Journal of Tropical Forestry and Environment最新文献

{"title":"Identifying the Strength Grade for Finger Jointed Timber Species According to BS 5268-2:2002","authors":"C. Muthumala, S. S. Silva, P. Alwis, K. K. I. U. Arunakumara","doi":"10.31357/FESYMPO.V23I0.3746","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31357/FESYMPO.V23I0.3746","url":null,"abstract":"Off-cut wood is currently considered as waste thus is dumped by saw mills as they find no means of utilising them. Sawn timber material of furniture factories and short length of sawn timbers are also considered to be wastes in the timber industry. Finger jointing technique which interlock the end joints formed by machining a number of similar tapered symmetrical fingers are recognised in this regards as effective and sustainable means of utilisation of timber wastes. The present study was undertaken to assess the strength grade of finger jointed timber based on BS 5268-2:2002. Seven timber species which are commonly used in Sri Lanka were employed for the assessment with and without finger joints. Values of Modulus of Rupture (MOR), Modulus of Elasticity (MOE), Compression parallel to grain and Compression perpendicular to grain strength of the specimens were measured. Finger jointing was performed with constant geometry (finger length 19 mm, tip width 1 mm and finger pitch 4 mm) using polyvinyl acetate (PVA, P-SWR) adhesive at normal exposure conditions. The strength properties were evaluated by Universal Testing Machine (UTM) according to BS 373:1957. Strength classes relevant to the grade stresses were not significant for finger jointed and clear specimens of Satin, Mahogany, Jack and Grandis. Both clear and finger jointed timber specimens obtained D40 for Satin and Teak, D30 for Jack, Mahogany and Grandis. Teak shows properties similar to both D35 and D40 when used as finger jointed timber. Kumbuk was shown to change from D40 to D30 while using as finger jointed timber. Finger jointed Pine showed stress grade of C22, C24 and C27.","PeriodicalId":30404,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tropical Forestry and Environment","volume":"177 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79887831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Removal of Heavy Metals and Nutrients from Municipal Wastewater using Salvinia molesta and Lemna gibba","authors":"M.L.D.D. Abhayawardhana, N. Bandara, S.K.L.S. Rupasinge","doi":"10.31357/jtfe.v9i2.4469","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31357/jtfe.v9i2.4469","url":null,"abstract":"The present study was focused on the investigation of the abilities and efficiencies of Salvinia molesta and Lemna gibba to remove selected heavy metals (Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni and Pb) and excess nutrients from wastewater taken from the Moratuwa-Ratmalana municipal wastewater treatment plant. The wastewater samples were analysed for pH, Temperature, for N-Nitrates, N-Nitrites, ammonia Nitrogen, Phosphates, and selected heavy metals, Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Total Kjeldhal Nitrogen. Then, the wastewater samples were treated with S. molesta and L. gibba separately for a period of 7 days and analysed for N-Nitrates, N-Nitrites, Ammonia Nitrogen, Phosphates and five selected heavy metals at 24 hour intervals. BOD, COD and Total Kjeldhal Nitrogen were analysed at 7 days intervals. The average Total Nitrogen removal efficiencies of S. molesta and L. gibba were 73.3% and 62.1% whereas the average Total Phosphate removal efficiencies of S. molesta and L. gibba were 72.6% and 77.2% respectively. The average Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni and Pb removal efficiencies of S. molesta were 81.6%, 69.8%, 65.2%, 66.3% and 74.8% respectively. The average Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni and Pb removal efficiencies shown by L. gibba were 86.9%, 69.7%, 73.1%, 61.8% and 85.7% respectively. The Bio Concentration factors of S. molesta for Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb and Ni were 823, 698, 652, 663 and 748 respectively and the Bio Concentration factors of S. molesta for Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb and Ni were 870, 698, 731, 618 and 857 respectively. According to the obtained results in the present study S. molesta and L. gibba can be considered as suitable candidates for the polishing of municipal wastewater.","PeriodicalId":30404,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tropical Forestry and Environment","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91142370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Altitude and Ecological distribution of genus Litsea (Lauraceae) in Western Ghats of Karnataka, India","authors":"S. G. Srinivas, Y. L. Krishnamurthy","doi":"10.31357/jtfe.v9i2.4473","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31357/jtfe.v9i2.4473","url":null,"abstract":"India is a subcontinent in the world with varied climatic regions, topographic variation results in the very diverse ecological diversity. Litsea is a largest genus in the family Lauraceae differentiated by its dioecious nature, distributed in tropical and subtropical regions which is influenced by some environmental factors. Present research work focussed on distribution of genus in the central Western Ghats of Karnataka, India. Litsea species were collected from 2013 to 2018 in different sampling sites.  A total of 12 species were identified and reported from this region. The diversity indices of Litsea vary from species to species as well as region to region. L. floribunda is frequently distributed in all the study sites and it showed highest density when compared with other species, whereas, L. deccanensis distributed only in Sakaleshpur region and it showed lower diversity. The highest number of Litsea species occurred in Sakaleshpur region (10 species) and Mullayyanagiri region having only one species that is L. floribunda. The results indicate that Litsea distribution and diversity is rich in moderate rainfall regions of Western Ghats. The macro and micro nutrients of the soil in the study area reflects the distribution of the genus. There is a gradual increasing in tendency of the species richness with increasing elevation when compared with lower elevated regions. The genus also showed more sensitive and positive association with the elevation factor.","PeriodicalId":30404,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tropical Forestry and Environment","volume":"55 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77249750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Models for Measuring Height-Diameter Relationships for Agarwood (AquilariamalaccensisLamk) Plantations in Bangladesh","authors":"S. Islam, M. Chowdhury, K. Misbahuzzaman","doi":"10.31357/JTFE.V8I2.3762","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31357/JTFE.V8I2.3762","url":null,"abstract":"The relationship between tree height and diameter is an important element in growth and yield models, in carbon stock estimation and timber volume models, and in the description of stand dynamics.In this paper considered18 functional models and evaluated the performance that predict total tree height from diameter at breast height of agarwood. The models were applied to A.malaccensisLamk (Agarwood) which is economically important tree species planted in some potential forest areas of Bangladesh.A total of 5,866 tree heights and corresponding diameters at breast heights were extracted from many forest areas in Sylhet, Chittagong, Cox's Bazar and Chittagong Hill Tracts (Rangamati) forest division. The model goodness of fit values were evaluated in terms of adjusted coefficient of determination (R2), root mean squared error (RMSE), Akaike’s information criterion (AIC),Durbin-Watson statistic value,homogeneity of the residuals and significance of the regression parameters. The results of the study indicated that the height-diameter relationship can best be described by non-linear models. The best three models selected for the species with ranking in terms of goodness of fit. The Gompertz ; Parabolic and Logistic  with R2=0.91 were height-diameter models performed better than other models.","PeriodicalId":30404,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tropical Forestry and Environment","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87146907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Putrescible Waste Landfills as Bird Habitats in Urban Cities: A case from an Urban Landfill in the Colombo District of Sri Lanka","authors":"S. Marasinghe, Priyan Perera, P. N. Dayawansa","doi":"10.31357/JTFE.V8I2.3761","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31357/JTFE.V8I2.3761","url":null,"abstract":"As putrescible waste landfills are reliable and rich sources of food, these man-made habitats can support large populations of avifauna composed of different feeding guilds. Unusually high population inflations of few opportunistic species of birds could impose a severe impact on the overall ecological balance. We studied the bird community in an open waste dump located in a highly urbanised area in the Colombo District, Sri Lanka. Bird census were performed using block counts in two contrasting sites of the landfill i.e., active dumping area and inactive dumping area between April 2015 and March 2016. Abundance and density of birds were significantly higher in the active dumping area than in the inactive area. The inactive dumping area accounted for the highest avifaunal richness, diversity and evenness. Bubulcus ibis and Corvussplendens were the dominant species at the active dump, and their foraging and social behaviors probably discouraged other bird species from exploiting food resources in the dump despite belonging to different feeding guilds. The forging bird community at the landfill exhibited seasonal variations in abundance and other interspecific interactions. Since the influx of large numbers of birds to landfills can potentially cause numerous environmental issues in urban areas, the current study highlights the importance of study of the seasonal patterns of bird communities in relation to location and management of landfills.","PeriodicalId":30404,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tropical Forestry and Environment","volume":"120 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74885450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biomass and Carbon Stock Estimation of Udawattakele Forest Reserve in Kandy District of Sri Lanka","authors":"A. Abeysekara, S. Yatigammana, K. T. Premakantha","doi":"10.31357/JTFE.V8I2.3760","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31357/JTFE.V8I2.3760","url":null,"abstract":"Carbon dioxide has gained lot of attention in recent past as a greenhouse gas, and therefore it has a potential to affect the climate pattern of the world. Several anthropogenic activities are known to be responsible for the increased level of carbon in the atmosphere and disruption of the global carbon cycle. However, nature has its own mechanism of sequestering and storing the carbon in its “reservoirs”. Forest has the ability to sequester carbon in their biomass and reduce the rate of increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide. The carbon sequestered in the forest trees are mostly referred to as the biomass of a tree or a forest. It has been identified five carbon pools of the terrestrial ecosystem, involving biomass. The study was designed to estimate biomass stock and then the carbon stock of the Udawattakele Forest Reserve (7°17'58 \"N, 80°38'20’’E) in Kandy, Sri Lanka. Allometric equations were used to calculate biomass of trees. The total biomass stock was estimated to be 9475.56 t ha-1 (Mega gram-Mg) and the total carbon stock was estimated to be 4,453.55 t ha-1 (Mg) in the Udawattakele Forest Reserve (UFR). This amount is equivalent to 16,344.52 Mg of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. UFR holds a moderate amount of biomass/carbon stock and the total carbon density of natural forest and plantations was found to be 36.55 Mg ha-1 and 44.89 Mg ha-1 respectively.","PeriodicalId":30404,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tropical Forestry and Environment","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77734566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Paleoenvironmental Reconstructions using Organic Source Indicators: A Summary of Examples from Sri Lanka","authors":"A. Ratnayake","doi":"10.31357/JTFE.V8I2.3759","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31357/JTFE.V8I2.3759","url":null,"abstract":"The qualitative and quantitative analysis of sedimentary organic matter (i.e., the residue of past biota) provides integrated histories of marine and continental past life and paleoenvironmental /paleoclimatic changes. Organic geochemical investigations are possible by combining (i) bulk properties such as elemental compositions, stable isotope ratios, and Rock-Eval pyrolysis data, and (ii) biomarker molecular compositions such as n-alkanes, sterol, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons compositions. The analytical approaches described in this overview illustrate the published examples of lacustrine and marine organic geochemical studies in Sri Lanka. In summary, the Jurassic Andigama and Tabbowa Basins provide different sources of organic matter, followed by availability of nutrient for algal growth and the amount of land runoff to the basins. Rock-Eval analysis of the Cretaceous to Paleogene sedimentary rocks in the offshore Mannar Basin reveal the presence of gas-prone land-plant organic matter mainly and minor oil-prone algal organic matter. The amounts and types of organic matter variations in Bolgoda Lake sediments indicate changes in Holocene sea-level, coastal geomorphology, and continental climates during the last 7,000 years. In future directions, applications of novel organic geochemical proxies and understanding of original biologically synthesized materials in tropics would improve interpretations of paleoenvironmental changes. Besides, local and regional paleoclimatic proxy and model studies would refine future paleoenvironmental reconstructions in Sri Lanka.","PeriodicalId":30404,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tropical Forestry and Environment","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88959019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of Urban Heat Islands &Its Relationship withVegetation Cover: A Case Study of Colombo & Gampaha Districts in Sri Lanka","authors":"FERNANDO GARRIDO","doi":"10.31357/jtfe.v8i2.3765","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31357/jtfe.v8i2.3765","url":null,"abstract":"Global Warming is a major environmental problem that all kind of organisms has been affected at present. Urban Heat Island (UHI) is one of primary impacts of Global Warming. UHI is a phenomenon that the temperature of urban area is higher than surrounding rural areas or suburban areas. This increasing trend of temperature in urban areas affects many environmental entities such as air quality, water resources, habitats behaviors and climate changes. The most remarkable incident that relate with UHI is the difference of thermal properties of the surfaces. Many countries experience the consequences of Urban Heat Islands in many aspects such as economic, health, social and environmental affects. Thus to mitigate such impacts of UHI, it is very important to identify the main reasons behind this. In this paper UHIs in Colombo, Gampaha Districts and the relationship between UHI and vegetation cover were analyzed based on Landsat 8, 30m resolution data. Land Surface Temperature was derived from Landsat thermal Infrared band through several equations of United State Geological Survay (USGS) guidelines using Arc GIS 10. Conversion of Digital Number (DN) values to Top of Atmosphere (TOA) Radiance, Conversion of TOA Radiance to Satellite Brightness temperature and final calculation of Land Surface Temperature considering land surface emissivity are the steps that had been done for the analysis. Vegetation cover was derived by using vegetation index with the Red and Near Infra Red bands. The result shows that the land high surface temperature directly relates with the urbanized regions where vegetation cover is very less. High temperature difference could be identified that cause to arise the urban heat island effects in Colombo & Gampaha districts. There is a strong linearly negative correlation with correlation coefficient value of -0.742 between land surface temperature and vegetation cover. 78.8 km2 (including water) of total area had been identified as NDVI value less than 0.1. And extent of high temperature area was 74.12 km2 where temperature more than 27oC at 10.22am. The area in temperature range of 25-27 was 464.95km2 and area in NDVI value range 0.1-0.2 was 333.04 km2. 1471.1 km2 was identified as NDVI value between 0.3-0.4 and the area at low temperature was 1529 km2where temperature less than 25oC. According to this results, high temperature at non-vegetated areas and low temperature at vegetated areas could be noted very clearly. This is probably due to the ecological function of vegetation that lay down the surface temperature from high evapotranspiration. Vegetated areas are mostly sensed with surface temperature.Thus research output can be useful for policy-makers and planners of development projects such as Western province Megapolis project as well as for general public to understand the urban heat island effects and importance of vegetation cover to mitigate such impacts.","PeriodicalId":30404,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tropical Forestry and Environment","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82259426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Degree and Determinants of Host Communities’ Socio-Economic Dependence on Forest Products of Pendjari National Park, Benin Republic: Automatic Linear Modelling Technique","authors":"O. E. Olaniyi, B. G. Ogunjemite, O. Akindele, E. Sogbohossou, M. Zakaria","doi":"10.31357/JTFE.V8I2.3763","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31357/JTFE.V8I2.3763","url":null,"abstract":"The study aimed at determining the degree and determinants of host communities’ socio-economic dependence on forest products of Pendjari National Park, Benin. Four hundred households in fourteen host communities of the Park were subjected to direct household survey through multistage sampling technique. Forest Dependency Indices were computed to determine the households’ dependence on forest products. An automatic linear modelling algorithm through forward stepwise model selection method was employed to model the main determinants to host communities' socio-economic dependence on forest products. Household age category (5-14 and above 60 years), total monthly income, education level of the household members (junior/senior high school, bachelor’s degree), place of birth, and religion were the main determinants. Most host communities were observed to be dependent on the park in varied forms and degrees, while Tanguieta and Sangou had the least and highest degree of dependence, respectively. Thus, the findings had provided a template for relevant authorities to rightly allocate resources for alternative livelihood means to the ranked host communities. However, a monitoring indicator had been developed to quantify and safeguard the harms of indigenous people to the biodiversity base. This is believed to create a synergy between sustainable development and indigenous peoples.","PeriodicalId":30404,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tropical Forestry and Environment","volume":"57 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90961736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coastal Fringe Habitat Monitoring using Kite Aerial Photography: A Remote Sensing-based Case Study","authors":"B. Madurapperuma, J. Dellysse","doi":"10.31357/JTFE.V8I1.3480","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31357/JTFE.V8I1.3480","url":null,"abstract":"Monitoring coastal ecosystem resilience for climatic and/or anthropogenic vulnerabilities is challenging with moderately resolution Landsat images. A simple, low-cost Kite Aerial Photograph platform (KAP) was vital to obtain high-resolution images for a small area to develop coastal GIS models. This study examines post-tsunami relief in two coastal shrub ecosystem and a mangrove ecosystem in terms of vegetation bioshield mass and sea level rise perspectives. A KAP platform was created using two light-weight automatic cameras with dual bandpass Red-NIR filters, a Picavet stabilizing rig, a GPS tracker and a Parafoil Kite. The KAP images were processed to build mosaic images, orthorectified and geo-referenced Digital Elevation Model (DEM) using structure-from motion (SFM) and remote sensing software (Agisoft PhotoScan and ENVI respectively). KAP has been utilised for coastal mapping under three scenarios: (i) object-orient feature extraction for discriminate Prosopis juliflora, an invasive alien species, and texture analysis for coastal shrub and herbaceous vegetation classification (ii) DEM for sea level rise, and (iii) Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) for mangrove bioshield mass estimation. The image processing produced a point cloud with an average density of 35 points/m2; a DEM with 17 cm resolution; and an orthophoto mosaic with an average resolution of 4.0 cm. The results showed that object orient feature extraction can discriminate Prosopis juliflora from the coastal shrubs with 62% accuracy, while supervised classification accuracy was 51%. Mangrove vegetation in Rekawa was discriminated from grassland and other coastal shrub vegetation types at ≥4 NDVI threshold resulted in 0.33 ha of mangroves (28% of 1.15 ha of the total area). The Kahandamodara beach coastal vegetation was dominant by Ipomoea pes-capre with 26% coverage. In conclusion, KAP has a wide potential to bridge science with high spatial/temporal resolution in-situ data for coastal habitat mapping, where the researchers can utilize the data within a low-cost budget.Keywords: kite mapping, coast, DEM, mangrove, NDVI","PeriodicalId":30404,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Tropical Forestry and Environment","volume":"112 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89283274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}