{"title":"New Approaches to Rural Development in Russia","authors":"E. Serova, A. Naumov, R. Yanbykh","doi":"10.7366/WIR042020/02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7366/WIR042020/02","url":null,"abstract":"As many other countries, Russia suffers from fast depopulation of rural areas and decline of rural economy. For years, the state policy for mitigate negative consequences of these processes was considering agriculture as the main pillar of rural development and most of governmental finding was oriented to its support. Recently, the new state strategy for rural development was formulated, and in 2019 an ambitious national program approved. It assumes different options for rural territories to develop economy and achieve welfare, depending on natural and human resources availability, remoteness and other features. The paper presents a review of the current state of rural areas of the Russian Federation. It focuses on the main issues the countryside faces at the national level and also reveals regional differences in rural development. The study is based mainly on the author’s analysis of national statistical data sources, including the Russian Agricultural census of 2016, and the results of conducted survey. Possible effects of the measures of the new state policy of rural development such as encouraging community-based initiatives and promotion of housing construction through preferential rural mortgage loans programs are analysed. Finally, the authors provide a brief description of impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on rural development in Russia and attempt to forecast its further implications.","PeriodicalId":302895,"journal":{"name":"Wieś i Rolnictwo","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115812168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Impact of Climate Change on Agricultural and Rural Development by 2030","authors":"Konrad Prandecki","doi":"10.53098/WIR042020/04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53098/WIR042020/04","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change is one of the greatest challenges of the modern world. In the long-term perspective, mankind must achieve climate neutrality in order not to lead to a breakdown in the development of civilization. This requires significant mitigation efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Over time, when the climate change is more affecting human life, adaptation measures are also needed. Some countries, including members states of the European Union, are making efforts to achieve the goal of climate neutrality. It involves a significant financial and organizational effort. The aim of the article is to indicate changes in agriculture and rural areas that may take place in the perspective of 2030 as a result of the climate change and the application of mitigating and adaptation policies. The article was written on the basis of the available literature.","PeriodicalId":302895,"journal":{"name":"Wieś i Rolnictwo","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129256370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Timeline of Poland’s Rural Economy","authors":"Józef Stanisław Zegar","doi":"10.53098/WIR042020/03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53098/WIR042020/03","url":null,"abstract":"The paper presents some suppositions as to the future of Poland’s rural economy, the development of which is intended to lead to an improved standard of living and general sustainable development in rural areas. The rural economy, shaped by factors involving human, physical and environmental capital, is presented on a timeline. These factors are mainly determined by the market and policy-making. The suppositions are based on a theoretical analysis of statistical data and research results from the literature. The main conclusion is that the trajectory of the rural economy’s development will split into many possible paths in the future.","PeriodicalId":302895,"journal":{"name":"Wieś i Rolnictwo","volume":"193 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131441788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Look at a Small Southern Country: Uruguay","authors":"Adriana Peluffo","doi":"10.53098/WIR042020/06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53098/WIR042020/06","url":null,"abstract":"In this work we take a look at a small southern country in Latin America: Uruguay, located between two large neighbors: Argentina and Brazil. In the paper some socio-economic features and historical facts about Uruguay were presented. Historically, the agricultural sector and export specialisation have been quite important for the country’s economic growth. Recently, services have become important too. The second part of the paper is entirely dedicated to the present situation, namely from March 2019, in which it was described how the COVID-19 pandemic has been dealt with in terms of the health and economic measures. Finally, some questions about the future of the pandemic and the country’s economy were posed.","PeriodicalId":302895,"journal":{"name":"Wieś i Rolnictwo","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125738589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Major Forces Affecting Rural Regions in 2020","authors":"D. Freshwater","doi":"10.53098/WIR042020/01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53098/WIR042020/01","url":null,"abstract":"Rural regions in OECD countries have always faced development challenges, resulting from their: reliance on natural resources, small labour forces, and long distances from markets, as well as the effects of globalization. Now, in addition, their development opportunities are further constrained by: climate change requirements, increased economic fragility resulting from COVID and the lingering effects of the 2008 recession, and the uneven impacts of the Internet economy. But, from a rural development policy perspective, perhaps the most important new challenge is the rise of rural populism. While rural areas and people have long been seen as distinct from their urban counterparts, in the last two decades these gaps have grown. Importantly, while the internet and information and communications technology (ICT) were initially seen as providing opportunities to improve social cohesion and link rural and urban people and places, instead they seem to have increased tensions. Because the core values of urban and rural people have grown so far apart, it is more difficult to establish the political compromises that are required to form effective policy. Absent some reconciliation of these social and political differences, it is difficult to see how national government policy can evolve to meet new challenges. Consequently, the likelihood of national governments being able to identify and implement coherent rural development policies is reduced.","PeriodicalId":302895,"journal":{"name":"Wieś i Rolnictwo","volume":"191 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124244632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jock R. Anderson, L. Nagarajan, A. Naseem, C. Pray, T. Reardon
{"title":"New Corona Virus, Food Security and Identifying Policy Options","authors":"Jock R. Anderson, L. Nagarajan, A. Naseem, C. Pray, T. Reardon","doi":"10.53098/WIR042020/05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53098/WIR042020/05","url":null,"abstract":"Achieving food security for all has long been a major objective in public policy around the world, and even globally as enshrined in the contemporary UN Sustainable Development Goals. The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic of 2020 creates additional challenges to food policy-makers and the paper charts some key elements of response to these challenges.","PeriodicalId":302895,"journal":{"name":"Wieś i Rolnictwo","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121535033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Koronakryzys. Lokalne zróżnicowanie globalnej pandemii","authors":"D. Zwęglińska-Gałecka","doi":"10.53098/WIR032020/04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53098/WIR032020/04","url":null,"abstract":"Kryzys pandemiczny spowodował, że gminy musiały z jednej strony szybko reagować i wdrażać wchodzące w życie obostrzenia sanitarne, zapewniając bezpieczeństwo epidemiologiczne mieszkańcom, a z drugiej – realizować przypisane im zgodnie z prawem zadania własne i zlecone. W artykule na podstawie badań własnych omówiono wpływ kryzysu wywołanego ogłoszeniem stanu epidemii na sposób funkcjonowania samorządu gminnego oraz postrzeganie jego konsekwencji przez lokalne władze.","PeriodicalId":302895,"journal":{"name":"Wieś i Rolnictwo","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123051821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Pandemie w historii świata","authors":"H. Krajewska","doi":"10.53098/WIR032020/01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53098/WIR032020/01","url":null,"abstract":"W artykule przedstawiono historie największych pandemii w dziejach świata. Choroby dotykały ludzkość od wieków. Ich skutki okazały się najbardziej dotkliwe, gdy ludzie zaczęli żyć w większych skupiskach, a więc najczęściej w miastach. Jedną z większych pandemii gnębiących ludzi dość regularnie była dżuma. Ale i inne choroby, takie jak cholera, tyfus, ospa, syfilis, trąd czy hiszpanka, były również bardzo wyniszczające. Odcisnęły one ogromne piętno na mentalności ludzi, zostały wielokrotnie opisane w literaturze, utrwalane były na obrazach i w rzeźbach. Miały wpływ na przebieg bitew, na ekonomiczne zawirowania a także na prywatne życie jednostek. Leczenie przez wiele wieków było intuicyjne. Dopiero szczepienia i rozpoznanie przyczyn chorób dało szanse ich opanowania.","PeriodicalId":302895,"journal":{"name":"Wieś i Rolnictwo","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126011368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Ostatnia epidemia cholery azjatyckiej w Warszawie w XIX w. – zapobieganie, leczenie i przebieg w świetle źródeł z lat 1892–1894","authors":"Magdalena Masłowska","doi":"10.53098/WIR032020/02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53098/WIR032020/02","url":null,"abstract":"Na początku XIX w. panująca endemicznie w Indiach cholera rozpoczęła wędrówkę po świecie. Na skutek migracji ludności i rozwoju środków transportu pandemia cholery w ciągu tego stulecia pięciokrotnie zebrała żniwo na całym świecie. Początkowo była postrzegana jako nieznany „dopust Boży”, później – głównie empirycznie – poznano sposoby zapobiegania cholerze i jej leczenia. W 1883 r. Robert Koch odkrył i udowodnił, że to lasecznik przecinkowaty jest odpowiedzialny za rozprzestrzenienie się tej choroby. Poznanie etiologii cholery pozwoliło poczynić swego rodzaju przygotowania na pojawienie się tej choroby w Warszawie, co nastąpiło we wrześniu 1892 r. W roku następnym przebiegała ona łagodnie, a gwałtownie zaatakowała dopiero w 1894 r. Szerzyła się głównie pośród najuboższych warstw społecznych, gdzie w ciągu tego roku zarażeniu uległo 1514 osób, z czego ponad 1/3 zmarła. W porównaniu z 1852 r., kiedy na cholerę zachorowało 11 042 mieszkańców Warszawy (zmarło 4747), ostatnia dziewiętnastowieczna epidemia miała łagodny przebieg, jednak śmiertelność była nadal wysoka (39,9%). Przyczyn tego stanu rzeczy upatrywano w braku dostępu do czystej, filtrowanej wody w największych ogniskach epidemicznych na Szmulowiznie, Mokotowie i Ochocie, w złych warunkach sanitarnych i nieodpowiedniej diecie. Dodatkowym utrudnieniem było zbyt późne przywożenie pacjentów cholerycznych do szpitali, którzy często trafiali tam w stanie agonalnym. Był to skutek szerzącej się po Warszawie pogłoski, iż doktorzy w szpitalach trują pacjentów, aby zakończyć epidemię. W Warszawie wygasła ona jesienią 1894 r., a ogólnoświatowa pandemia dwa lata później.","PeriodicalId":302895,"journal":{"name":"Wieś i Rolnictwo","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120976406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Amoralny familizm? O samopomocy rodzinno-sąsiedzkiej w społeczności wiejskiej czasu pandemii","authors":"Konrad Burdyka","doi":"10.53098/WIR032020/07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53098/WIR032020/07","url":null,"abstract":"Pandemię koronawirusa potraktować można jako okoliczność dogodną do testowania teorii socjologicznej i kluczowych twierdzeń poszczególnych jej subdyscyplin, w tym opisujących wiejski segment polskiego społeczeństwa. Celem tego artykułu jest zaprezentowanie przykładowych sposobów reagowania na sytuacje problemowe, z jakimi współczesna społeczność wiejska zetknęła się na skutek wprowadzonych przez rząd restrykcji, i przeciwdziałania im. Autor skupia uwagę na sąsiedztwie – instytucji, którą obserwował w czasie ogólnokrajowej kwarantanny wiosną 2020 r. Refleksja ogniskuje się wokół problemu zgodności działań podejmowanych w ramach tej instytucji z regułami koegzystencji w konkretnej społeczności lokalnej – zmierza do odpowiedzi na pytanie: czy prawdziwe jest twierdzenie, że w sytuacji kryzysu interes kręgu najbliższych osób stawiany jest ponad interesem wspólnoty?","PeriodicalId":302895,"journal":{"name":"Wieś i Rolnictwo","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114494343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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