Journal of Pollination Ecology最新文献_第2页

Pollinator dependence and pollination deficit in Hedera helix, and effects on frugivore feeding choices 榛属植物对授粉者的依赖和授粉不足，以及对食俭动物取食选择的影响

Journal of Pollination Ecology Pub Date : 2024-01-31 DOI: 10.26786/1920-7603(2024)748

Miranda Lam, Imogen C Ryan, Lynn Dicks

{"title":"Pollinator dependence and pollination deficit in Hedera helix, and effects on frugivore feeding choices","authors":"Miranda Lam, Imogen C Ryan, Lynn Dicks","doi":"10.26786/1920-7603(2024)748","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26786/1920-7603(2024)748","url":null,"abstract":"English ivy (Hedera helix) is an important resource for wildlife in rural and urban ecosystems. It provides pollen and nectar for flower-visiting insects during autumn and fruits for frugivores during winter and spring. A requirement of insect pollination for fruit set in ivy implies that recent declines in pollinator populations can threaten food supply for frugivores. This study investigated the link between pollination services and the quantity and quality of fruit produced in ivy, and how that could in turn influence frugivore feeding choices, in a mixed woodland and an urban garden habitat respectively. Surveys on pollinator community and activity were conducted to assess the overall level of pollination. A set of experiments involving insect exclusion, open pollination, and extra pollen supplementation was performed to reveal the level of pollinator dependence and pollination deficit in ivy. Additionally, the removal of these fruits by frugivores was measured to test whether frugivore feeding preferences are influenced by the initial level of pollination. Our results showed that the quantity and quality (size) of fruit produced in ivy were significantly reduced under insect exclusion, which is strong evidence for pollinator dependence. Pollination deficit was also identified at both sites. Furthermore, the data indicate that frugivores can display some degree of preference for well-pollinated ivy fruits. Taken together, our study shows that declines in pollination services will have direct impacts on the availability and quality of ivy fruits for frugivores. Maintaining the health of pollinator communities in both urban and rural habitats could therefore ensure healthy ecosystem functioning.","PeriodicalId":30194,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pollination Ecology","volume":"104 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140479287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The tripping mechanism of flowers affects pollen transfer dynamics 花朵的绊倒机制影响花粉传递动力学

Journal of Pollination Ecology Pub Date : 2024-01-19 DOI: 10.26786/1920-7603(2023)770

Molly Dieterich Mabin, Connor Slawin, Amy-Mei Lynch, F. Fragoso, Johanne Brunet

{"title":"The tripping mechanism of flowers affects pollen transfer dynamics","authors":"Molly Dieterich Mabin, Connor Slawin, Amy-Mei Lynch, F. Fragoso, Johanne Brunet","doi":"10.26786/1920-7603(2023)770","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26786/1920-7603(2023)770","url":null,"abstract":"Insect pollinators affect pollen transfer dynamics, with consequences for pollen movement and the genetic structure of plant populations. Pollen transfer dynamics has not been previously examined in flowers with a tripping mechanism. Here we examine whether pollen accumulated on a bee’s body increases with the number of Medicago sativa L. flowers tripped by Bombus impatiens Cresson during a foraging bout, while controlling for bee body size and number of visited flowers. In a second experiment, we determine whether the number of revisits to a tripped flower increases pollen deposition onto the stigmas. We set up three M. sativa plants with a controlled number of racemes in a greenhouse room, and followed individual bees as they foraged, recording each plant, raceme, and flower visited. For pollen accumulated, we collected bees at the end of their foraging bout and counted pollen grains on their body. For pollen deposition, we collected flowers with between 0 and 6 revisits and counted the pollen grains on the stigmas. The number of pollen grains on a bee’s body increased with the number of flowers tripped in a foraging bout, but was not affected by the number of flowers visited or the size of individual bees. The number of pollen grains deposited on a stigma did not increase with the number of revisits to a tripped flower. This latter result contrasts with plants without a tripping mechanism where the number of visits increases pollen deposition and seed set. Tripping affects pollen transfer dynamics and we discuss how its effect may vary with the mode of tripping.","PeriodicalId":30194,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pollination Ecology","volume":"10 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139525607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Long-term effects of nitrogen enrichment in pollen chemistry of a plant species from Brazilian savannas, Pavonia rosa campestris 富氮对巴西热带草原植物 Pavonia rosa campestris 花粉化学性质的长期影响

Journal of Pollination Ecology Pub Date : 2023-12-22 DOI: 10.26786/1920-7603(2023)756

Luisa Carvalheiro, M. Vanderplanck, Mercedes M.C. Bustamante

{"title":"Long-term effects of nitrogen enrichment in pollen chemistry of a plant species from Brazilian savannas, Pavonia rosa campestris","authors":"Luisa Carvalheiro, M. Vanderplanck, Mercedes M.C. Bustamante","doi":"10.26786/1920-7603(2023)756","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26786/1920-7603(2023)756","url":null,"abstract":"Human activities have substantially increased soil nutrient availability during the past decades, affecting plant community composition and plants' nutritional content. Several amino acids found in pollen, the main source of larval diet for bees, affect the development, health, and behaviour of this important group of pollinators. A better understanding of the consequences of global changes on pollen amino acid content can help explain and predict future impacts on bee populations and diversity. This is particularly relevant in regions that are highly exposed to fertilizers due to their importance for global food production, such as the Brazilian savannas (Cerrado), where soils are mostly dystrophic.\u0000Here, we use a long-term controlled fertilization experiment conducted in Cerrado and demonstrate that even after 10 years since the last fertilization addition, effects were still detectable on leaf and pollen chemical content. More specifically, pollen amino acid content of Pavonia rosa-campestris (Malvaceae), a species known to be important for the diet of several native bee species, changed because of nitrogen (N) addition. Not only did the overall amino acid content increase with N addition, but its profile was also affected, with the proportion of some amino acids increasing (e.g. isoleucine, leucine, serine, threonine), while decreasing for others (e.g. cysteine).\u0000These amino acids can have important effects on larval development and flower visitor behaviour. Further studies evaluating the effects on a diverse set of plant species and the consequent impacts on flower visitation and bee fitness are essential to better understand the full consequences of increased nitrogen availability in nutrient-limited ecosystems such as Cerrado.","PeriodicalId":30194,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pollination Ecology","volume":"58 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138945831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A practitioner’s perspective on what we know about safeguarding pollinators on farmland 从实践者的角度了解我们对保护农田传粉昆虫的认识

Journal of Pollination Ecology Pub Date : 2023-12-21 DOI: 10.26786/1920-7603(2023)750

C. Hartfield

引用次数: 0

Crop and landscape factors affecting variation in composition and behaviour of the pollinator community in field bean crops 影响大田豆类作物授粉生物群落组成和行为变化的作物和景观因素

Journal of Pollination Ecology Pub Date : 2023-12-17 DOI: 10.26786/1920-7603(2023)746

Lucy Capstick, Jayna Connelly, Niamh M. Mchugh, John Holland

{"title":"Crop and landscape factors affecting variation in composition and behaviour of the pollinator community in field bean crops","authors":"Lucy Capstick, Jayna Connelly, Niamh M. Mchugh, John Holland","doi":"10.26786/1920-7603(2023)746","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26786/1920-7603(2023)746","url":null,"abstract":"The global decline in pollinators is likely to negatively affect the yield of insect pollinated crops such as field beans (Vicia faba). To understand the impact of such declines it is important to investigate how the abundance, composition and behaviour of the pollinator community relates to crop yield.\u0000We observed pollinators (specifically Bombus spp. and Apis mellifera) foraging in field bean fields. Some bees actively pollinated flowers whereas others robbed the nectar without actively pollinating the flowers. As legitimate foraging visits are more likely to pollinate the crop, we explored infield and landscape scale factors affecting this variation in behaviour. Infield factors included sowing time (winter/spring) and plant density. Landscape factors were the area of flower-rich habitat, and of mass-flowering crops within 1 km of the bean field. We also explored how the abundance and behaviour of different functional groups (short-tongued bumblebees, long-tongued bumblebees or honeybees) responded to these factors. Finally, we assessed how the abundance and behaviour of these pollinators affected field bean yield.\u0000Pollinators were more abundant in bean crops that were spring sown and where there was a smaller area of mass-flowering crops in the landscape. Functional groups varied in their predominant foraging behaviour and in how their behaviour was influenced by external factors. There was no relationship between pollinator abundance and bean yield however the proportion of pollinators legitimately foraging was negatively related to yield. Our findings align with previous research in suggesting that the benefits of insect pollinators for field beans are context specific. Additional work is required to develop pollinator conservation measures that will facilitate crop pollination.","PeriodicalId":30194,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pollination Ecology","volume":"29 25","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138966102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Benefits of Cross-Pollination in Vegetable Soybean Edamame 蔬菜大豆毛豆异花授粉的益处

Journal of Pollination Ecology Pub Date : 2023-12-15 DOI: 10.26786/1920-7603(2023)728

Kathleen Evans, Jenan El-Hifnawi, Cerruti Hooks, A. Espíndola

{"title":"Benefits of Cross-Pollination in Vegetable Soybean Edamame","authors":"Kathleen Evans, Jenan El-Hifnawi, Cerruti Hooks, A. Espíndola","doi":"10.26786/1920-7603(2023)728","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26786/1920-7603(2023)728","url":null,"abstract":"Dependence on cross-pollination varies widely among wild and cultivated plant species. Even among crops that are less dependent on outcrossing, such as soybean (Glycine max L.), cross-pollination can improve fruit quality and commercial value. There is a growing body of literature regarding the role of insect pollination in soybean; however, there is a knowledge gap on the intersection between the reproductive system of soybean and its pollination ecology. To address this gap, we first sought to characterize the reproductive system of vegetable soybean (edamame) in terms of benefits and reliance on outcrossing using three traditional experimental pollination scenarios in field conditions: open pollination, automatic selfing (pollinator-exclusion), and hand cross-pollination (controlled crossing). We also tested whether proximity to floral supplements planted on one edge of the field affected its reproductive outputs, and surveyed the floral visitors of the crop. Overall, we found a significant increase in fruit weight among open-pollinated plants compared to those in the automatic selfing treatment, with this effect accentuated with proximity to the flower strip. Despite open pollinated flowers having 30% higher flower abortions rates compared to automatic selfing, the number of developed seeds per fruit was similar among these treatments, with open-pollination having a greater proportion of commercial grade-A fruits. Additionally, grade-A fruits in open-pollination and hand cross-pollination treatments were similar in weight, both of which were significantly heavier than those in the automatic selfing treatment. Although edamame can automatically self, our results suggest that reproductive outputs including fruit weight and number of commercial grade-A fruits are positively affected by cross-pollination and proximity to floral supplements.","PeriodicalId":30194,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pollination Ecology","volume":"316 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138996518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Orchid bees enhance seed set production of an understory herb in the Western Brazilian Amazon 兰花蜜蜂提高巴西亚马逊河西部一种林下草本植物的结籽率

Journal of Pollination Ecology Pub Date : 2023-12-15 DOI: 10.26786/1920-7603(2023)757

T. Brito, D. Silva, F. Contrera, M. Maués, Elder Morato

{"title":"Orchid bees enhance seed set production of an understory herb in the Western Brazilian Amazon","authors":"T. Brito, D. Silva, F. Contrera, M. Maués, Elder Morato","doi":"10.26786/1920-7603(2023)757","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26786/1920-7603(2023)757","url":null,"abstract":"Bee pollination is an important ecosystem service related to the maintenance of many flowering plants. We evaluated the relationship between orchid bee foraging time and the density of flowering plants and whether visitation varied according to the sex and size class of bees, using Calathea mansonis as a model species. We monitored 10 plots between December 2009 and November 2010 in a forest fragment in Senador Guiomard, Acre, Brazil. We counted the number of flowering plants and flowers per plant and the behaviour of the observed bees. Additionally, we compared the bagged and exposed inflorescences for self-compatibility analysis. We sampled 173 orchid bees from 13 species, with Eulaema cingulata as the most abundant visitor. Eulaema (large bees) were more effective pollinators than Euglossa (small bees). We also found Eulaema polyzona individuals feeding on a Marantaceae species for the first time. The time spent by the bees visiting flowers did not differ with the density of flowering plants or the number of flowers per plant. However, flowers exposed to visitors produced 35% more seeds and 15% heavier seeds than bagged flowers. Considering plant–bee interactions, orchid bees may increase gene flow and compensate for the clonal reproduction of this herb.","PeriodicalId":30194,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pollination Ecology","volume":"26 46","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139000610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Effect of climate, anther morphology and pollination syndrome on pollen availability in Penstemon 气候、花药形态和授粉综合征对 Penstemon 花粉可用性的影响

Journal of Pollination Ecology Pub Date : 2023-12-15 DOI: 10.26786/1920-7603(2023)703

Rosa A. Rodríguez-Peña, Andrea D. Wolfe

{"title":"Effect of climate, anther morphology and pollination syndrome on pollen availability in Penstemon","authors":"Rosa A. Rodríguez-Peña, Andrea D. Wolfe","doi":"10.26786/1920-7603(2023)703","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26786/1920-7603(2023)703","url":null,"abstract":"Traditionally, pollen presentation is thought to be a function of pollinator type and visitation frequency. However, despite the repeated observation that pollen presentation is influenced by flower morphology and abiotic factors, these aspects have been little studied in the wild. Here, we evaluated the effect of climate, anther morphology, and pollination syndrome on anther dehiscence time (the length of time an anther takes to fully dehisce after a flower opens). We recorded anther dehiscence time in twelve species of Penstemon including the four major anther types and the two most common pollination syndromes. We also conducted an experiment to measure the effect of humidity and temperature on anther dehiscence. We found that anther morphology was correlated with anther dehiscence time. Anthers with wide openings take the longest time to dehiscence. These results provide some support for the hypothesis that anther dehiscence time has evolved to decrease pollen wastage. Contrary to the assumption that bird-pollinated species have simultaneous pollen presentation, hummingbird-pollinated species had longer anther dehiscence time than most bee-pollinated species. The experiment revealed that high humidity and low temperature increase anther dehiscence time. Our results suggest that pollen presentation is influenced by anther morphology, pollination syndrome, and the physical environment. Optimal pollen presentation presumably maximizes conspecific pollen transfer and reduces pollen thieving.","PeriodicalId":30194,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pollination Ecology","volume":"71 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138998878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Protecting Farmland Pollinators: Whole Farm Scorecard - Experiences and Recommendations 保护农田传粉媒介：整个农场记分卡--经验与建议

Journal of Pollination Ecology Pub Date : 2023-12-07 DOI: 10.26786/1920-7603(2023)745

Saorla Kavanagh, Niamh Phelan, Neus Rodríguez-Gasol, Shannen O’ Brien, Jane C Stout, Úna Fitzpatrick

{"title":"Protecting Farmland Pollinators: Whole Farm Scorecard - Experiences and Recommendations","authors":"Saorla Kavanagh, Niamh Phelan, Neus Rodríguez-Gasol, Shannen O’ Brien, Jane C Stout, Úna Fitzpatrick","doi":"10.26786/1920-7603(2023)745","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26786/1920-7603(2023)745","url":null,"abstract":"Protecting Farmland Pollinators is about identifying small actions that farmers can take that will allow biodiversity to coexist within a productive farming system. Farmers in Ireland recognise the importance of pollinators, but farmland has experienced wide-scale loss of wild pollinators over the last fifty years.\u0000By working closely with 40 farmers, management practices that beneﬁt bees and hoverflies on Irish farmland were identified, and a whole farm pollinator scoring system was developed. Using a whole farm pollinator scorecard, farmers receive ‘pollinator points’ each year based on the amount and quality of pollinator friendly habitat maintained and/or created and, each year, farmers receive a results-based payment that relates to the points.\u0000Irish farms have great potential to improve both the quantity and quality of biodiversity friendly habitats without negatively impacting on farm productivity. Thirty-one farmers increased their score between year one and year three of the results-based payment and four farms more than tripled their score. The median whole farm pollinator score for the 40 farms increased from 25,696 in year one to 33,572 in year two (31% increase), to, 40,211 pollinator points in year three (56% increase). Each farm type (beef, dairy, mixed and arable) increased their median score over the three years and dairy and arable farms showed the largest increase.\u0000This project has helped farmers better understand and engage with nature on their land and has created a measurable system for improving habitats for biodiversity on farms that is accessible to all and has the potential to be rolled out on a wider scale.","PeriodicalId":30194,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pollination Ecology","volume":"6 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138592597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Foraging preferences of bumble bee castes are weakly related to plant species cover on two arable agri-environment habitat types 熊蜂种群的觅食偏好与两种可耕农业环境生境类型上的植物物种覆盖率关系不大

Journal of Pollination Ecology Pub Date : 2023-12-05 DOI: 10.26786/1920-7603(2023)743

Niamh M. Mchugh, Rachel Nichols, Adam McVeigh, B. Bown, Roseanne Powell, Philip Wilson, Emily Swan, John Holland

{"title":"Foraging preferences of bumble bee castes are weakly related to plant species cover on two arable agri-environment habitat types","authors":"Niamh M. Mchugh, Rachel Nichols, Adam McVeigh, B. Bown, Roseanne Powell, Philip Wilson, Emily Swan, John Holland","doi":"10.26786/1920-7603(2023)743","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26786/1920-7603(2023)743","url":null,"abstract":"Arable field margins provide important floral resources for insect foragers. This study assessed the significance of cultivated margins and floristically enhanced margins, both English agri-environment scheme (AES) options, to foraging bumble bees (Bombus species). We examined plant foraging preferences in each habitat according to species and caste. Additionally, detailed botanical surveys were carried out to determine vascular plant densities on the study margins. Overall, our results emphasised the importance of spontaneous (Asteraceae) species emerging from the seed bank in the provision of forage across Bombus species and castes, and highlighted that Bombus foraging preferences appeared to be only weakly related to floral species densities. Although found only occasionally in high densities, the popularity of these dicots was likely due to high nectar sugar mass. Bombus queens were recorded relatively infrequently, implying that these habitats are failing to provide the preferred floral resources of all Bombus spp. queens. Queens that were observed were found to favour earlier-flowering species (e.g. Anchusa arvensis) and species with longer corollas (e.g. Vicia sativa). Worker bees across Bombus spp. showed high overlap in plant preferences (e.g. Cirsium arvense, Ononis spinosa). However, some variability in preferences between castes within a species were noted, for example, only B. terrestris/lucorum drones were found to forage on Crepis vesicaria in cultivated margins. Additionally, bumble bee abundance was only found to increase as dicot cover increased. Overall, our findings highlight the importance of continuing to utilise multiple AES types in order to fully support Bombus and other pollinating insect populations on farmland.","PeriodicalId":30194,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pollination Ecology","volume":"57 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138598528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0