Advances in Science and Research最新文献

{"title":"Climate change projections of maximum temperature in the pre-monsoon season in Bangladesh using statistical downscaling of global climate models","authors":"M. Rashid, S. S. Hossain, M. Mannan, Kajsa M. Parding, H. O. Hygen, R. Benestad, A. Mezghani","doi":"10.5194/ASR-18-99-2021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/ASR-18-99-2021","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The climate of Bangladesh is very likely to be influenced by global climate change. To quantify the influence on the climate of Bangladesh, Global Climate Models were downscaled statistically to produce future climate projections of maximum temperature during the pre-monsoon season (March–May) for the 21st century for Bangladesh. The future climate\u0000projections are generated based on three emission scenarios (RCP2.6, RCP4.5\u0000and RCP8.5) provided by the fifth Coupled Model Intercomparison Project. The downscaling process is undertaken by relating the large-scale seasonal mean temperature, taken from the ERA5 reanalysis data set, to the leading principal components of the observed maximum temperature at stations under\u0000Bangladesh Meteorological Department in Bangladesh, and applying the\u0000relationship to the GCM ensemble. The in-situ temperature data has only\u0000recently been digitised, and this is the first time they have been used in\u0000statistical downscaling of local climate projections for Bangladesh. This\u0000analysis also provides an evaluation of the local data, and the local\u0000temperatures in Bangladesh show a close match with the ERA5 reanalysis.\u0000Compared to the reference period of 1981–2010, the projected maximum\u0000pre-monsoon temperature in Bangladesh indicate an increase by 0.7/0.7/0.7 ∘C in the near future (2021–2050) and 2.2/1.2/0.8 ∘C in the far future (2071–2100) assuming the RCP8.5/RCP4.5/RCP2.6 scenario, respectively.\u0000","PeriodicalId":30081,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Science and Research","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84510276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fog formation, smog situations and air quality in high school physics education","authors":"Beáta Molnár, T. Weidinger, P. Tasnádi","doi":"10.5194/ems2021-261","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/ems2021-261","url":null,"abstract":"<p>&#160;It has become a requirement worldwide that physics syllabus should contain everyday knowledge as well. One important field that can make the curriculum more colourful and exciting is the field of meteorology. In our presentation a three-lesson-long curriculum for grammar schools will be introduced on how to teach the connection between fog formation and air quality. Mist (visibility between 1 and 5 km) and fog (visibility below 1 km) are frequent weather events in the Carpathian Basin in the winter half year and during mostly anticyclonic weather situations with durations of 500-1000 and 150-300 hours respectively. In these cases often occurs the temperature inversions, the cold air pool events thus the high concentration of pollutants. The international educational experience of this particular topic will be surveyed, mainly in the countries of the Carpathian Basin; moreover the measurement processes and education methods used in the GLOBE programme will also be presented. The curriculum was tried within the framework of physics among 14 to 16-year-old Slovakian secondary school students partially in long-distance education on the Internet. Students&#8217; knowledge on the given subject was tested both before and after the experiment.</p><p>The experimental curriculum consists of three parts. In the first part air humidity and the notion of absolute and relative humidity are discussed. Through a few specific exercises the students learn to specify relative humidity and become acquainted with fog formation. It is shown via an experiment that air cooling at a constant humidity is not enough to form fog because condensational cores are needed for the formation of tiny water drops. In the 2^nd lesson the concept of temperature inversion and its connection to fog and air pollution are discussed. With the use of Internet websites the students collect information about the formation of smog, its types, occurrence and the conditions announcing smog alert. In the 3^rd lesson the methods of analysing air pollution and different air polluting materials are discussed. Websites, where the students can follow the air pollution data of their area, are used. On the grounds of this tasks about interpretation of the data are solved. Pieces of information which are available on the website of the European Environment Agency are also touched on. It was a new realization for them that the inhabitants of poverty-stricken valleys were more vulnerable to the formation of smog.</p><p>Other than helping the students better understand the concept of humidity, the experiment helped them better understand changes in consistency. Based on our experience, the experimental curriculum motivated the students to understand processes which take place in their environment regarding environmental protection and to make suggestions about solving these problems.&#160;</p>","PeriodicalId":30081,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Science and Research","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76817080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How to teach lightning activities to spark student curiosity?","authors":"I. Takátsné Lucz, P. Tasnádi","doi":"10.5194/ems2021-78","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/ems2021-78","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Last year a new National Curriculum was introduced in Hungary. Its framework not only restructured physics teaching but also have brought some changes in its content. In addition to the traditional chapters some new topics (such as the process of lightning activities, the issues of lightning-protection and the proper behaviour in lightning-hazardous situations) have emerged into the Curriculum. The aim of this study is to create and share teaching resources for secondary school students and their teachers which concern lightning strikes and damages caused by them. Thunderstorms and lightning activities are very complex and exciting phenomena which stimulate the students&#8217; curiosity and consequently may increase their physics engagement and motivation. Furthermore, studying this topic provides students with excellent opportunities to develop their scientific thinking and deepen their science knowledge.</p><p>Our method for the investigation was the following: In total, 55 students (16-17-years old) were chosen to participate in this study. They were asked to fill in a pre-questionnaire in order to get an overview about their prior knowledge in lightning process and lightning protection. Several questions concerned misconceptions related to the topic. We were interested in what the students thought about them. Afterwards, we analysed the students&#8217; responses and identified the areas which should be focused on. Some teaching resources and also worksheets were created based on the book <em>An Introduction to Lightning</em> written by Vernon Cooray.&#160;</p><p>Before starting our discussions about lightning flashes we briefly summarized the stages of thunderstorm build-up, the formation of thunderstorm clouds and their electrification processes. After describing how clouds gain charges we examined the birth and development of lightning bolts and the operation of the global atmospheric electric circuit. Then we focused on the physics of lightning flashes, especially the mechanism of lightning strikes, the electric and magnetic field generated by them and their consequences. It was a great challenge to give the students elementary explanations for these problems as they do not have the necessary mathematical apparatus to accurately describe the electromagnetic field produced by lightning flashes. Particular attention has been paid to the electromagnetic spectrum of the strikes, the electromagnetic radiation in radio-, optic-, and in high-frequency ranges. Finally, students gained a brief insight into the method of lightning localization and lightning protection.</p><p>Based on our experience and the students&#8217; feedback the topic could help spark student curiosity and promote their science and critical thinking. Moreover, the results of the students&#8217; pre- and post-tests provide evidence that our teaching resources can also be effective in supporting student independent learning.</p>","PeriodicalId":30081,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Science and Research","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84118103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"LES study of precipitation/condensation dependance on cumulus clouds dynamics","authors":"Y. Kogan","doi":"10.5194/ASR-18-89-2021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/ASR-18-89-2021","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Parameters affecting condensation/evaporation rates (CR/ER) in trade wind cumulus\u0000clouds were analyzed using LES model simulations. The model was initialized\u0000with data observed during the RICO field project, and simulated in a rather\u0000large 50.0 × 50.0 × 4  km 3 domain. 2031 clouds were\u0000analyzed seeking relationships between CR/ER and thermo-dynamical cloud\u0000parameters. The condensation/evaporation rates were analyzed by stratifying\u0000the clouds by their size. The analyzed parameters included, among others,\u0000integral mass and buoyancy fluxes, as well as cloud and rain water and drop\u0000concentration. The results revealed rather remarkable relationship between integral\u0000condensation/evaporation rate and integral upward mass flux. Identified\u0000relathionship may be useful for parameterization of subgrid latent heat in\u0000meso and large-scale models.","PeriodicalId":30081,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Science and Research","volume":"41 1","pages":"89-92"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77874008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using machine learning to produce a very high resolution land-cover map for Ireland","authors":"Eoin Walsh, Geoffrey Bessardon, E. Gleeson, Priit Ulmas","doi":"10.5194/ASR-18-65-2021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/ASR-18-65-2021","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Land-cover classifications in the form of maps are required for numerical modelling of weather and climate. Such maps are often of coarse resolution and are infrequently updated. Here we propose a novel approach for land-cover classification using a Convolutional Neural Network machine learning algorithm to segment satellite images into various land-cover classes. Sentinel-2 satellite imagery, the CORINE land-cover database and the BigEarthNet dataset are used. A 10 m resolution map, called the Ulmas-Walsh map, has been created for Ireland that outperforms ECO-SG in terms of accuracy, as well as demonstrating a capacity for identifying features not labelled correctly in CORINE. The map can be updated on demand for any time of the year, subject to cloud cover. This is particularly useful for regions with large seasonal variation in land classifications such as Turloughs – seasonal lakes, flood plains and rotational crops.","PeriodicalId":30081,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Science and Research","volume":"530 1","pages":"65-87"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85668421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Visualization of radar-observed rainfall for hydrological risk assessment","authors":"J. Olsson, P. Berg, R. V. Beek","doi":"10.5194/ASR-18-59-2021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/ASR-18-59-2021","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Short-duration high-intensity rainfall constitutes a major hydro-meteorological hazard, with impacts such as pluvial (urban) flooding and debris flow. There is a great demand in society for improved information on small-scale rainfall extremes, both in real time (e.g. for early warning) and historically (e.g. for post-flood analysis). Observing\u0000this type of events is notoriously difficult, because of their extreme\u0000small-scale space-time variability. However, owing to recent advances in\u0000weather radar technology as well as integration with ground-based sensors,\u0000observational products potentially applicable in this context are now\u0000available. In this paper we present a visualization prototype tailored for\u0000hydrological risk assessment by using sub-basins as spatial units, by\u0000allowing temporal aggregation over different durations (i.e. accumulation\u0000periods) and by expressing high rainfall intensities in terms of return\u0000period exceedance. The radar-based data is evaluated by comparison with\u0000gauge observations and the quality is deemed sufficient for the intended\u0000applications. Different stakeholders have shown great interest in the\u0000prototype, which is openly accessible online.","PeriodicalId":30081,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Science and Research","volume":"10 1","pages":"59-64"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88653549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Urban heat islands in the Arctic cities: an updated compilation of in situ and remote-sensing estimations","authors":"I. Esau, V. Miles, A. Soromotin, O. Sizov, M. Varentsov, P. Konstantinov","doi":"10.5194/ASR-18-51-2021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/ASR-18-51-2021","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Persistent warm urban temperature anomalies – urban heat islands (UHIs) – significantly enhance already amplified climate warming in the Arctic. Vulnerability of urban infrastructure in the Arctic cities urges a region-wide study of the UHI intensity and its attribution to UHI drivers. This study presents an overview of the surface and atmospheric UHIs in all\u0000circum-Arctic settlements (118 in total) with the population larger than\u00003000 inhabitants. The surface UHI (SUHI) is obtained from the land surface\u0000temperature (LST) data products of the Moderate Resolution Imaging\u0000Spectroradiometer (MODIS) archive over 2000–2016. The atmospheric UHI is\u0000obtained from screen-level temperature provided by the Urban Heat Island\u0000Arctic Research Campaign (UHIARC) observational network over 2015–2018.\u0000Several other UHI studies are included for comparisons. The analysis reveals strong and persistent UHI during both summer and winter seasons. The annual mean surface UHI magnitudes vary from −0.6 ∘ C (Hammerfest) to 4.3  ∘ C (Murmansk). Thus, the observed UHI is likely an important climatic factor that must be included in future adjustment of urban construction, safety, and environmental quality codes.","PeriodicalId":30081,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Science and Research","volume":"100 1","pages":"51-57"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80288221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dairy Cattle Husbandry Practices and Coping Strategies Against Feed Scarcity in Buno Bedele Zone, South Western Ethiopia","authors":"Amanuel A. Bekuma, Yohanis Addisu","doi":"10.11648/J.SR.20210902.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.SR.20210902.11","url":null,"abstract":"The study was aimed with to study dairy cattle husbandry practices and coping strategies against feed scarcity in selected districts of Buno Bedele zone, south western Ethiopia. Both purposive and simple random sampling techniques were used to select kebeles and household respondents. For this study, a total of 384 households were used for an interview. Of the total land size occupied by the respondents, higher proportions (5.07±2.739) were used for communal grazing land followed by land for cereal production (2.86±1.495); land for coffee (1.02±0.965) and land for forest land (0.85±0.585). As the current result indicated majority (42.9%) of the households were used communal natural pasture as the main feed source, especially during the wet seasons; and road and river side and aftermath grazing (15.6%) were also used as feed resource in the study areas. As compared with tethering during wet grazing (27.8%), free grazing (72.12%) remains the major and dominant feeding system practiced in the study areas. In the study area grain leftover (27.6%) were the major supplementary feeds followed by and mill by products (20.3%) and house wastes, atela and common salt (19.01%). River (72.13%), pip water (22.1%) and deep water (5.73%) were the major drinking water in the study areas. Of the total respondents, majority (72.65%) of them housed their dairy cows in open kraal followed by adjoin house (22.92%). As the current study indicated Trypanosomiasis, Mastitis, Foot and mouth disease (FMD) were the commonly occurred diseases of dairy cattle reported by 23.44%, 19.8% and 17.7%, respectively. Changing feed recourse based on availability and cost (26.3%), rent land and grows fodder (23.7%) and reducing herd size (21.4%) were the available copying strategy against feed scarcity, respectively in the study areas.","PeriodicalId":30081,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Science and Research","volume":"50 12","pages":"21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72485363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How to visualize the Urban Heat Island in Gridded Datasets?","authors":"Arianna Valmassoi, J. Keller","doi":"10.5194/ASR-18-41-2021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/ASR-18-41-2021","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The Urban Heat Island (UHI) describes the increase of near surface temperatures within an urban area compared to its rural surrounding. While the concept of the UHI is in itself quite simple, it is more complex to apply it to gridded datasets.\u0000The main complication lies in the rural baseline definition.\u0000Therefore, we propose three approaches to calculate the spatial UHI representation for gridded datasets from (i) a single point baseline, (ii) an area averaged baseline, and (iii) a nearest neighbor-based baseline field.\u0000Based on these approaches, seven methods are tested as an example for a case study utilizing model simulations for three metropolitan areas in Central and Western Europe (Berlin, Paris and Rhine-Ruhr Metropolitan Area).\u0000The results show that all methods perform reasonable in absence of complex terrain, biases and large scale temperature gradients.\u0000However, with at least one of these features present, the UHI visualization is less prominent or nonexistent, except for the nearest-neighbor approach which consistently shows reasonable spatial characteristics of the UHI across all scenarios.","PeriodicalId":30081,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Science and Research","volume":"47 1","pages":"41-49"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73652911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Raindrop fall velocity in turbulent flow: an observational study","authors":"M. Thurai, V. Bringi, P. Gatlin, Mathew Wingo","doi":"10.5194/ASR-18-33-2021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/ASR-18-33-2021","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Laboratory measurements of drop fall speeds by Gunn–Kinzer under still air conditions with pressure corrections of Beard are accepted as the “gold standard”. We present measured fall speeds of 2 and 3 mm raindrops falling in turbulent flow with 2D-video disdrometer (2DVD) and simultaneous measurements of wind velocity fluctuations using a 3D-sonic anemometer. The findings based on six rain events are, (i) the mean fall speed decreases (from the Gunn–Kinzer terminal velocity) with increasing turbulent intensity, and (ii) the standard deviation increases with increase in the rms of the air velocity fluctuations. These findings are compared with other observations reported in the literature.","PeriodicalId":30081,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Science and Research","volume":"13 1","pages":"33-39"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74985873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}