{"title":"An Empirical Performance Evaluation of Scalable Scientific Applications","authors":"J. Vetter, A. Yoo","doi":"10.1109/SC.2002.10036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SC.2002.10036","url":null,"abstract":"We investigate the scalability, architectural requirements,a nd performance characteristics of eight scalable scientific applications. Our analysis is driven by empirical measurements using statistical and tracing instrumentation for both communication and computation. Based on these measurements, we refine our analysis into precise explanations of the factors that influence performance and scalability for each application; we distill these factors into common traits and overall recommendations for both users and designers of scalable platforms. Our experiments demonstrate that some traits, such as improvements in the scaling and performance of MPI's collective operations, will benefit most applications. We also find specific characteristics of some applications that limit performance. For example, one application's intensive use of a 64-bit, floating-point divide instruction, which has high latency and is not pipelined on the POWER3, limits the performance of the application's primary computation.","PeriodicalId":302800,"journal":{"name":"ACM/IEEE SC 2002 Conference (SC'02)","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116861180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Bhardwaj, K. Pierson, G. Reese, T. Walsh, D. Day, K. Alvin, J. Peery, C. Farhat, M. Lesoinne
{"title":"Salinas: A Scalable Software for High-Performance Structural and Solid Mechanics Simulations","authors":"M. Bhardwaj, K. Pierson, G. Reese, T. Walsh, D. Day, K. Alvin, J. Peery, C. Farhat, M. Lesoinne","doi":"10.1109/SC.2002.10028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SC.2002.10028","url":null,"abstract":"We present Salinas, a scalable implicit software application for the finite element static and dynamic analysis of complex structural real-world systems. This relatively complete engineering software with more than 100,000 lines of C++ code and a long list of users sustains 292.5 Gflop/s on 2,940 ASCI Red processors, and 1.16 Tflop/s on 3,375 ASCI White processors.","PeriodicalId":302800,"journal":{"name":"ACM/IEEE SC 2002 Conference (SC'02)","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130417550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Chervenak, E. Deelman, Ian T Foster, Leanne P. Guy, Wolfgang Hoschek, Adriana Iamnitchi, C. Kesselman, P. Kunszt, M. Ripeanu, Robert Schwartzkopf, H. Stockinger, Kurt Stockinger, B. Tierney
{"title":"Giggle: A Framework for Constructing Scalable Replica Location Services","authors":"A. Chervenak, E. Deelman, Ian T Foster, Leanne P. Guy, Wolfgang Hoschek, Adriana Iamnitchi, C. Kesselman, P. Kunszt, M. Ripeanu, Robert Schwartzkopf, H. Stockinger, Kurt Stockinger, B. Tierney","doi":"10.1109/SC.2002.10024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SC.2002.10024","url":null,"abstract":"In wide area computing systems, it is often desirable to create remote read-only copies (replicas) of files. Replication can be used to reduce access latency, improve data locality, and/or increase robustness, scalability and performance for distributed applications. We define a replica location service (RLS) as a system that maintains and provides access to information about the physical locations of copies. An RLS typically functions as one component of a data grid architecture. This paper makes the following contributions. First, we characterize RLS requirements. Next, we describe a parameterized architectural framework, which we name Giggle (for GIGa-scale Global Location Engine), within which a wide range of RLSs can be defined. We define several concrete instantiations of this framework with different performance characteristics. Finally, we present initial performance results for an RLS prototype, demonstrating that RLS systems can be constructed that meet performance goals.","PeriodicalId":302800,"journal":{"name":"ACM/IEEE SC 2002 Conference (SC'02)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129099055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Maria Athanasaki, A. Sotiropoulos, G. Tsoukalas, N. Koziris
{"title":"Pipelined Scheduling of Tiled Nested Loops onto Clusters of SMPs Using Memory Mapped Network Interfaces","authors":"Maria Athanasaki, A. Sotiropoulos, G. Tsoukalas, N. Koziris","doi":"10.1109/SC.2002.10008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SC.2002.10008","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes the performance benefits attained using enhanced network interfaces to achieve low latency communication. We present a novel, pipelined scheduling approach which takes advantage of DMA communication mode, to send data to other nodes, while the CPUs are performing calculations. We also use zero-copy communication through pinned-down physical memory regions, provided by NIC’s driver modules. Our testbed concerns the parallel execution of tiled nested loops onto a cluster of SMP nodes with single PCI-SCI NICs inside each node. In order to schedule tiles, we apply a hyperplane-based grouping transformation to the tiled space, so as to group together independent neighboring tiles and assign them to the same SMP node. Experimental evaluation illustrates that memory mapped NICs with enhanced communication features enable the use of a more advanced pipelined (overlapping) schedule, which considerably improves performance, compared to an ordinary blocking schedule, implemented with conventional, CPU and kernel bounded, communication primitives.","PeriodicalId":302800,"journal":{"name":"ACM/IEEE SC 2002 Conference (SC'02)","volume":"157 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123841800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Efficient Synchronization for Nonuniform Communication Architectures","authors":"Z. Radovic, Erik Hagersten","doi":"10.1109/SC.2002.10038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SC.2002.10038","url":null,"abstract":"Scalable parallel computers are often nonuniform communication architectures (NUCAs), where the access time to other processor’s caches vary with their physical location. Still, few attempts of exploring cache-to-cache communication locality have been made. This paper introduces a new kind of synchronization primitives (lock-unlock) that favor neighboring processors when a lock is released. This improves the lock handover time as well as access time to the shared data of the critical region. A critical section guarded by our new RH lock takes less than half the time to execute compared with the same critical section guarded by any other lock on our NUCA hardware. The execution time for Raytrace with 28 processors was improved 2.23 - 4.68 times, while global traffic was dramatically decreased compared with all the other locks. The average execution time was improved 7 - 24% while the global traffic was decreased 8 - 28% for an average over the seven applications studied.","PeriodicalId":302800,"journal":{"name":"ACM/IEEE SC 2002 Conference (SC'02)","volume":"124 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123488895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Adiga, G. Almási, G. Almási, Y. Aridor, R. Barik, D. Beece, Ralph Bellofatto, G. Bhanot, R. Bickford, M. Blumrich, A. Bright, J. Brunheroto, Calin Cascaval, J. Castaños, W. Chan, L. Ceze, P. Coteus, S. Chatterjee, Dong Chen, G. Chiu, T. Cipolla, P. Crumley, K. Desai, A. Deutsch, T. Domany, M. B. Dombrowa, W. Donath, M. Eleftheriou, C. Erway, J. Esch, B. Fitch, J. Gagliano, A. Gara, R. Garg, R. Germain, M. Giampapa, B. Gopalsamy, John A. Gunnels, Manish Gupta, F. Gustavson, S. Hall, R. Haring, D. Heidel, P. Heidelberger, L. Herger, D. Hoenicke, R. Jackson, T. Jamal-Eddine, G. Kopcsay, E. Krevat, M. Kurhekar, A. P. Lanzetta, D. Lieber, L. K. Liu, M. Lu, M. Mendell, A. Misra, Y. Moatti, L. Mok, J. Moreira, B. J. Nathanson, M. Newton, M. Ohmacht, A. Oliner, Vinayaka Pandit, R. Pudota, R. Rand, R. Regan, B. Rubin, A. Ruehli, S. Rus, R. Sahoo, A. Sanomiya, E. Schenfeld, M. Sharma, Edi Shmueli, Sarabjeet Singh, Peilin Song, V. Srinivasan, B. Steinmacher-Burow, K. Strauss, C. Surovic, R. Swetz, T. Takken, R. T
{"title":"An Overview of the BlueGene/L Supercomputer","authors":"N. Adiga, G. Almási, G. Almási, Y. Aridor, R. Barik, D. Beece, Ralph Bellofatto, G. Bhanot, R. Bickford, M. Blumrich, A. Bright, J. Brunheroto, Calin Cascaval, J. Castaños, W. Chan, L. Ceze, P. Coteus, S. Chatterjee, Dong Chen, G. Chiu, T. Cipolla, P. Crumley, K. Desai, A. Deutsch, T. Domany, M. B. Dombrowa, W. Donath, M. Eleftheriou, C. Erway, J. Esch, B. Fitch, J. Gagliano, A. Gara, R. Garg, R. Germain, M. Giampapa, B. Gopalsamy, John A. Gunnels, Manish Gupta, F. Gustavson, S. Hall, R. Haring, D. Heidel, P. Heidelberger, L. Herger, D. Hoenicke, R. Jackson, T. Jamal-Eddine, G. Kopcsay, E. Krevat, M. Kurhekar, A. P. Lanzetta, D. Lieber, L. K. Liu, M. Lu, M. Mendell, A. Misra, Y. Moatti, L. Mok, J. Moreira, B. J. Nathanson, M. Newton, M. Ohmacht, A. Oliner, Vinayaka Pandit, R. Pudota, R. Rand, R. Regan, B. Rubin, A. Ruehli, S. Rus, R. Sahoo, A. Sanomiya, E. Schenfeld, M. Sharma, Edi Shmueli, Sarabjeet Singh, Peilin Song, V. Srinivasan, B. Steinmacher-Burow, K. Strauss, C. Surovic, R. Swetz, T. Takken, R. T","doi":"10.5555/762761.762787","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5555/762761.762787","url":null,"abstract":"This paper gives an overview of the BlueGene/L Supercomputer. This is a jointly funded research partnership between IBM and the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory as part of the United States Department of Energy ASCI Advanced Architecture Research Program. Application performance and scaling studies have recently been initiated with partners at a number of academic and government institutions,including the San Diego Supercomputer Center and the California Institute of Technology. This massively parallel system of 65,536 nodes is based on a new architecture that exploits system-on-a-chip technology to deliver target peak processing power of 360 teraFLOPS (trillion floating-point operations per second). The machine is scheduled to be operational in the 2004-2005 time frame, at price/performance and power consumption/performance targets unobtainable with conventional architectures.","PeriodicalId":302800,"journal":{"name":"ACM/IEEE SC 2002 Conference (SC'02)","volume":"62 1-2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132845472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A TCP Tuning Daemon","authors":"T. Dunigan, M. Mathis, B. Tierney","doi":"10.1109/SC.2002.10023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SC.2002.10023","url":null,"abstract":"Many high performance distributed applications require high network throughput but are able to achieve only a small fraction of the available bandwidth. A common cause of this problem is improperly tuned network settings. Tuning techniques, such as setting the correct TCP buffers and using parallel streams, are well known in the networking community, but outside the networking community they are infrequently applied. In this paper, we describe a tuning daemon that uses TCP instrumentation data from the Unix kernel to transparently tune TCP parameters for specified individual flows over designated paths. No modifications are required to the application, and the user does not need to understand network or TCP characteristics.","PeriodicalId":302800,"journal":{"name":"ACM/IEEE SC 2002 Conference (SC'02)","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128850915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Improving Route Lookup Performance Using Network Processor Cache","authors":"Kartik Gopalan, T. Chiueh","doi":"10.1109/SC.2002.10006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SC.2002.10006","url":null,"abstract":"Earlier research has shown that the route lookup performance of a network processor can be significantly improved by caching ranges of lookup/classification keys rather than individual keys. While the previous work focused specifically on reducing capacity misses, we address two other important aspects - (a) reducing conflict misses and (b) cache consistency during frequent route updates. We propose two techniques to minimize conflict misses that aim to balance the number of cacheable entries mapped to each cache set. They offer different tradeoffs between performance and simplicity while improving the average route lookup time by 76% and 45.2% respectively. To maintain cache consistency during frequent route updates, we propose a selective cache invalidation technique that can limit the degradation in lookup latency to within 10.2%. Our results indicate potentially large improvement in lookup performance for network processors used at Internet edge and motivate further research into caching at the Internet core.","PeriodicalId":302800,"journal":{"name":"ACM/IEEE SC 2002 Conference (SC'02)","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128630039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Accelerating Parallel Maximum Likelihood-Based Phylogenetic Tree Calculations Using Subtree Equality Vectors","authors":"A. Stamatakis, T. Ludwig, H. Meier, Marty J. Wolf","doi":"10.1109/SC.2002.10016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SC.2002.10016","url":null,"abstract":"Heuristics for calculating phylogenetic trees for a large sets of aligned rRNA sequences based on the maximum likelihood method are computationally expensive. The core of most parallel algorithms, which accounts for the greatest part of computation time, is the tree evaluation function, that calculates the likelihood value for each tree topology. This paper describes and uses Subtree Equality Vectors (SEVs) to reduce the number of required floating point operations during topology evaluation. We integrated our optimizations into various sequential programs and into parallel fastDNAml, one of the most common and efficient parallel programs for calculating large phylogenetic trees. Experimental results for our parallel program, which renders exactly the same output as parallel fastDNAml show global runtime improvements of 26% to 65%. The optimization scales best on clusters of PCs, which also implies a substantial cost saving factor for the determination of large trees.","PeriodicalId":302800,"journal":{"name":"ACM/IEEE SC 2002 Conference (SC'02)","volume":"63 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116048309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A New Data-Mapping Scheme for Latency-Tolerant Distributed Sparse Triangular Solution","authors":"K. Teranishi, P. Raghavan, E. Ng","doi":"10.1109/SC.2002.10020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SC.2002.10020","url":null,"abstract":"This paper concerns latency-tolerant schemes for the efficient parallel solution of sparse triangular linear systems on distributed memory multiprocessors. Such triangular solution is required when sparse Cholesky factors are used to solve for a sequence of right-hand-side vectors or when incomplete sparse Cholesky factors are used to precondition a Conjugate Gradients iterative solver. In such applications, the use of traditional distributed substitution schemes can create a performance bottleneck when the latency of interprocessor communication is large. We had earlier developed the Selective Inversion (SI) scheme to reduce communication latency costs by replacing distributed substitution by parallel matrix vector multiplication. We now present a new two-way mapping of the triangular sparse matrix to processors to improve the performance of SI by halving its communication latency costs. We provide analytic results for model sparse matrices and we report on the performance of our scheme for parallel preconditioning with incomplete sparse Cholesky factors.","PeriodicalId":302800,"journal":{"name":"ACM/IEEE SC 2002 Conference (SC'02)","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116785234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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