Radiasi : Jurnal Berkala Pendidikan Fisika最新文献

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Development of a Recitation Program with Feedback and Reinforcement Questions to Improving Students' Concept 以回馈与强化问题为基础的复习计划,以提高学生的概念
Radiasi : Jurnal Berkala Pendidikan Fisika Pub Date : 2023-05-08 DOI: 10.37729/radiasi.v16i1.2213
Handy Faishal Rahim, A. Hidayat, S. Sutopo
{"title":"Development of a Recitation Program with Feedback and Reinforcement Questions to Improving Students' Concept","authors":"Handy Faishal Rahim, A. Hidayat, S. Sutopo","doi":"10.37729/radiasi.v16i1.2213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37729/radiasi.v16i1.2213","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to develop and determine the feasibility of  learning media consisting of a recitation program with feedback and reinforcement questions to improve students' mastery of concepts. The research design used ADDIE which consisted of 5 research stages, namely: 1) Analysis, 2) Design, 3) Development, and 4) Implementation. Based on data analysis, the media validity average value was 3.7. Thus, it can be concluded that the recitation program with feedback and reinforcement questions has a very valid (worthy) category. Based on the results of this research, the development of a recitation program with feedback and reinforcement questions can be used in learning to improving students' Physics concept.","PeriodicalId":300675,"journal":{"name":"Radiasi : Jurnal Berkala Pendidikan Fisika","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122942234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Effect of H-PBL to Improving Student’s HOTS and ICT Skills in Physics Learning H-PBL对提高学生物理学习中HOTS和ICT技能的影响
Radiasi : Jurnal Berkala Pendidikan Fisika Pub Date : 2023-05-08 DOI: 10.37729/radiasi.v16i1.1194
A. Jufriadi, H. D. Ayu, Riski Endah Setyawati
{"title":"The Effect of H-PBL to Improving Student’s HOTS and ICT Skills in Physics Learning","authors":"A. Jufriadi, H. D. Ayu, Riski Endah Setyawati","doi":"10.37729/radiasi.v16i1.1194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37729/radiasi.v16i1.1194","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to analyze the effect of H-PBL to stimulating students HOTS and ICT skills. The model of H-PBL was a combination of online and direct learning. Direct learning was conducted by PBL. During online learning, the students conducted discussion through schoology applications that aimed to increase the ICT skills. The research design in this study was quantitative research with quasi-experimental type, the population that used in this study was students in 1st semester of pattern 6 in State Junior High School 5 Malang, while the sample in this study was 1 experimental class that used learning model of H-PBL and 1 control class that used learning model of PBL. The hypothesis was analyzed using the MANOVA test. The effectiveness of H-PBL learning could be known according to the improvement of learning result before and after using the H-PBL learning model and also could be known by differentiating the learning result of classes which used learning model of H-PBL dan PBL. The result of this study shown that the use of the learning model of H-PBL was proven effective in stimulating HOTS and ICT skills of students in energy materials. The analysis of this study obtained that the score of HOTS in the experimental class was 131.1 and for control class was 99.2, and the score of ICT skills in the experimental class was 18.7 while for control class was 17.8. The result shows H-PBL has effective to stimulated the student HOTS and ICT skill in Physics learning.","PeriodicalId":300675,"journal":{"name":"Radiasi : Jurnal Berkala Pendidikan Fisika","volume":"58 23","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113937243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Development of Phymol Integrated Media (Physics Mobile Learning) on Temperature and Heat in High School Physics Learning 物理移动学习中温度与热的Phymol集成媒体开发
Radiasi : Jurnal Berkala Pendidikan Fisika Pub Date : 2023-05-07 DOI: 10.37729/radiasi.v16i1.1737
Aulia Ahadillailah, A. Suherman, A. Saefullah
{"title":"Development of Phymol Integrated Media (Physics Mobile Learning) on Temperature and Heat in High School Physics Learning","authors":"Aulia Ahadillailah, A. Suherman, A. Saefullah","doi":"10.37729/radiasi.v16i1.1737","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37729/radiasi.v16i1.1737","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to develop learning media in the form of learning videos of Phymol (Physics Mobile Learning) Integrated Games on the material of Temperature and Heat. The research method used is the R&D (Research and Development) research method with the ADDIE development model, including the stages of Analysis (analysis), Design (design), Development (development), Implementation (implementation) and Evaluation (evaluation). In this study, the product was validated using an expert validation instrument which was distributed to two lecturers and three teachers and a limited trial was conducted using student response questionnaires. The results of product validation show an average percentage of 92% with a very feasible category. The limited trial conducted by the researcher involved 30 students of SMA Negeri 5 Cilegon. Student responses showed an average percentage of 86% with a very good category. Based on the results of expert validation and student response questionnaires, physics learning media in the form of Phymol learning videos (Physics Mobile Learning) integrated Games on Temperature and Heat material is very feasible and can be used as a physics learning medium.","PeriodicalId":300675,"journal":{"name":"Radiasi : Jurnal Berkala Pendidikan Fisika","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131139303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Project 2-D Motion Simulation Based on Matlab Graphical User Interface in Physics Learning 物理学习中基于Matlab图形用户界面的二维运动仿真项目
Radiasi : Jurnal Berkala Pendidikan Fisika Pub Date : 2023-05-06 DOI: 10.37729/radiasi.v16i1.2149
Z. Zulkarnain, Islahudin Islahudin, M. Isnaini, L. S. Utami, K. Anwar, Ni Wayan Sri Darmayanti
{"title":"Project 2-D Motion Simulation Based on Matlab Graphical User Interface in Physics Learning","authors":"Z. Zulkarnain, Islahudin Islahudin, M. Isnaini, L. S. Utami, K. Anwar, Ni Wayan Sri Darmayanti","doi":"10.37729/radiasi.v16i1.2149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37729/radiasi.v16i1.2149","url":null,"abstract":"Learning physics requires students to master the basic concepts of physics. Not infrequently, the physics concept is abstract, so it isn't easy to be perceived by students. However, abstract concepts in physics learning can be overcome by visualizing physics concepts packaged in computer software-based application programs in the form of computer simulations. This study aims to develop a 2-D motion simulation program based on the Matlab GUI. This study uses the Research & Development method. The development of this application program is carried out through 4 stages called 4-D: Define, Design, Develop, and Dissemination. The subjects in this study were 20 students of class XI MAS Nurul Jannah Ampenan. From the results of the study, it can be concluded that the quality of the product that has been developed is very feasible, with a percentage of 89,09% based on the assessment of material experts, 93,33% by media experts in the appropriate category, the response of students in class XI MAS Nurul Jannah Ampenan on the motion simulation application program 2- D-based GUI Matlab with a percentage of 88,20% with an excellent category, and an increase in understanding of physics concepts on the subject of 2-D motion; projectile motion after students use the 2-D motion simulation application program is in the medium category, seen from the class average gain value of 0.62. Therefore, the application program that has been developed has met the eligibility criteria and can be used in physics learning.","PeriodicalId":300675,"journal":{"name":"Radiasi : Jurnal Berkala Pendidikan Fisika","volume":"55 11","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114041151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Enhancing Computational Thinking Skills Through Physics-Based Worksheet in Linear Motion 提高计算思维能力,通过物理基础的工作表在直线运动
Radiasi : Jurnal Berkala Pendidikan Fisika Pub Date : 2023-04-28 DOI: 10.37729/radiasi.v16i1.2133
Fajrul Falah, D. Sulisworo
{"title":"Enhancing Computational Thinking Skills Through Physics-Based Worksheet in Linear Motion","authors":"Fajrul Falah, D. Sulisworo","doi":"10.37729/radiasi.v16i1.2133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37729/radiasi.v16i1.2133","url":null,"abstract":"The physics knowledge consists of many concepts and principles that are generally very abstract. Learning activities should help students understand the concepts by performing a series of activities themself. One of the required thinking skills in the 21st century is Computational Thinking Skills. Computational Thinking is the thinking process required in formulating problems and solutions. This study aims to develop a valid student worksheet and describe the students' response to it. In this research, the development of Computational Thinking-based student worksheet was carried out to be used in Junior High School science learning. Validation was carried out by media experts and subject matter experts. The results from the media experts were a score of 10.65 with an average of 3.55 from a scale of 4.0. While the results from subject matter experts were a score of 3.80 from a scale of 4.0. It can be concluded that the student worksheet received good and reliable categories. The effectiveness test on four students showed an average score of 7.25 in active learning style; an average score of 16.5 in reflective learning style; an average score of 12 in theoretical learning style; and an average score of 12.25 in pragmatic learning style. From these scores, it can be concluded that the dominant learning style of the four students who acted as respondents after following learning using the student worksheet is reflective learning, where students who like to consider experiences and observe learning materials from different perspectives.","PeriodicalId":300675,"journal":{"name":"Radiasi : Jurnal Berkala Pendidikan Fisika","volume":"255 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132189845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Development of STEM-Based LKPD with Guided Inquiry Design to Improve Student’s Science Process Skills 基于stem的LKPD引导探究设计提高学生的科学过程技能
Radiasi : Jurnal Berkala Pendidikan Fisika Pub Date : 2022-10-04 DOI: 10.37729/radiasi.v15i2.2289
Sella Afrianti, N. Novita, Fajrul Wahdi Ginting, S. Syafrizal, S. Zahara
{"title":"Development of STEM-Based LKPD with Guided Inquiry Design to Improve Student’s Science Process Skills","authors":"Sella Afrianti, N. Novita, Fajrul Wahdi Ginting, S. Syafrizal, S. Zahara","doi":"10.37729/radiasi.v15i2.2289","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37729/radiasi.v15i2.2289","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to develop a STEM-based Student Worksheet (LKPD) through Guided Inquiry to Improve Students' Science Process Skills. This research and development method refers to the Borg & Gall model up to the 8th stage, namely a trial use that has been adapted to research needs, namely developing LKPD and seeing an increase in students’ science process skills after using LKPD in learning activities, with research subjects in class XI IPA 5 and XI. IPA 3, each totaling 24 students. The results obtained are: 1) the validation of the LKPD that has been developed is \"very valid\" with the percentage of material experts at 82.36% and the percentage of media experts being 82.44%; 2) the feasibility of the developed LKPD is very feasible with a percentage of 95.43%; 3) The LKPD developed is declared practical because the response questionnaires from students are categorized as practical 4) the results of students' responses to the use of \"very good\" trials with a percentage of 87.33%; 5) The effectiveness of LKPD is seen from the achievement of students' science process skills with an N-Gain value of 0.78 or with a percentage of 78% overall very good and increasing in every meeting. It was concluded that the development of STEM-based LKPD through Guided Inquiry was valid and feasible and could be used in the Physics learning process to improve Students' Science Process Skills on Thermodynamic Materials.","PeriodicalId":300675,"journal":{"name":"Radiasi : Jurnal Berkala Pendidikan Fisika","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129929104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Development of Electronic Teaching Material Containing South Kalimantan’s Traditional Game to Improving Students’ Problem-Solving Ability 开发包含南加里曼丹传统游戏的电子教材提高学生解决问题的能力
Radiasi : Jurnal Berkala Pendidikan Fisika Pub Date : 2022-09-30 DOI: 10.37729/radiasi.v15i2.2207
Adindha Maidiana Ariyanti, Z. Zainuddin, D. Dewantara
{"title":"Development of Electronic Teaching Material Containing South Kalimantan’s Traditional Game to Improving Students’ Problem-Solving Ability","authors":"Adindha Maidiana Ariyanti, Z. Zainuddin, D. Dewantara","doi":"10.37729/radiasi.v15i2.2207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37729/radiasi.v15i2.2207","url":null,"abstract":"The low problem-solving skills of students and the lack of ability of students to apply the physics concepts they have learned in real life have encouraged researchers to develop electronic teaching materials containing traditional South Kalimantan games. This research is expected to be able to obtain valid, practical, and effective electronic teaching materials so that they are feasible and can be applied in training students' problem-solving skills. This study uses the ADDIE model and includes the type of research and development (R&D). The development was carried out in a field test at SMA N 6 Banjarmasin. Data collection is done using validation instruments, learning implementation sheets, and learning outcomes tests that are combined with problem-solving skills. The data were analyzed by quantitative descriptive analysis where the results obtained showed that: (1) electronic teaching materials containing traditional games obtained valid categories (2) electronic teaching materials including practical based on the assessment of the implementation of the lesson plan meet the practical category; and (3) the electronic teaching materials developed are also effective because n-gain of 0.78 is in the high category. Thus, electronic teaching materials containing traditional games developed are feasible to train students' solving skills in learning physics.","PeriodicalId":300675,"journal":{"name":"Radiasi : Jurnal Berkala Pendidikan Fisika","volume":"134 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117285064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Effectiveness of Two-tier Multiple Choice Diagnostic Test for Analyzing Students' Misconceptions in High School Physics Learning 两层选择诊断测验对分析学生高中物理学习误区的效果
Radiasi : Jurnal Berkala Pendidikan Fisika Pub Date : 2022-09-30 DOI: 10.37729/radiasi.v15i2.2280
Nuning Rohmantika, Eko Setyadi Kurniawan, S. Sriyono
{"title":"Effectiveness of Two-tier Multiple Choice Diagnostic Test for Analyzing Students' Misconceptions in High School Physics Learning","authors":"Nuning Rohmantika, Eko Setyadi Kurniawan, S. Sriyono","doi":"10.37729/radiasi.v15i2.2280","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37729/radiasi.v15i2.2280","url":null,"abstract":"Physics is a subject related to the environment so that it requires students to study nature and apply it in life. However, in learning sometimes students have difficulty understanding physics concepts and cause students to experience misconceptions. Therefore, a two-tier multiple choice diagnostic test is needed to analyze students' misconceptions. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of the two-tier multiple choice diagnostic test to analyze students' misconceptions in terms of content validity, practicality, and effectiveness. The research model is instrument development. The research design used is true experiment research with pretest posttest control. The subject of this research is class X MIPA MA Negeri Purworejo. Data collection in this study used validation sheets, observation sheets, student response questionnaires, and two-tier multiple choice diagnostic tests. The results showed that: 1) content validation for the construct and language aspects obtained from 3 validators got an Aiken V index of 1 for all items included in the high validity category, 2) a practical two-tier multiple choice diagnostic test in terms of sheets. observations with reliable categories and good responses and responses from students, 3) student learning outcomes have increased with an N-gain of 0.5 which is included in the medium category and students' misconceptions are found on the subject of momentum, impulse, and collision by 41.20% which is at medium level. Thus the two-tier multiple choice diagnostic test is declared valid, practical, and effective so that it is feasible to analyze students' misconceptions in learning physics.","PeriodicalId":300675,"journal":{"name":"Radiasi : Jurnal Berkala Pendidikan Fisika","volume":"86 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114262232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Science Technology Society (STS) Learning Through The Utilization of Potato Skin Waste on Students' Science Literacy 科学技术学会(STS)马铃薯皮废弃物利用学习对学生科学素养的影响
Radiasi : Jurnal Berkala Pendidikan Fisika Pub Date : 2022-09-30 DOI: 10.37729/radiasi.v15i2.1828
S. Jumini, R. Hidayah, H. Hamzah
{"title":"Science Technology Society (STS) Learning Through The Utilization of Potato Skin Waste on Students' Science Literacy","authors":"S. Jumini, R. Hidayah, H. Hamzah","doi":"10.37729/radiasi.v15i2.1828","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37729/radiasi.v15i2.1828","url":null,"abstract":"Soil damage due to excessive use of chemical fertilizers on potato vegetable crops is a real problem that must be solved. Through science learning with the Science Technology Society (STS) approach through the use of potato skins as organic fertilizer, it has helped reduce the use of chemical fertilizers. This study aims to foster scientific literacy in the area of awareness and concern for the environment. The research was conducted in class VII MTs Ma'arif Kejajar Wonosobo. This type of quantitative research with a true experimental approach pre-test-post-test control design. For data collection techniques with a questionnaire to see the attitude of awareness and concern for the environment. Data analysis was performed by t test. The results of the study showed that the t-test = 2.6> t table = 1.7. Science learning with the STS approach has a significant effect on scientific literacy in the area of awareness and concern for the environment.","PeriodicalId":300675,"journal":{"name":"Radiasi : Jurnal Berkala Pendidikan Fisika","volume":"101 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134191017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Effectiveness of Android-Based Waterwheel Teaching Aid to Improve Students' Critical Thinking Skills 基于android的水车教具对提高学生批判性思维能力的有效性
Radiasi : Jurnal Berkala Pendidikan Fisika Pub Date : 2022-09-30 DOI: 10.37729/radiasi.v15i2.2309
Nisrina Najikhah, R. W. Akhdinirwanto, A. Ashari, Nasrun Balulu
{"title":"Effectiveness of Android-Based Waterwheel Teaching Aid to Improve Students' Critical Thinking Skills","authors":"Nisrina Najikhah, R. W. Akhdinirwanto, A. Ashari, Nasrun Balulu","doi":"10.37729/radiasi.v15i2.2309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37729/radiasi.v15i2.2309","url":null,"abstract":"A study has been carried out on android-based waterwheel props used for dynamic fluid learning. The aim is to increase skills of critical thinking of students. The research subjects were 22 students of the sixth semester of Physics Education Study Program, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Muhammadiyah University of Purworejo. The implementation of the research is: before learning students are given a pretest of skills of critical thinking, then learning is carried out using an android-based waterwheel prop, then given a posttest with questions that weigh the same as the pretest questions. Furthermore, n-gain was calculated from the pretest-posttest tests of critical thinking skills, and analyzed by parametric and/or non-parametric analysis of statistical. The results of this study is a significant increase in skills of critical thinking at the 5% significance level with an average n-gain greater than  0.7 which means in the high category, and the Anova test produces a Sig score. of 0.342 which means it is greater than the probability score of  0.05 so that Anova test results show that there are similarities in the improvement of skills of critical thinking in the two learning meetings.","PeriodicalId":300675,"journal":{"name":"Radiasi : Jurnal Berkala Pendidikan Fisika","volume":"94 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131018909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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