP/W code in GeoStudio software 2018 for three configurations using single, double, and triple sheet piles. In addition, SLIDE software 6.02 was examined using single and double sheet piles. Dimensional analysis was applied to draw the dimensionless variables that affect the seepage rate and exit gradient, and all tests were repeated for three different sheet pile depths and distances from the heel of the dam. The findings showed that the seepage rate in all studied configurations reduced when sheet pile depth increased. The position of the sheet pile from the dam's toe significantly decreased the seepage rate in cases using single and double sheet piles, while in cases using three-sheet piles, the position of the middle sheet pile insignificant decreased seepage. It was recognized that when using a single sheet pile, the drop in pressure head increased with depths when the sheet pile was located at the heel and middle of the dam. In addition, in the case of a single sheet pile at the toe or using two and three-sheet piles, the pressure drop decreased as the depths increased. Also, the results showed that the middle sheet pile location in the case of three sheet piles slightly affected pressure reduction. Furthermore, the results showed that using two and three-sheet piles was more effective than using a single one in reducing the exit gradient, while the position of the middle one in the case of using three-sheet piles was insignificant. A nonlinear empirical equation was developed using SPSS 22 program, and the comparison of the seepage rate measured by SEEP/W and SLIDE software versus its quantity calculated from empirical equations showed a good agreement as the determinations (R2) coefficients were equal to 0.9779 and 0.9928, respectively.","PeriodicalId":30589,"journal":{"name":"Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42478893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Review of the Most Recent Articles in Fault Tolerant Control of Power Plants 2018 – 2022","authors":"Waleed M. Zapar, K. Gaeid, H. Mokhlis, Takialddin Al Smadi","doi":"10.25130/tjes.30.2.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25130/tjes.30.2.11","url":null,"abstract":"This article covers the latest fault-tolerant control system (FTCS) developments and applications. FTCSs aim to maintain stability, minimize performance degradation, and compensate for system component faults. These systems benefit from and mission-critical applications where service continuity is crucial. This article describes several sensor and actuator errors. Fault Tolerant Control (FTC) includes active, passive, and hybrid approaches and the latest design techniques. Finally, FTCS stability and reliability analysis and research gaps were reviewed. This study provides current and future FTCS researchers with the latest trends and applications. This study's contribution. System component failures and instability are two major causes of control performance decline. Fault-tolerant control, or FTC, was developed in recent decades to improve control system resiliency. Active and passive FTC techniques exist. This paper examines control system faults, failure causes, and the latest resilience solutions. Fault detection and isolation (FDI) and active fault tolerance control (FTC) advances were examined. Encouraging FTC and FDI research, a comprehensive comparison of several aspects is performed to understand the pros and cons of various FTC techniques.","PeriodicalId":30589,"journal":{"name":"Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46884577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Developing an Empirical Relations between Nash Model Parameters and Watersheds Topographical Characteristics for Predicting Direct Runoff Hydrograph","authors":"Khalid Mahmoud Khidir","doi":"10.25130/tjes.30.2.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25130/tjes.30.2.9","url":null,"abstract":"The limited availability of the recorded rainfall-runoff data for many watersheds restricts the development and management of different activities of water resources. To overcome this limitation, the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) for estimating storm excess rainfall and momentum and optimization methods were combined in a mathematical model to estimate the optimal parameters of Nash Instantaneous unit hydrograph (IUH) and resulting direct runoff hydrograph (DRH), using a developed computer program in MATLAB. The available recorded data of 14 storms (out of 18) of four watersheds in northern Iraq have been applied in the calibration stage. An empirical relationship was developed between the average of each IUH optimal parameter (obtained by optimization as an optimal method according to the applied tests) and the effective watershed topographical characteristics. The developed empirical relations were used in the verification stage to estimate the IUH parameters and DRH for the verification storms and compare with that resulted from Haan’s empirical relations and optimization method. The statistical tests showed that the developed empirical relations efficiency was better than that of Haan’s method and close to that of the recorded storm by optimization method, where the average value of the Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency for the four watersheds resulted from applying the optimization method, Haan’s method and the developed empirical relations were 0.925, 0.587, 0.883 respectively. The results indicated the developed model’s ability to estimate the IUH and direct runoff hydrograph for ungauged watersheds in northern Iraq.\u0000 \u0000 ","PeriodicalId":30589,"journal":{"name":"Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47898999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Forecasting the Performance Measurement for Iraqi Oil Projects using Multiple Linear Regression","authors":"Nadal Adnan Jasim, A. Ibrahim, W. A. Hatem","doi":"10.25130/tjes.30.2.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25130/tjes.30.2.10","url":null,"abstract":"Many oil and gas projects have been subjected to significant cost overruns and schedule delays, which is a major concern for the decision-makers in the oil industry. This paper aims to develop three mathematical models to estimate earned value indicators, the Schedule Performance Index (SPI), Cost Performance Index (CPI), and To-Complete Cost Performance Indicator (TCPI), to reduce the cost and time estimation error in Iraqi oil projects. The research methodology adopted artificial intelligence techniques using Multiple Linear Regression technology (MLR) to predict Earned Value (EV) Indexes to get standard local equations to measure the performance of Iraqi oil projects. The data is based on (83) monthly reports from 26 June 2015 to 25 August 2022 collected from the Karbala Refinery Project, selected as a case study. It is one of the Oil Projects Company (SCOP)- the Iraqi Ministry of Oil’s massive and modern projects, and it combines several projects into one project. The results showed numerous significant points, such as the average accuracy (AA%) for the CPI, SPI, and TCPI was 95.194%, 92.195%, and 83.706%, respectively, while the correlation coefficients (R) were 92.4%, 98.4%, and 93.7%. It was shown that there were relatively few differences between the theoretical and actual results. Therefore, the MLR technique was utilized in this paper to derive the prediction models for its more correct earned value predictions.","PeriodicalId":30589,"journal":{"name":"Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48996433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the Storms Direct Runoff Prediction Methods used for Goizha-Dabashan Watershed","authors":"Khalid Mahmoud Khidir","doi":"10.25130/tjes.30.2.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25130/tjes.30.2.8","url":null,"abstract":"The Momentum and Aron & White evaluating methods have been adopted to estimate the Nash Instantaneous Hydrograph parameters (IUH), while the two methods of excess rainfall (Ф-index and Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) were applied in a model using a developed computer program in MATLAB to predict the direct runoff hydrograph for Goizha-Dabashan watershed located in the northeast of Iraq. In the verification stage, both Nash IUH optimal parameters of the storms and the average optimal values of the same parameters estimated in the calibration stage were applied and compared. The statistical tests showed a preference for the NRCS method with the momentum method in estimating direct runoff hydrograph (the average Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) was equal to 0.815 and 0.77 using optimal parameters verification storms and the average calibrated IUH parameters values, respectively). Also, satisfactory results (NSE was equal to 0.77 and 0.76 using storm parameters and the average calibrated IUH parameters values, respectively) were obtained by applying Aron & White with the NRCS methods, which indicated the ability of both methods for estimating direct runoff hydrograph.","PeriodicalId":30589,"journal":{"name":"Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44565666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}