IF 1.2

Laws Pub Date : 2024-02-16 DOI: 10.3390/laws13010010

Javier Morán, Alina Kilasoniya

{"title":"Application of the “Novel Foods” Regulation to Botanicals in the European Union","authors":"Javier Morán, Alina Kilasoniya","doi":"10.3390/laws13010010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/laws13010010","url":null,"abstract":"The European Union classifies “novel foods” as those not widely consumed before 15 May 1997. This category includes recently created, innovative foods, as well as those made using new technologies and processes, and foods with a traditional consumption history outside the EU. Distinguishing between “novel” and “conventional” foods is legally significant, as the former require official authorization under the Novel Foods Regulation. The regulation prioritizes safety, accurate labeling, and nutritional parity with replaced foods. Regulation (EU) 2015/2283, effective from 1 January 2018, replaced prior regulations, facilitating access to the EU market for novel and innovative foods while maintaining high safety standards. Classifying botanical products as novel can be intricate. Safety assessments for plant products must consider diversity in species, varieties, ecotypes, and chemotypes, as cultivation practices influence chemical composition. The article reviews the legislation applicable to botanicals and proposes different ways to evaluate in advance whether a product is “novel” or not, emphasizing the evaluation of the origin and consumption history of foods of plant origin.","PeriodicalId":30534,"journal":{"name":"Laws","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139961074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Renaissance of Civic Education and Civic Engagement in Higher Education in the Spirit of the American Founders and Constitutionalism 秉承美国建国者和宪政精神，复兴高等教育中的公民教育和公民参与

IF 1.2

Laws Pub Date : 2024-02-06 DOI: 10.3390/laws13010008

Kody W. Cooper

引用次数: 0

Protection of Property under Human Rights and International Investment Law: A Case-Law Analysis 人权和国际投资法下的财产保护：案例分析

IF 1.2

Laws Pub Date : 2024-02-01 DOI: 10.3390/laws13010006

Eleni Gavriil

引用次数: 0

Technology Architecture as an Instrument for Digital Taxation 作为数字税收工具的技术架构

IF 1.2

Laws Pub Date : 2024-02-01 DOI: 10.3390/laws13010007

A. Cahyadini, Sherly Ayuna Putri, Tasya Safiranita, Muhammad Jaka Hidayat

{"title":"Technology Architecture as an Instrument for Digital Taxation","authors":"A. Cahyadini, Sherly Ayuna Putri, Tasya Safiranita, Muhammad Jaka Hidayat","doi":"10.3390/laws13010007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/laws13010007","url":null,"abstract":"Digital transformation fuels technological advancement and widespread public use of Internet networks, leading to a growth in digital platform users. This increase is highly likely to boost platform profits by obtaining more insights into user behavior. Additionally, digital platforms generate income through monetization. The purpose of this research is to examine the role and challenges of technology architecture as an instrument of digital tax imposition in Indonesia and to see further the digital tax arrangements in Indonesia and several countries in the world. This research uses a normative juridical approach by examining the norms or rules formulated in law without excluding empirical facts in the field. The results show that the imposition, implementation, and regulation of digital taxes have potential and challenges from various aspects. Their success will depend on the ability to overcome these challenges while maximizing the opportunities of technological architecture to increase digital taxes. Furthermore, to regulate digital tax itself, governments can update and integrate digital tax arrangements, as well as collaborate with other related parties regarding the arrangements or principles used for the imposition of digital tax.","PeriodicalId":30534,"journal":{"name":"Laws","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139887949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Protection of Property under Human Rights and International Investment Law: A Case-Law Analysis 人权和国际投资法下的财产保护：案例分析

IF 1.2

Laws Pub Date : 2024-02-01 DOI: 10.3390/laws13010006

Eleni Gavriil

引用次数: 0

Technology Architecture as an Instrument for Digital Taxation 作为数字税收工具的技术架构

IF 1.2

Laws Pub Date : 2024-02-01 DOI: 10.3390/laws13010007

A. Cahyadini, Sherly Ayuna Putri, Tasya Safiranita, Muhammad Jaka Hidayat

{"title":"Technology Architecture as an Instrument for Digital Taxation","authors":"A. Cahyadini, Sherly Ayuna Putri, Tasya Safiranita, Muhammad Jaka Hidayat","doi":"10.3390/laws13010007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/laws13010007","url":null,"abstract":"Digital transformation fuels technological advancement and widespread public use of Internet networks, leading to a growth in digital platform users. This increase is highly likely to boost platform profits by obtaining more insights into user behavior. Additionally, digital platforms generate income through monetization. The purpose of this research is to examine the role and challenges of technology architecture as an instrument of digital tax imposition in Indonesia and to see further the digital tax arrangements in Indonesia and several countries in the world. This research uses a normative juridical approach by examining the norms or rules formulated in law without excluding empirical facts in the field. The results show that the imposition, implementation, and regulation of digital taxes have potential and challenges from various aspects. Their success will depend on the ability to overcome these challenges while maximizing the opportunities of technological architecture to increase digital taxes. Furthermore, to regulate digital tax itself, governments can update and integrate digital tax arrangements, as well as collaborate with other related parties regarding the arrangements or principles used for the imposition of digital tax.","PeriodicalId":30534,"journal":{"name":"Laws","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139827953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Americans with Disabilities Act and Equal Access to Public Spaces 美国残疾人法》与平等使用公共空间

IF 1.2

Laws Pub Date : 2024-01-24 DOI: 10.3390/laws13010005

Barry A. Whaley, Jonathan G. Martinis, Giuseppe F. Pagano, Sara Barthol, Jessica Senzer, Pamela R. Williamson, Peter D. Blanck

引用次数: 0

Exploring Defuturing to Design Artificial-Intelligence Artifacts: A Systemic-Design Approach to Tackle Litigiousness in the Brazilian Judiciary 探索去伪存真，设计人工智能产品：解决巴西司法机构诉讼问题的系统设计方法

IF 1.2

Laws Pub Date : 2024-01-11 DOI: 10.3390/laws13010004

L. A. C. Münch, Taís Schilling Ferraz

{"title":"Exploring Defuturing to Design Artificial-Intelligence Artifacts: A Systemic-Design Approach to Tackle Litigiousness in the Brazilian Judiciary","authors":"L. A. C. Münch, Taís Schilling Ferraz","doi":"10.3390/laws13010004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/laws13010004","url":null,"abstract":"From the perspective of defuturing design philosophy, this article discusses the close relationship between the growing body of artificial-intelligence (AI) artifacts in the Brazilian Judiciary and the phenomenon of litigiousness therein. Litigiousness has traditionally been tackled through mechanisms that increase productivity and efficiency in case processing, a strategy that has not succeeded in reducing litigiousness, as data make evident. Analyzing data from relevant sources, this article demonstrates that AI artifacts mostly perform tasks related to clustering and mass handling of cases, following the same path dependency. Consequently, they entail risks of judges’ alienation and loss of agency, which can negatively impact citizens’ fundamental rights. Moreover, they defuture; that is, they erase other (preferable) futures. Albeit AI artifacts can play a part in tackling litigiousness, there should be a critical reflection upon futuring and defuturing. Therefore, this article recommends that SoDF—a systemic approach to design that seeks to explore design consequences, futuring and defuturing—be mandatory to any AI design process. Additionally, it proposes continuous judicial monitoring for alienation and loss of agency, as well as investments in judicial education to empower judges to effectively control and supervise AI artifacts. Finally, it suggests a further research agenda.","PeriodicalId":30534,"journal":{"name":"Laws","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139437828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Why Equity Follows the Law 为什么公平要遵循法律

IF 1.2

Laws Pub Date : 2024-01-03 DOI: 10.3390/laws13010003

Adam J. MacLeod

引用次数: 0

The Professional Conflict Pertaining to Confidentiality—The Obligation of Disclosure for Intermediaries of Financial Transactions 与保密有关的职业冲突--金融交易中介的披露义务

IF 1.2

Laws Pub Date : 2023-12-31 DOI: 10.3390/laws13010002

Mihaela Tofan, Alina-Adriana Arseni

{"title":"The Professional Conflict Pertaining to Confidentiality—The Obligation of Disclosure for Intermediaries of Financial Transactions","authors":"Mihaela Tofan, Alina-Adriana Arseni","doi":"10.3390/laws13010002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/laws13010002","url":null,"abstract":"The present study aims at providing an overview of the international, European, and national legal frameworks relating to the obligation of intermediaries of financial transactions to report to tax authorities, and the professional secrecy which applies to their professions, as well as the conflict between the two. The authors address these topics from theoretical and jurisprudential perspectives, both at national and European levels, using doctrinaire, documentary, and comparative approaches. The analyses pointed out that the focus is placed on lawyer–intermediaries’ activities and liabilities when their activity is covered by confidentiality and legal privilege. Specific attention was revealed to be necessary when the conditions under which an exemption from the reporting obligation applies, and the particularities of the effects of the regulation in these scenarios. The topic of observing the legal framework and solving the possible conflicts generated by the divergent regulation of the law enforced has been the subject matter of recent European case laws that impact all the legal systems of the European Union’s member states, which has necessitated an examination of the hierarchy of law systems within the European Union member states and to emphasize the practical jurisprudential effects.","PeriodicalId":30534,"journal":{"name":"Laws","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139131757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

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