Theory and Practice of Forensic Science最新文献

{"title":"Tapping the Potential of the Molecular Genetic Expert Research of Objects of Animal Origin in the Fight against Their Illegal Trafficking","authors":"S. V. Aramilev, V. V. Gulevskaya, G. G. Omel’yanyuk, Anna A. Rybakova, I. V. Storozhenko","doi":"10.30764/1819-2785-2021-3-62-72","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30764/1819-2785-2021-3-62-72","url":null,"abstract":"Currently, the legal framework for protecting natural resources from human assault is being developed at the international level. However, the statistical data on the sentencing of persons convicted on the territory of the Russian Federation under Articles 258 and 258.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation in 2020 given in the article indicates: the crimes causing the reduction in the number of animal populations, and as a result, the loss of biodiversity, are challenging to prove; a small number of perpetrators are brought to criminal responsibility; punishment in the form of imprisonment is imposed only in isolated cases. However, using molecular genetic research methods for the biological material of wild animals, it is possible to fill in a significant part of the missing information or obtain new evidentiary information about the circumstances of crimes, including illegal hunting. The application of the DNA barcoding method, developed in the early 2000s, makes it possible to establish the taxonomic affiliation of living organisms when it is impossible to do this by classical methods, for example, if the organism is represented by a micro-number of biological tissues, and is also at the stages of the life cycle (egg, larva, embryo) with an insufficient number of morphological features. Thus, advanced DNA technologies allow us to obtain a considerable amount of previously inaccessible information.The issue of the illegal wild animal trafficking sold as “raised in captivity” is relevant for the pet industry and zoos and has implications both for animal welfare and the preservation of the natural environment. Methods based on the DNA analysis can also be applied for solving problems related to establishing the source of origin of the animal, in some cases – its habitat. The article provides cases from expert practice of ANO “Amur Tiger” when using molecular genetic methods of wild animal analysis allowed solving investigative and judicial tasks.","PeriodicalId":300595,"journal":{"name":"Theory and Practice of Forensic Science","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129956388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Expert Techniques and Their Validation: Concepts and Criteria, Some Terminological Inconsistencies","authors":"E. Ivanova","doi":"10.30764/1819-2785-2021-3-32-40","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30764/1819-2785-2021-3-32-40","url":null,"abstract":"The state of methodological support for forensic examinations requires an improvement. For these purposes, the author proposes a validation procedure for scientific and methodological support of forensic examination, the main provisions of which are set out in the “Regulations on the validation (assessment of the suitability) of techniques in forensic activity”, developed in the Russian Federal Centre of Forensic Science of the Russian Ministry of Justice. Despite the undeniable importance of this document, the author notes several issues, resolution of which will contribute both to its effective practical implementation and organic integration of the main provisions of validation into forensic science. The article considers the main terminological inconsistencies of forensic expertology and regulatory legal documents regulating the validation procedure. Forensic expert techniques’ concept, structure, and functions are analyzed; the author also proposes the evaluation criteria.","PeriodicalId":300595,"journal":{"name":"Theory and Practice of Forensic Science","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126891843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contemporary View on Objects of Environmental Forensics","authors":"N. V. Mikhaleva","doi":"10.30764/1819-2785-2021-3-26-31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30764/1819-2785-2021-3-26-31","url":null,"abstract":"The article reviews the concept of the object of forensic science, which is essential for expert research and the identification of classes, genera, species, and subspecies of forensic examinations, as well as their classification.The author presents the objects of environmental forensics as generic objects, gives their definition, analyzes their properties and features. It is also shown that the objects of environmental forensics are divided into the actual objects of research and samples for comparative research. Furthermore, the researcher indicates the possible instances of the intersection of studies of environmental forensics’ objects with other examinations. Finally, the author emphasizes the necessity of compliance by a forensic ecologist with the limits of his competence in such cases.","PeriodicalId":300595,"journal":{"name":"Theory and Practice of Forensic Science","volume":"414 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121707445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Forensic Psychological Examination of Information Materials in the System of Scientific Knowledge","authors":"T. N. Sekerazh","doi":"10.30764/1819-2785-2021-3-6-16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30764/1819-2785-2021-3-6-16","url":null,"abstract":"In the article, the author defines the place which a new direction of forensic psychological examination – the study of information materials – occupies in the system of forensic science and the general classification of forensic examinations. Comparison of the object, subject, tasks, and methods of the traditional forensic psychological analysis conducted on living persons and post-mortem examinations, and forensic psychological examination of information materials allows to consider them as generic within the subclass “Forensic psychological examination” in the system of the class “Forensic medical and psychological examinations”. The author maps out the interdisciplinary connections of the psychological examination of information materials and its interaction with various branches of psychological science. It is shown that the systematization of the internal and external scientific relations of the new kind (type) of forensic analysis allows a more comprehensive description of the content of a forensic expert’s specialized knowledge obtained during both diploma and postgraduate training and expert practice.","PeriodicalId":300595,"journal":{"name":"Theory and Practice of Forensic Science","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122388262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the Significance of Giovanni Morelli’s Works for the Development of Forensic Identification and Diagnostic Study of Fine Art Objects","authors":"S. N. Khaziev","doi":"10.30764/1819-2785-2021-3-105-115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30764/1819-2785-2021-3-105-115","url":null,"abstract":"The 19th-century Italian art critic Giovanni Morelli contributed significantly to the theory and practice of attribution of paintings by prominent Renaissance masters. His methods, based on the profound knowledge of human anatomy and the analysis of artists’ professional skills, influenced not only the history of visual arts but also the development of forensic science, forensic medicine, the theory of psychoanalysis, and the practice of psychotherapy. The article provides the analysis of Giovanni Morelli’s scientific heritage for the identification and attribution of the works of fine art and for solving forensic tasks requiring the investigation of human skills and habits.Morelli’s methods and the capabilities of a comprehensive forensic study of artistic and cultural values with the involvement of the appropriate instrumental base and specialized knowledge in the field of art history, forensic traceology, and materials science, as well as digital technologies, can significantly increase the reliability of the results of attribution activities of museums, art scientists, experts of world auction houses and amateur collectors.","PeriodicalId":300595,"journal":{"name":"Theory and Practice of Forensic Science","volume":"90 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125143861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Capabilities of Forensic Molecular Genetic Analysis in Establishing the Taxonomic Affiliation of Objects of Plant Origin","authors":"G. G. Omel’yanyuk, O. Gradusova, I. V. Storozhenko, A. Rybakova","doi":"10.30764/1819-2785-2021-2-97-104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30764/1819-2785-2021-2-97-104","url":null,"abstract":"The control over the circulation of plants containing narcotic drugs or psychotropic substances (or their precursors) is one of the most critical aspects of the fight against drug crime. The forensic botanical examination uses classical morphological and anatomical analysis methods, which are not always informative enough when identifying species membership of shredded and degraded plant objects; similarly, they do not allow to establish their individual-specific identity. The molecular genetic methods of plant analysis and the comparative databases could serve as valuable tools for law enforcement purposes. In particular, in the production of forensic molecular genetic analysis of narcotic plants presented in powder, it is crucial to determine the taxonomic affiliation of the objects since this information affects the qualification of the crime. As a case the author presents the materials of an additional forensic examination conducted in the Russian Federal Centre of Forensic Science of the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation, the results of which had a significant impact on the qualification of the committed offense.","PeriodicalId":300595,"journal":{"name":"Theory and Practice of Forensic Science","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127932100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Nature and Structure of a Forensic Linguist’s Specialized Knowledge","authors":"V. Kuznetsov","doi":"10.30764/1819-2785-2021-2-18-28","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30764/1819-2785-2021-2-18-28","url":null,"abstract":"The article addresses one of the current problems of forensic linguistics - the problem of a forensic linguist’s specialized knowledge. Basing on the study of the concept of “specialized knowledge” in legislation and the theory of forensic science and the practice of forensic linguistic analysis, the author demonstrates that a forensic linguist’s specialized knowledge is inhomogeneous in its nature. It is not limited to linguistic knowledge only but has a complex structure, which includes background knowledge, awareness of forensic science theory, and understanding of substantive and procedural law. It seems that at the present stage, such a structure of specialized knowledge of a forensic linguist most fully contributes to solving the tasks of forensic linguistics and implementing the principles of forensic expert activity regulated by Federal Law No. 73-FZ of 31.05.2001.","PeriodicalId":300595,"journal":{"name":"Theory and Practice of Forensic Science","volume":"98 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116182590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Forensic Expertise in the Era of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (Industry 4.0)","authors":"A. V. Kokin","doi":"10.30764/1819-2785-2021-2-29-36","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30764/1819-2785-2021-2-29-36","url":null,"abstract":"The fourth industrial revolution basing on computer and information technologies, various software, hardware is rapidly gaining momentum in the modern world. First of all, these include big data processing technologies, blockchain, Internet of things, virtual and augmented reality, 3D printing, printed electronics, artificial intelligence, robotics, biotechnology. Alongside the positive effects, it is expected that the revolution will lead to some negative social consequences, including the growth of intellectual and high-tech crime. The article aims to analyze the causes and conditions of emerging new crime resulting from Industry 4.0 and their effect on the development of forensic science.The author highlights that the specific factors which will determine the future of forensic activity are: the appearance of creative and well-educated individuals, the emergence of “grey areas” in law, the development of global partnerships interested in international supranational rule-making, increasing of transnational crime. The rapid development of science and technology will require investigators and courts to promptly solve various specific scientific and technical tasks, eventually determining the objects and subjects of new forensic examinations, primarily from the field of information technology. Specialists predict a breakthrough in the development of cognitive computing and expert systems equipped with artificial intelligence, which has considerable potential in forensic science. There are signs of the shaping of a common forensic space, which will include not only existing elements of the institute of forensic examination (state and non-state institutions) but large industrial corporations, as well as the most active, technologically advanced individuals.","PeriodicalId":300595,"journal":{"name":"Theory and Practice of Forensic Science","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114720243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sub-theory of Standardization of Forensic Activity in the General Theory of Forensic Science","authors":"E. Chesnokova","doi":"10.30764/1819-2785-2021-2-46-52","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30764/1819-2785-2021-2-46-52","url":null,"abstract":"The article presents the main provisions of the sub-theory of standardization in the forensic expert activity, its place in the theoretical foundations of forensic expertology, and its relationship with other sub-theories of this science.The author defines the concepts of the subject, the object of the standardization sub-theory in forensic activity, highlights its specifics. The article emphasizes the favorable impact on the development of domestic standardization in forensic activities of foreign experience in the implementation of theoretical developments on standardization, including the formation of a hierarchy of its standards. It is shown that for the development of the sub-theory of standardization in forensic science, it is advisable to use the results of the introduction of standardization mechanisms in the practice of accredited forensic laboratories under the international standard GOST ISO/IEC 17025-2019 “General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories”, taking into account the theoretical foundations of forensic science.","PeriodicalId":300595,"journal":{"name":"Theory and Practice of Forensic Science","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115987532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Organizational, Legal and Methodological Issues of Forensic Ecology in the EAEU Countries","authors":"N. V. Mikhaleva","doi":"10.30764/1819-2785-2021-2-122-129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30764/1819-2785-2021-2-122-129","url":null,"abstract":"The article addresses the current state of forensic ecology in the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Republic of Armenia, and the Republic of Belarus. The author has analyzed the relevant publications and the data of the official websites of forensic organizations conducting this type of forensic examination. The article presents the methods used by forensic ecologists, highlights the problems they face.The paper also reveals the unequal level of forensic ecology in Kazakhstan, Armenia, and Belarus; simultaneously, it shows that the need for its improvement is recognized in all these countries. Finally, the author notes that for such a development, mutual exchange of experience is essential, as well as the validation of methodological materials developed primarily in the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Russian Federation, with a view to their application in other countries of the Eurasian Economic Union, especially when conducting forensic examinations in cases related to the cross-border negative anthropogenic impact on environmental objects.","PeriodicalId":300595,"journal":{"name":"Theory and Practice of Forensic Science","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131241353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}