Laws最新文献

{"title":"Contemporary Nurturing of the 1980 Hague Convention","authors":"M. Freeman, N. Taylor","doi":"10.3390/laws12040065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/laws12040065","url":null,"abstract":"A key impetus for the implementation of the 1980 Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction was the protection of children from the harmful effects of their wrongful removal or retention. This article considers how well the Convention is achieving this aim in light of the challenges it faces in a global society that has changed significantly since its introduction. Two key aspects of the Convention’s operation are addressed in this regard: (i) The intersection between domestic violence and the exception to return in Article 13(1)(b); and (ii) the adoption of practices to enable abducted children to receive information about, and be given effective opportunities to express their views and be heard in, Convention cases. The article discusses why, how, and to what extent the Convention needs to be nurtured to best position it to meet current and future challenges and demands, including the current differences in interpretation and implementation globally. Suggestions are made to help future-proof the Convention so that children can be best protected in the way envisioned by the Convention.","PeriodicalId":30534,"journal":{"name":"Laws","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43491642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Freedom of Expression and Hate Speech: Human Rights Standards and Their Application in Poland and Slovenia","authors":"Julia Kapelańska-Pręgowska, Maja Pucelj","doi":"10.3390/laws12040064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/laws12040064","url":null,"abstract":"Even though hate speech is an extreme form of intolerance, which contributes to hate crime, the assessment of this particular behavior and its expressions is often problematic, because hate speech is difficult to define and even more difficult to investigate and punish. In the present article, the authors analyze the development of human rights standards (in particular as interpreted in the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights) regarding freedom of expression and hate speech and look at their application in Poland and Slovenia through a comparative analysis of Polish and Slovenian law and practice. We noticed that challenges with fulfilling international obligations to adequately respond to and fight hate speech can be observed and that some room for improvement on the level of lawmaking, policymaking, and their effective implementation is present. The most evident challenge remains in the low rates of prosecution of hate crimes recorded by the police, which need to be addressed by both States. In Slovenia, some positive systemic and regulatory changes have recently been introduced, while in Poland there has been little progress and not all victims of hate speech are adequately protected by law. The authors suggest a focus on educating individuals about the harmful consequences of hate speech and acts, adapting legislation to appropriately punish individuals who spread hate speech, raising awareness and understanding of the rhetoric used in the public sphere, and increasing media support for the aforementioned awareness, keeping in mind that solutions on how to appropriately address or prevent hate speech are by no means simple or straightforward.","PeriodicalId":30534,"journal":{"name":"Laws","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44229320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Abducted Child’s Best Interests versus the Theoretical Child’s Best Interests: Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific","authors":"M. Henaghan, Christian Poland, C. Kong","doi":"10.3390/laws12040063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/laws12040063","url":null,"abstract":"A recent trend can be seen in jurisprudence concerning the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction, at least in the Australasia/Pacific region. Courts are now more mindful of the abducted child in particular and will investigate the true impacts of returning the child to determine what is in their best interests, particularly in cases of domestic violence. This is a departure from the long-standing emphasis on returning abducted children promptly to their country of habitual residence, after which the courts of that country will make the final decision, because it is generally in the best interests of children to deter child abduction. This article compares various jurisdictions’ approaches with the lens of whether the courts are preferring the particular child over the ‘theoretical’ child.","PeriodicalId":30534,"journal":{"name":"Laws","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45722094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Habitual Residence: Review of Developments and Proposed Guidelines","authors":"R. Schuz","doi":"10.3390/laws12040062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/laws12040062","url":null,"abstract":"Habitual residence is a key concept in the scheme of the Hague Child Abduction Convention because it determines the applicability of the mandatory return mechanism. However, the concept is not defined, and over the years there have developed different approaches thereto. In recent years, there has been increasing doctrinal uniformity as a result of wide adoption of the hybrid approach. However, there are real disparities in the way in which this approach is applied by different judges and the question of habitual residence remains one of the most litigated issues under the Convention. This article reviews recent case law developments and explains the disparities. It then proceeds to propose guidelines that might assist in increasing uniformity and ensuring that findings of habitual residence promote the objectives of the Convention.","PeriodicalId":30534,"journal":{"name":"Laws","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44172546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial Special Issue on “Migrants and Human Rights Protections”","authors":"Sylvie Da Lomba","doi":"10.3390/laws12040061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/laws12040061","url":null,"abstract":"The idea for this Special Issue on ‘Human Rights Protection for Migrants’ was born out of a combination of frustration and scepticism in the face of International Human Rights Law’s enduring struggles to extend protections to non-nationals, but also out of hope in the light of (some) human rights bodies’ attempts to carve out ‘protective spaces’ for migrants against the backdrop of hostile migration laws and policies across the globe [...]","PeriodicalId":30534,"journal":{"name":"Laws","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42733784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Few Paths after a Long Journey: The Need for a Juvenile Immigration System","authors":"Steven M. Virgil","doi":"10.3390/laws12040060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/laws12040060","url":null,"abstract":"Thousands of unaccompanied children arrive at the U.S. border each year. In many cases, these children are fleeing harsh conditions in their home country in search for safety and family. The U.S. immigration system lacks an adequate response for these children, providing only two exceedingly difficult paths: asylum and the Special Immigrant Juvenile Status designation. While providing access to a path to citizenship over time, the system is arcane and adversarial. Moreover, through it all, these children lack a right to an advocate who can protect their interest or at a minimum advise the immigration court of how to serve the child’s best interests. This article explores issues surrounding unaccompanied children in the U.S. immigration system and suggests the need for an independent juvenile immigration justice system similar to the Federal Juvenile Criminal Justice System.","PeriodicalId":30534,"journal":{"name":"Laws","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46608980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Judicial Review of Mufti Decisions Applying Islamic Family Law in Greece","authors":"Nikos Koumoutzis","doi":"10.3390/laws12030058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/laws12030058","url":null,"abstract":"Greece is a unique example of a country member of the Council of Europe that allows for the application of Sharia law by the Mufti on a select part of its citizenry: the members of the Muslim minority in Western Thrace (situated in NE Greece). However, to produce their effects, Mufti decisions need to undergo review and to be declared enforceable by the civil court. The aim of this article is to explore the relevant legal framework arranged in law 4964/2022 and presidential decree 52/2019, whereby the details of such a judicial review are set out. In particular, this article considers the prerequisite of the exequatur to religious adjudication, and then, it goes through all of the levels over which the said review extends, bringing progressively into focus the review of the scope of jurisdiction, the review of compatibility with the Constitution and the European Convention of Human Rights, and the review of some additional issues raised specifically by presidential decree 52/2019 over and above the points just mentioned. A final remark follows in connection with possible errors committed in religious adjudication—errors of law or fact—which remain beyond the reach of the review.","PeriodicalId":30534,"journal":{"name":"Laws","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42574570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Practitioner Rehabilitation following Professional Misconduct: A Common Practice Now in Need of a Theory?","authors":"L. Surgenor, K. Diesfeld, M. Rychert","doi":"10.3390/laws12030059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/laws12030059","url":null,"abstract":"Theories of rehabilitation have long been articulated in health and criminal justice contexts, driving rehabilitation practices in each area. In this article, several prominent theories are described to illustrate how their core assumptions aim to facilitate recovery and reduce relapse or reoffending. Professional disciplinary bodies are also often compelled by law or regulation to attend to practitioners’ rehabilitation after professional misconduct, with similar aims to restore the practitioner to safe practice. Yet, no rehabilitation theory has been articulated in this context despite professional rehabilitation being distinct from other settings. We propose that the current absence of a coherent theory is problematic, leaving professional disciplinary bodies to ‘borrow’ assumptions from elsewhere. Since rehabilitation penalties are frequently made by professional disciplinary bodies, we review several theories from health and justice contexts and highlight elements that may be useful in developing professional misconduct rehabilitation theory. This includes proposing methodological approaches for empirical research to progress this.","PeriodicalId":30534,"journal":{"name":"Laws","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46532582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Protecting the Human Rights of Refugees in Camps in Thailand: The Complementary Role of International Law on Indigenous Peoples","authors":"Loi Thi Ngoc Nguyen","doi":"10.3390/laws12030057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/laws12030057","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates whether and how International Law on Indigenous Peoples (ILIP) can complement protections granted under International Refugee Law (IRL) and International Human Rights Law (IHRL) to refugees in camps in Thailand. Presently, there are over 90,000 refugees from Myanmar in Thailand, confined to nine camps along the Thailand–Myanmar border. These refugees belong to different ethnic minority groups, but the vast majority are Karen—Indigenous Peoples from the Thailand–Myanmar border regions. They have fled to Thailand due to persecution by Myanmar authorities and segments of the Myanmar population. To date, Thailand has refused to become a party to the 1951 Refugee Convention or its 1967 Protocol. The country has failed to develop an asylum system and its laws continue to regard refugees as ‘illegal migrants’. These refugees have been surviving in conditions of profound rightlessness. I posit that ILIP has a critical role to play in addressing the protection gaps and limitations in IRL and IHRL. In particular, the ILIP system of collective rights is vital in recognising the specific needs of refugees who are indigenous peoples. ILIP therefore provides a potent tool to make IRL and IHRL more responsive to the protection needs of indigenous refugees.","PeriodicalId":30534,"journal":{"name":"Laws","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44574236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Critical Analysis of the Rights and Obligations of the Manager of a Limited Liability Company: Managerial Legislative Basis","authors":"T. Peráček, Michal Kaššaj","doi":"10.3390/laws12030056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/laws12030056","url":null,"abstract":"The rights and obligations of an executive as a top manager of a limited liability company seem to be a long-settled question. However, the opposite is true. We were particularly interested in the question of the rights and obligations of the manager as a statutory body of the most widespread type of business company. A very important issue is the definition of the relationship between the limited liability company and the manager. The reason for this is the fact that it is a business–legal relationship and the protection provided to the executive in relation to the business company is based only on their mutual contractual basis. In addition to the examination of managerial knowledge and skills, we focused primarily on a critical analysis of the legal definition of the rights and obligations of an executive and their responsibility towards a limited liability company. As part of our research, we analyzed extensive jurisprudence, which completed our understanding of the concept of an executive and also defined the framework of not only their actions, but especially their rights and obligations. To achieve our goal, we used several scientific methods designed for the study of law, such as analysis, synthesis, comparison, deduction, and description. We critically evaluated the results of our research and compared the development of Slovak and Czech jurisprudence in the context of its influence on the investigated issue. At the same time, we answered the research question of whether legislative intervention is necessary for the already existing rights and obligations of a manager in relation to their limited liability company. This analysis of the rights and obligations of the manager of a limited liability company has several implications for both managers and companies as a whole, such as managerial autonomy, accountability, responsibility, and the balance of power. The research findings highlighted the significant decision making authority granted to managers. The obligations identified in the analysis emphasized the need for managers to act responsibly and be accountable for their actions. The rights and obligations of managers need to be balanced with the interests of other stakeholders, particularly the company’s members. In conclusion, the critical analysis of the rights and obligations of the manager of a limited liability company, based on the managerial legislative basis, revealed that managers possess decision making authority, profit distribution rights, limited liability protection, and entitlement to compensation. However, they are also obligated to fulfill fiduciary duties, comply with laws and regulations, maintain proper records, and exercise due care. The research underscored the significance of managerial autonomy, accountability, and a balanced exercise of power in a limited liability company. By understanding and adhering to their rights and obligations, managers can effectively navigate their roles while contributing to the suc","PeriodicalId":30534,"journal":{"name":"Laws","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44652644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}