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Reconsidering the Challenges of Earmarked Taxes for Highways 重新考虑公路专项税的挑战
Policy Perspectives Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.4079/pp.v27i0.5
D. Gellman
{"title":"Reconsidering the Challenges of Earmarked Taxes for Highways","authors":"D. Gellman","doi":"10.4079/pp.v27i0.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4079/pp.v27i0.5","url":null,"abstract":"A prominent theme in US federal infrastructure policy is the near-term insolvency of the Highway Trust Fund (HTF), the dedicated fnancing stream for highways and public transit. The HTF is projected to exhaust its reserves by 2022 and require more than $170 billion in cumulative general revenue transfers by 2029, leading to widespread funding uncertainty for nationally-signifcant surface transportation infrastructure and a dramatic increase in the national debt. This paper examines three countries—Japan, England, and Australia—that chose to eliminate earmarked taxes for highways and examines whether their infrastructure benefted as a result. International outcomes were mixed as to whether federal investments in highways and road quality remained robust following the intervention. But such a solution, with stringent safeguards, could provide an answer to the HTF solvency issue in upcoming surface transportation reauthorization legislation.","PeriodicalId":30465,"journal":{"name":"Policy Perspectives","volume":"27 1","pages":"25-36"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70138366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Reintegration Prospects for the Ex-Convicts in Pakistan: A Legal Perspective 巴基斯坦前罪犯重返社会的前景:法律视角
Policy Perspectives Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.13169/polipers.17.1.0035
Tariq
{"title":"Reintegration Prospects for the Ex-Convicts in Pakistan: A Legal Perspective","authors":"Tariq","doi":"10.13169/polipers.17.1.0035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13169/polipers.17.1.0035","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":30465,"journal":{"name":"Policy Perspectives","volume":"17 1","pages":"35"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66272629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Emerging Politics in Iran: Last Year of Rouhani's Term and the New Conservative Parliament 伊朗的新兴政治:鲁哈尼任期的最后一年和新保守党议会
Policy Perspectives Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.13169/polipers.17.1.0105
Belal
{"title":"Emerging Politics in Iran: Last Year of Rouhani's Term and the New Conservative Parliament","authors":"Belal","doi":"10.13169/polipers.17.1.0105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13169/polipers.17.1.0105","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":30465,"journal":{"name":"Policy Perspectives","volume":"17 1","pages":"105"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66272663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Going Green with Policy Incentives: Comparing the Use of Subsidies and Taxes to Reduce Transportation Emissions 以政策激励走向绿色:比较使用补贴和税收来减少交通排放
Policy Perspectives Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.4079/pp.v27i0.7
M. Hines
{"title":"Going Green with Policy Incentives: Comparing the Use of Subsidies and Taxes to Reduce Transportation Emissions","authors":"M. Hines","doi":"10.4079/pp.v27i0.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4079/pp.v27i0.7","url":null,"abstract":"This article addresses the need for the United States to reduce emissions from the transportation sector. In order to concisely evaluate the political discussion of promoting renewable energy use and discouraging reliance on fossil fuels, this article focuses on the adoption of electric and hybrid vehicles as a means of illustrating the larger policy challenge of how to maximize policy effectiveness at reducing emissions while minimizing economic disruption. The article estimates the magnitude of electric and gas-powered vehicles purchases in response to either a subsidy or a tax and discusses the positive and negative outcomes of each policy approach. The article finds that while a tax on carbon emissions may be most effective in removing gas-powered vehicles from the road, it will disproportionately affect lower-income households. Implementing substantial subsidies for electric vehicles, funded through a smaller tax on carbon emissions, is suggested as a solution to reduce the regressive impacts of a standalone carbon tax.","PeriodicalId":30465,"journal":{"name":"Policy Perspectives","volume":"27 1","pages":"47-59"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70138439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Merit in Performance Pay: How Changing Teacher Compensation Can Increase the Supply of Quality Educators 绩效薪酬的优点:改变教师薪酬如何增加优质教育工作者的供给
Policy Perspectives Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.4079/pp.v27i0.8
Emma Pellerin
{"title":"The Merit in Performance Pay: How Changing Teacher Compensation Can Increase the Supply of Quality Educators","authors":"Emma Pellerin","doi":"10.4079/pp.v27i0.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4079/pp.v27i0.8","url":null,"abstract":"T here is no question that classrooms in US public schools do not function without an adult responsible for facilitating student learning. There is less agreement, however, regarding what constitutes quality instruction or what credentials an instructor should have in order to be considered a certifed teacher. Low enrollment in teacher preparation programs combined with increasing teacher turnover rates have created a shortage of quality educators in districts across the country for high-need schools and subject areas. Educators, labor activists, and politicians have called for teacher compensation reform as a way to increase the teacher retention rate. This article summarizes research on the impact of individual and group incentive pay schemes on student achievement, reviews alternative fnancial incentives to retain exceptional educators, and evaluates policy proposals to improve teacher salaries from current and former 2020 presidential candidates.","PeriodicalId":30465,"journal":{"name":"Policy Perspectives","volume":"27 1","pages":"60-72"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70138451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Developing Liberal Jurisprudence in Pakistan: Role of Justice A. R. Cornelius 自由主义法学在巴基斯坦的发展:正义的作用
Policy Perspectives Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.13169/polipers.17.1.0129
Khan
{"title":"Developing Liberal Jurisprudence in Pakistan: Role of Justice A. R.\u0000 Cornelius","authors":"Khan","doi":"10.13169/polipers.17.1.0129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13169/polipers.17.1.0129","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":30465,"journal":{"name":"Policy Perspectives","volume":"17 1","pages":"129"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66272690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
New Stratagems in the Strategic Arena and Pakistan 战略舞台上的新战略与巴基斯坦
Policy Perspectives Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.13169/polipers.17.1.0170
Mohmand
{"title":"New Stratagems in the Strategic Arena and Pakistan","authors":"Mohmand","doi":"10.13169/polipers.17.1.0170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13169/polipers.17.1.0170","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":30465,"journal":{"name":"Policy Perspectives","volume":"17 1","pages":"171"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66272853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Some Questions and Speculations 一些问题和猜测
Policy Perspectives Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.13169/polipers.17.1.0178
Altaf
{"title":"Some Questions and Speculations","authors":"Altaf","doi":"10.13169/polipers.17.1.0178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13169/polipers.17.1.0178","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":30465,"journal":{"name":"Policy Perspectives","volume":"17 1","pages":"179"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66272876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Faith Conversions in Pakistan: Projections and Interpretations 巴基斯坦的信仰转换:预测和解释
Policy Perspectives Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.13169/polipers.17.2.0005
Hussain
{"title":"Faith Conversions in Pakistan: Projections and Interpretations","authors":"Hussain","doi":"10.13169/polipers.17.2.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13169/polipers.17.2.0005","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":30465,"journal":{"name":"Policy Perspectives","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66272951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Exploring Women's Entrepreneurship and Poverty: Necessity versus Opportunity Motivations 探讨女性创业与贫困:必要性与机会动机
Policy Perspectives Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.4079/pp.v27i0.6
Simone Hall
{"title":"Exploring Women's Entrepreneurship and Poverty: Necessity versus Opportunity Motivations","authors":"Simone Hall","doi":"10.4079/pp.v27i0.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4079/pp.v27i0.6","url":null,"abstract":"W hat is the relationship between entrepreneurship, economic growth, and poverty? Women choose to become entrepreneurs or self-employed for different reasons in developed countries such as the United States and Sweden, with varying effects on poverty and economic growth. This paper explores the motivations behind entering the entrepreneurial space for women, differentiating between opportunity (taking actions to create a new venture following a perceived business opportunity despite other options to earn a living) and necessity (becoming involved in entrepreneurial activities due to a lack of other options to earn a living) motivations. It also highlights entrepreneurship’s relationship with poverty and economic growth, while providing recommendations on how to encourage opportunity entrepreneurship and reduce poverty while discouraging necessity entrepreneurship.","PeriodicalId":30465,"journal":{"name":"Policy Perspectives","volume":"27 1","pages":"37-46"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70138404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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